Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Background: Bacteria, among the earliest life forms on Earth, are integral to both
human health and environmental ecosystems.
● Objective: This paper explores the indispensable role of bacteria in human life and
environmental health, emphasizing their contributions to digestion, nutrient absorption,
immune protection, and ecosystem functioning.
● Methods: The study reviews existing literature on the human microbiome, probiotics,
and the role of bacteria in environmental nutrient cycling. It analyzes experimental
evidence and case studies, particularly focusing on the impact of fecal microbiota
transplantation (FMT) as a therapeutic tool.
● Results:
○ Bacteria are essential for breaking down food, providing vital nutrients, and
protecting against pathogens.
○ They play a critical role in maintaining a healthy immune system and are involved
in biogeochemical cycles.
○ Metagenomic analysis reveals significant variations in bacterial populations
associated with health and disease, emphasizing the importance of a balanced
microbiota.
○ FMT shows promise as an effective treatment for gastrointestinal, metabolic, and
neurological disorders.
● Conclusions:
○ Bacteria are crucial for human health and environmental stability.
○ Maintaining a balanced microbiota is vital for overall well-being.
○ Interventions such as probiotics and FMT can offer significant health benefits.
○ Future research should focus on further understanding bacteria-host interactions
for targeted therapies.

Methodology

● Literature Review:
○ Sources: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus.
○ Keywords: "gut microbiota," "pathogen inhibition," "antimicrobial compounds,"
"probiotics," "prebiotics," etc.
○ Inclusion Criteria: Studies from the past 10 years in English or Polish, focusing
on the role of bacteria in health and pathogen protection.
○ Exclusion Criteria: Irrelevant studies and those with low methodological quality.
● Search Procedure: Articles were selected based on title and abstract, followed by full-
text analysis.
● Data Analysis:
○ Qualitative and quantitative methods were used.
○ Reference management tools (EndNote, Zotero) and qualitative data analysis
software (NVivo) were employed.
● Research Quality Evaluation:
○ Tools used: Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and ROBINS-I.
○ Two independent reviewers assessed study quality, resolving discrepancies with
a third-party reviewer.
 ● Data Synthesis:
○ Results were presented using tables and charts.
○ If data were sufficiently homogeneous, a meta-analysis was performed.
● Ethics:
○ No human or animal studies were included.
○ No ethical approval required.
○ No conflicts of interest declared.
● Limitations:
○ Literature selection may be incomplete due to database limitations and language
restrictions.
○ Methodological variability in source studies may affect overall interpretation.

Results

● Bacteria help digest food, absorb nutrients, and protect against infections.
● The gut microbiome is essential for maintaining a balanced immune response.
● Metagenomic analysis identifies significant bacterial population variations linked to
health and disease.
● Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is effective in treating gastrointestinal, metabolic,
and neurological conditions.
● Environmental bacteria play key roles in nutrient cycling, including nitrogen fixation and
organic matter decomposition.
● Probiotics and prebiotics support gut health by enhancing beneficial bacterial
populations.
● Antibiotic resistance remains a major challenge in managing bacterial infections.

Key Points

● Bacteria are crucial for digestion, immunity, and maintaining ecological balance.
● Gut microbiota imbalances (dysbiosis) are linked to diseases like inflammatory bowel
disease, obesity, and metabolic disorders.
● Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by bacteria play a key role in metabolism and
gut health.
● Probiotics and FMT offer potential therapeutic benefits for various health conditions.
● Bacteria contribute to nitrogen and carbon cycles, supporting plant growth and
environmental health.
● Advances in metagenomics and microbiome research provide insights into bacterial
diversity and function.
● Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, necessitating new treatment strategies.

Bacteria Mentioned and Their Impact

Beneficial Bacteria
 ● Bifidobacteria & Lactobacillus – Support gut health and are used in probiotics.
Immune system
● Bacteroides & Firmicutes – Aid in digestion and SCFA production.
● Rhizobium – Enhances soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.
● Alcanivorax borkumensis & Pseudomonas aeruginosa – Degrade hydrocarbons in
oil spill cleanup.
● Geobacter sulfureducens – Removes heavy metals from contaminated water.
● Ideonella sakaiensis – Breaks down PET plastic, contributing to bioremediation.

