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work-efficiency

The document covers the concepts of work, energy, and momentum in physics, focusing on the work-energy theorem and the relationship between work done and energy transformation. It provides formulas for calculating work, kinetic energy, and potential energy, along with examples and problems to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it discusses conservative and nonconservative forces, efficiency, and conservation of mechanical energy.

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waryn
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2 views

work-efficiency

The document covers the concepts of work, energy, and momentum in physics, focusing on the work-energy theorem and the relationship between work done and energy transformation. It provides formulas for calculating work, kinetic energy, and potential energy, along with examples and problems to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it discusses conservative and nonconservative forces, efficiency, and conservation of mechanical energy.

Uploaded by

waryn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work, Energy and

Momentum
Physics for Engineers
Work and the Work-Energy
Theorem
In this lesson you will…
• Explain how an object must be displaced for a force on it to do work.
• Explain how relative directions of force and displacement determine whether the work done is positive, negative, or zero.
• Explain work as a transfer of energy and net work as the work done by the net force.
• Explain and apply the work-energy theorem.
Work and Energy are the same thing. When a force
moves something along any distance we say that work
has been done and energy has been transformed
(energy has been changed from one type to another
type).

Energy transformed = work done = applied force x distance

We write this equation as W= F x d


Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
• Work
• Depends on the force
and the distance the
force moves the
object.
𝑊 = 𝐹⃑ ⋅ 𝑑⃑
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃
• Unit: 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚 = 𝐽 (Joule)
(Scalar)
Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
• Marcy pulls a backpack on wheels down the 100-m hall. The
60-N force is applied at an angle of 30° above the horizontal.
How much work is done by Marcy?
Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
A child pulls a sled with a force of 150 N along a snowy path for 20 m. The
rope makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal. If the coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.1 and the sled has a mass of 50 kg, calculate the net work done
on the sled.
Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
• Energy is the ability to do • 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣
work
• Kinetic Energy - Energy
due to motion • Unit is joule (J)
• If something in motion
hits an object, it will
move it some distance
Problem 1

A man is transporting a trolley of mass 6 Kg and having


Kinetic energy of 40 J. Compute its Velocity with which he is
running

The man is running with the velocity of 3.65m/s


Problem 2
A car is travelling at a velocity of 10 m/s and it has a mass of
250 Kg. Compute its Kinetic energy?

KE = 12500 kgm2 s2
Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
• Work Energy Theorem
• Work of Net external force = change in kinetic energy

1 1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑣
2 2

𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸 − 𝐾𝐸
Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
• 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
• 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑑
• 𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑑  solve for ad
• 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣 −𝑣

• 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑚 𝑣 −𝑣

• 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑣
Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
• A 0.075-kg arrow is fired horizontally. The bowstring exerts a
force on the arrow over a distance of 0.90 m. The arrow
leaves the bow at 40 m/s. What average force does the bow
apply to arrow?
Work and the Work-Energy Theorem

A baseball with a mass of 0.145 kg is pitched at a velocity of 40 m/s. The


batter hits it, and the ball leaves the bat with a velocity of 50 m/s in the
opposite direction.

1.Calculate the initial and final kinetic energy of the baseball.


2.Determine the work done on the ball by the bat.
Potential Energy and
Conservative Forces
03-02 Potential Energy and
Conservative Forces
• Potential energy
• Energy due to position
Problem 1

A man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high and gains 2268J of


potential energy. What is the mass of the man?

Solution:

PE = mgh

m= =
( . . )

m = 64.22 kg
Problem 2

An object of mass 30 kgs is placed on a hill top of height 80m. What


is the potential energy possessed by the object?

Solution:

PE =mxgxh
= 30 x 9.81 x 80
= 23544 J
03-02 Potential Energy and
Conservative Forces
• Spring Potential Energy
1
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥
2
Potential Energy and Conservative
Forces
• Examples of conservative • Examples of Nonconservative
forces forces
• Gravitational Force • Friction
• Elastic Spring Force • Air resistance
• Electric Force • Tension
• Normal force
• Propulsion force of things like
rocket engine

• Each of these forces depends


on the path
Potential Energy and Conservative
Forces
• Potential energy can be • Δ𝐾𝐸 = −Δ𝑃𝐸
converted into Kinetic energy • 𝐾𝐸 − 𝐾𝐸 = −(𝑃𝐸 − 𝑃𝐸 )
and back
• Rearrange

• Conservation of Mechanical Energy


𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸
• if only conservative forces do net
work
Potential Energy and Conservative
Forces
• A toy gun uses a spring to shoot plastic balls 𝑚 = 50 𝑔 . The
spring is compressed by 3.0 cm. Let 𝑘 = 2.22 × 10 𝑁/𝑚.

(a) You have to do some work on the gun to arm it. How much
work do you have to do?
(b) Suppose you fire the gun horizontally. How fast does the ball
leave the gun?
Potential Energy and Conservative
Forces
• A 1500-kg car is driven off a 50-m cliff during a movie stunt. If
it was going 20 m/s as it went off the cliff, how fast is it going
as it hits the ground?
Nonconservative Forces and
Conservation of Energy
• Efficiency
• Useful energy output is always less than energy input
• Some energy lost to heat, etc.

useful energy or work output 𝑊


𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐸𝑓𝑓 = =
total energy input 𝐸
Example 1

A 250-kg elevator is lifted vertically by an electric motor from rest


to a height of 30 m in 15 seconds. During the process, the motor
consumes 120 kJ of electrical energy. (a)Calculate the work done
by the motor on the elevator. (b) Determine the efficiency of the
motor.
Example 2

A hydroelectric dam generates electricity by releasing water from a height of 50


m. The water flows at a rate of 500 kg per second. The turbine converts the
energy into electricity, but only 70% of the available gravitational potential
energy is converted into useful electrical energy.

1.Calculate the total gravitational potential energy available per second.


2.Determine the useful electrical power output of the dam.

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