Pathogenic Bacteria

● Staphylococcus aureus – Causes skin infections and bloodstream infections.

● Escherichia coli – Some strains cause foodborne illnesses and urinary tract infections.
● Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Responsible for tuberculosis, a leading infectious
disease.
● Salmonella – Causes food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections.

Bacteria have both beneficial and harmful effects, highlighting the need for microbiome balance
and responsible antibiotic use.

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: Microbial Levels on Street Foods and Food Preparation Surfaces in Mangaung
Metropolitan Municipality
● Background:
○ Street food is essential for many urban populations but poses potential
microbiological risks.
○ Foodborne illness is a major public health issue, caused by bacteria, parasites,
toxins, and viruses.
○ Pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli are leading causes of
foodborne illness.
● Objective:
○ Determine microbial levels in street food and food preparation surfaces in
Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality.
● Methods:
○ Surface swabs and beef samples were collected from vending sites in Thaba
Nchu, Botshabelo, and Bloemfontein.
○ Microbial load was quantified and pathogens were identified using a RapID kit.
● Results:
○ Botshabelo had the highest microbial counts, followed by Bloemfontein and
Thaba Nchu.
○ Meat samples contained Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida
guilliermondii, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus,
and Peptostreptococcus tetradius.
● Conclusion:
○ Contaminated food and surfaces pose public health risks.
○ Proper food handling practices are needed to prevent foodborne illnesses.
Methodology

● Study Area:
○ Sampling was done at vending sites in Thaba Nchu, Botshabelo, and
Bloemfontein (Mangaung Metro).
● Sample Collection:
○ Convenience sampling method used.
○ Beef samples (8 total) were randomly collected in sterile bags.
○ Surface swabs were taken from food preparation areas.
● Microbial Quantification:
○ Beef samples were blended and diluted with sterile peptone water.
○ Serial dilutions (up to 10⁶) were plated using plate count agar (PCA) and
selective media:
■ Baird Parker Agar – for Staphylococcus species.
■ Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymyxin Agar (MYP) – for Bacillus species.
■ Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar – for Salmonella species.
● Microbial Identification:
○ RapID kit used for biochemical identification.
○ Identification confirmed using ERIC software.
● Data Analysis:
○ Bacterial counts were analyzed using Paleontological Statistics (PAST) v.2.17.
○ ANOVA and Tukey’s posthoc test assessed significance in microbial levels.

Results

● Surface swabs:
○ Botshabelo had the highest microbial counts (1.1 × 10⁶ cfu/m²).
○ Bloemfontein and Thaba Nchu had lower microbial counts (1.1 × 10⁵ cfu/m²).
● Meat samples:
○ Thaba Nchu: 50 × 10⁵ cfu/g.
○ Bloemfontein: 48 × 10⁴ cfu/g.
○ Botshabelo: 33 × 10⁵ cfu/g.
● Pathogens Identified:
○ Staphylococcus aureus – Present in all meat samples.
○ Escherichia coli – Found in Thaba Nchu samples.
○ Candida guilliermondii – Present in Bloemfontein samples.
○ Corynebacterium jeikeium – Identified in Thaba Nchu.
○ Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus – Found in Thaba Nchu samples.
○ Peptostreptococcus tetradius – Present in Botshabelo.
● Food Safety Issues:
○ Microbial levels in meat exceeded South African microbiological standards.
○ Lack of handwashing, food storage, and sanitary practices contributes to
contamination.

Key Points
 ● Street food contamination is a public health concern due to poor hygiene and
handling practices.
● Botshabelo had the highest contamination levels, likely due to poor infrastructure
and lack of sanitation.
● Meat samples exceeded microbiological safety standards, posing a risk of
foodborne illnesses.
● Pathogens found in food are associated with severe infections (gastroenteritis,
bloodstream infections, skin infections).
● Improved hygiene training and regulations are needed to ensure food safety.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Harmful Bacteria & Fungi

1. Staphylococcus aureus
○ Source: Human skin, nose, contaminated food.
○ Impact: Causes food poisoning, skin infections, and toxic shock syndrome.
2. Escherichia coli
○ Source: Raw/undercooked food, contaminated water.
○ Impact: Causes diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and kidney failure (E. coli
O157:H7).
3. Candida guilliermondii
○ Source: Human skin, mucosal surfaces.
○ Impact: Causes fungal infections, endocarditis, and arthritis.
4. Corynebacterium jeikeium
○ Source: Human skin.
○ Impact: Causes post-surgical infections, bloodstream infections.
5. Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus
○ Source: Human skin.
○ Impact: Linked to wound infections and respiratory infections.
6. Peptostreptococcus tetradius
○ Source: Human skin, oral flora.
○ Impact: Causes soft tissue infections, abscesses, and bloodstream
infections.

The study highlights significant food safety risks in street food due to high bacterial
contamination, emphasizing the need for improved hygiene practices and regulations.

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: Antifungal activity of selected sea cucumber species from Tukuran, Zamboanga
del Sur, Mindanao, Philippines using modified SPOTi assay
● Marine organisms are essential for discovering novel compounds with medical and
commercial significance.
● Objective: Evaluate the antifungal activity of selected sea cucumber species found in
Brgy. Sugod, Tukuran, Zamboanga del Sur, Mindanao, Philippines using the modified
SPOTi assay.
 ● Methods:
○ Crude extracts from Holothuria scabra, Stichopus sp., and Holothuria atra
were tested.
○ Fungi tested: Aspergillus niger and Candida tropicalis
○ 96-well plate assay used to assess fungal growth visually for 72 hours.
○ Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were determined.
● Results:
○ Sea cucumber extracts showed MIC values of 0.0333-0.1 mg/mL.
○ Tukey’s posthoc test confirmed antifungal activity was comparable to the
positive control Fluconazole (p>0.05).
● Conclusion:
○ Sea cucumbers have the potential as natural antifungal agents.

Methodology

● Specimen Collection & Identification

○ Three sea cucumber species were collected from Brgy. Sugod, Tukuran,
Zamboanga del Sur, Mindanao, Philippines.
○ Samples were transported to MSU-IIT’s Molecular Systematics and
Oceanography Laboratory for analysis.
● Preparation of Crude Extracts
○ Sea cucumbers were cleaned, cut, and soaked in a methanol: ethyl acetate
(50:50) solution for a week.
○ Extracts were filtered, concentrated using a rotary evaporator, and dried with
pressurized nitrogen.
● Test Organisms
○ Candida tropicalis BIOTECH 2085 and Aspergillus niger BIOTECH 3080
were obtained from UP Los Baños.
○ Subcultured on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Sabouraud’s
Dextrose Broth (SDB).
● Antifungal Assay (Modified SPOTi Assay)
○ A 96-well plate method was used.
○ Crude extracts were tested at 0.1 mg/mL concentration.
○ Fluconazole (positive control) and sterilized distilled water (negative
control) were included.
○ Serial dilution was performed to determine MIC values.
○ Growth was assessed after 72 hours of incubation.
● Data Analysis
○ Paleontological Statistics (PAST) v.2.17 software used.
○ One-way ANOVA was performed to compare antifungal activity.
○ Tukey’s pairwise test checked significance compared to Fluconazole.

Results

● Sea cucumber extracts exhibited significant antifungal activity against both A. niger
and C. tropicalis.
● MIC values:
 ○ A. niger: 0.1 mg/mL (H. scabra), 0.0333 mg/mL (Stichopus sp.), 0.0667
mg/mL (H. atra 1 & 2)
○ C. tropicalis: 0.05 mg/mL (H. scabra), 0.0667 mg/mL (Stichopus sp.), 0.0833
mg/mL (H. atra 1), 0.0417 mg/mL (H. atra 2)
● ANOVA results:
○ No significant difference between sea cucumber extracts and Fluconazole (p >
0.05).
● Tukey’s test:
○ H. scabra and H. atra (1) showed comparable activity.
○ H. scabra more potent against C. tropicalis.
○ H. atra (1) more potent against A. niger.

Key Points

● Sea cucumbers produce bioactive compounds with antifungal properties.

● Resistance to commercial antifungal drugs (e.g., Fluconazole) is increasing,
making natural alternatives crucial.
● Saponins and triterpene glycosides in sea cucumbers contribute to their antifungal
activity.
● Modified SPOTi assay is a rapid, reliable method for antifungal screening.
● MIC values of sea cucumber extracts suggest potential as natural antifungal agents.
● H. scabra and H. atra (1) showed the highest activity against the tested fungi.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Sea Cucumbers Studied

1. Holothuria scabra – Showed strong antifungal activity.

2. Stichopus sp. – Effective against A. niger and C. tropicalis.
3. Holothuria atra – Two extracts tested, showing moderate antifungal properties.

Fungi Tested

1. Aspergillus niger
○ Causes aspergillosis, an opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised
patients.
○ Responsible for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and otomycoses (ear
infections).
○ Drug resistance is a growing concern in treatment.
2. Candida tropicalis
○ A leading cause of candidemia (bloodstream infections).
○ Multidrug-resistant strains are increasing, limiting treatment options.

Other Bacteria/Fungi Discussed

● Candida albicans – Another common fungal pathogen.

 ● Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum – Some sea
cucumber extracts were previously reported to inhibit these fungi.

Sea cucumbers could serve as a novel natural antifungal source, reducing dependence on
synthetic antifungals and addressing drug-resistant infections.

Group 4: Impact of Microorganisms on Climate Change

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: Impact of Microorganisms on Climate Change: A Review

● Climate change results from increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide
(CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O).
● Microorganisms play a dual role in climate change:
○ Some emit greenhouse gases (e.g., methanogens producing methane).
○ Others reduce greenhouse gases by converting them into usable forms in soil
and water.
● The review highlights the neglected role of microorganisms in climate change
mitigation.
● Biosphere reserves help protect microbial diversity, aiding in climate change control.

Methodology

● Literature Review Approach:

○ Examined scientific studies on microbial processes and climate change.
○ Focused on microorganisms involved in the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and
methane cycle.
● Key Areas of Study:
○ Microbial contributions to GHG emissions and removals.
○ Microbial role in carbon sequestration and soil fertility.
○ Effect of climate change on microbial activities.

Results

● Microorganisms influence greenhouse gas levels:

○ Methanogens contribute to methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminants and
wetlands.
○ Methanotrophic bacteria remove methane from the atmosphere.
○ Nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium reduce atmospheric nitrogen.
● Carbon Cycle Role:
○ Microbes break down organic matter, releasing CO₂ and CH₄.
○ Certain microbes store carbon in soil, reducing atmospheric CO₂.
● Climate Change Effects on Microbes:
 ○ Rising temperatures increase microbial decomposition rates, releasing more
GHGs.
○ Some microbes may adapt to absorb more carbon from the atmosphere.

Key Points

● Microorganisms significantly impact climate change, but their role is often

overlooked.
● Methanogens contribute to methane emissions, while methanotrophs reduce
them.
● Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help reduce atmospheric nitrogen.
● Microbial activity in the carbon cycle affects greenhouse gas levels.
● Biosphere reserves protect soil microbial diversity, aiding in climate control.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Microorganism Impact

Methanogens (e.g., Methanobacterium) Convert CO₂ to CH₄, increasing greenhouse

gas emissions.

Methanotrophic Bacteria (e.g., Consume CH₄, reducing methane emissions.

Methylocystis, Methylosinus)

Rhizobium Fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere,

enriching soil fertility.

Decomposing Bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Break down organic matter, releasing CO₂
Pseudomonas) and CH₄.

Photosynthetic Microbes (e.g., Absorb CO₂, reducing greenhouse gas

Cyanobacteria, Algae) levels.

Group 5: Importance of Microorganisms in Agriculture

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: Importance of Microorganisms in Agriculture

● Microorganisms are essential for sustainable agriculture, improving soil health,
nutrient availability, and plant growth.
● Effective Microorganisms (EM), a mix of beneficial bacteria and fungi, enhance soil
fertility and crop yield.
● Microbial inoculants reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
● Rhizosphere bacteria play a major role in plant-microbe interactions.
● Microorganisms improve soil structure, preventing erosion and enhancing water
retention.

Methodology

● Study of microbial interactions in soil:

○ Literature review on beneficial microbes in agriculture.
○ Field studies on microbial inoculants and their impact on crop yield.
● Soil samples analyzed for microbial diversity and nutrient content.
● Examined biofertilizers and biopesticides, assessing their effectiveness in different
soil conditions.

Results

● Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium, Azotobacter) improve soil fertility by

converting nitrogen into a usable form.
● Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake.
● Biocontrol microbes (e.g., Bacillus, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas) suppress plant
diseases.
● Soil bacteria influence pH and structure, preventing erosion and improving water
retention.
● Effective Microorganisms (EM) increase crop yields and soil health.

Key Points

● Microbes reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers by naturally fixing nitrogen.

● Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient absorption and plant resilience.
● Biocontrol agents protect crops from pests and diseases.
● Soil microbes help maintain soil structure and prevent erosion.
● Microbial inoculants are an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic agricultural
inputs.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Microorganism Impact

Rhizobium Fixes nitrogen in leguminous plants,

improving soil fertility.

Azotobacter Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, enhances

soil nutrient levels.

Mycorrhizal Fungi (e.g., Glomus, Improves plant nutrient uptake and drought
Rhizophagus) resistance.

Bacillus subtilis Protects plants from fungal infections.

Trichoderma spp. Acts as a biopesticide against soil-borne

pathogens.

Pseudomonas fluorescens Suppresses plant diseases by competing with

pathogens.

Actinomycetes Helps in the decomposition of organic matter,

enriching soil nutrients.

Effective Microorganisms (EM) Improves soil health and increases crop

yields.

Final Summary

● Group 3 focused on microbial contamination of street food, identifying foodborne

pathogens like S. aureus and E. coli.
● Group 4 explored microorganisms' role in climate change, highlighting GHG-
producing and GHG-reducing microbes.
 ● Group 5 emphasized microbial applications in agriculture, detailing biofertilizers,
biopesticides, and soil health enhancers.

Here are the extracted details from Group 6 to Group 10 documents:

Group 6: The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health

● The human microbiome consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes residing
in and on the body.
● Microorganisms impact human health and disease, influencing metabolism and
immune function.
● Different microbial communities exist in specific body sites (gut, skin, respiratory tract,
etc.).
● Dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) is linked to infections, inflammatory diseases, and
cancer.
● Understanding microbial composition is crucial for disease prevention and health
maintenance.

Methodology

● Reviewed scientific studies on the human microbiome’s role in health and disease.
● Focused on gut microbiota, immune interactions, and dysbiosis-related diseases.
● Data sourced from peer-reviewed journals, microbiome databases, and health
reports.

Results

● Gut microbiota affects digestion, immunity, and disease resistance.

● Alterations in microbiota can cause cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and
inflammatory disorders.
● Specific bacteria (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli) influence disease
progression.
● Probiotics and prebiotics can help restore microbial balance.

Key Points

● Healthy microbiota is crucial for immune function and metabolism.

● Microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) is linked to chronic diseases.
● Certain bacteria contribute to cancer, while others prevent it.
 ● Probiotic therapy is a promising approach for restoring gut health.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Microorganism Impact

Helicobacter pylori Increases risk of gastric cancer and ulcers.

Escherichia coli Some strains cause urinary tract infections

(UTIs) and colon cancer.

Lactobacillus spp. Beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and

immunity.

Bacteroides spp. Important for gut health, but overgrowth can

cause inflammation.

Group 7: Biological Importance of Microbes in Agriculture, Food, and Pharmaceuticals

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: Biological Importance of Microbes in Agriculture, Food, and

Pharmaceuticals
● Microorganisms play a key role in sustainable agriculture, food production, and
drug manufacturing.
● Biofertilizers, biopesticides, and bioinsecticides reduce chemical use in agriculture.
● Fermentation processes in the food industry rely on bacteria and fungi.
● Pharmaceutical microbiology involves microbial production of medicines and
vaccines.

Methodology

● Literature review of microbial applications in agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals.

● Examined studies on biofertilizers, fermentation, and drug production.
● Evaluated the role of microbes in industrial biotechnology.
Results

● Biofertilizers (Rhizobium, Azotobacter) improve soil fertility.

● Microbes in food production aid in making yogurt, cheese, and fermented
beverages.
● Bacteria and fungi are used in drug manufacturing (antibiotics, vaccines,
enzymes).

Key Points

● Microbes reduce chemical dependency in agriculture.

● Fermentation improves food preservation and taste.
● Pharmaceutical microbes are essential for producing life-saving drugs.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Microorganism Impact

Rhizobium Fixes nitrogen in plants, improving soil

fertility.

Azotobacter Enhances soil nitrogen levels.

Lactobacillus spp. Used in yogurt and cheese production.

Penicillium spp. Produces penicillin, a powerful antibiotic.

Group 8: Bacterial Characteristics in Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: Bacterial Characteristics of Importance for Recurrent Urinary Tract

Infections
 ● Escherichia coli is the main cause of UTIs (80-90% of cases).
● Recurrent UTIs (RUTIs) occur in 25% of women within 6 months of an initial infection.
● Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance contribute to RUTI persistence.
● Virulence factors (VFGs) play a key role in UTI recurrence.

Methodology

● Studied 236 Swedish women with community-acquired UTIs.

● Used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to analyze bacterial strains.
● Identified virulence factors, resistance genes, and biofilm formation.

Results

● 77% of recurrent UTIs were due to relapse with the original E. coli strain.
● Biofilm-forming bacteria were more likely to cause persistent infections.
● Antibiotic-resistant strains had distinct virulence factor profiles.

Key Points

● E. coli is the dominant UTI pathogen.

● Biofilm formation allows bacteria to survive and re-infect the bladder.
● Antibiotic resistance complicates treatment.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Microorganism Impact

Escherichia coli Causes 80-90% of UTIs and forms biofilms

for persistence.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Associated with complicated UTIs.

Proteus mirabilis Produces urease, leading to kidney stones.

Group 9: Cockroaches as Carriers of Pathogenic Microorganisms

Abstract (Bullet Form - Words Unchanged)

● Title: Cockroaches as Carriers of Medically Important Microorganisms in Hospitals

● Cockroaches harbor bacteria, fungi, and parasites, posing public health risks.
● 99.4% of hospital cockroaches carried pathogenic microbes.
● Multidrug-resistant bacteria were found in cockroaches.

Methodology

● Collected 279 cockroaches from hospitals and residential areas.

● Isolated and identified bacteria, fungi, and parasites from their bodies.
● Antibiotic resistance testing performed on bacterial isolates.

Results

● Hospital cockroaches carried higher bacterial loads than household ones.

● Identified E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Klebsiella spp..
● Some bacteria were resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Key Points

● Cockroaches can transmit nosocomial infections.

● Antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in hospital cockroaches.

Bacteria/Organisms Mentioned and Their Impact

Microorganism Impact

Escherichia coli Causes UTIs and gastrointestinal

infections.

Staphylococcus aureus Causes skin infections and bloodstream

infections.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Resistant to antibiotics; causes lung
infections.