ICT

3rd Quarter Bearbear, Ishi, Ikaycakes

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS
DANGERS OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
WHAT IS ELECTRONICS? - It can damage electronics – some electronic
- According to collinsdictionary.com, “Electronics chips (in computers) are very sensitive to static
is the technology of using transistors and silicon electricity
chips, especially in devices such as radios,
televisions, and computers.”
- Designing circuits and chips (hardware) HOW DO I GET RID OF STATIC IN MY BODY
BEFORE WORKING ON MY COMPUTER?
WHY ELECTRONICS? - Touch a metal part of your computer case with
1) Computes are Electronic Machines your hand. This will ground you, neutralizing
2) Computer is made up of Software and your static charge.
Hardware - Wear Anti-Static Wrist Strap – aka “ground
3) Robotics bracelet”, a safety gear that helps to prevent the
buildup of static electricity near sensitive
Software - Electric pulses (different voltages) electronics.

Hardware - circuits and chips FUN FACTS ABOUT STATIC ELECTRICITY

- A spark of static electricity can measure
ROBOTICS thousands of volts but has very little current and
only lasts for a short period of time.
- According to builtin.com, “Robotics is the - Has little power or energy.
intersection of science, engineering and - Lightning is a powerful and dangerous example
technology that produces machines, called of static electricity.
robots, that substitute for (or replicate) human - As dangerous as lightning is, around 70% of
actions” people struck by lightning survive.
- Temperature in a lightning bolt can hit
Mechanical and Electrical Engineering - 27760°C
hardware, motherboard, circuits - Static electricity will build up faster on a dry
non-humid day.
Computer Science - programming
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
BASIC ELECTRICITY - Also known as dynamic electricity or normal
electricity.
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? - An electrical charge in motion.
- According to collinsdictionary.com, “Electricity - Generated by the flow of electrical charge
is a through a conductor across an electrical field.
form of energy that can be carried by wires and - Used in daily basis to run machines and
is electronics.
used for heating and lighting, and to provide - Low voltage, high current
power
for machines. ” USES OF CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1) Electricity in our house – power lines and
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY power plants.
2) Batteries – use chemicals to store up
electricity
STATIC ELECTRICITY
3) Batteries – use Cars – engine, radio,
- Generated by rubbing two or more objects
lights, etc.
causing to build up friction
4) Magnetism – electric motors generate
- Produces shock caused by walking across rug
magnetism to turn the motor and cause
and then touching a metal object.
movement for all sorts of uses
- High voltage, low current
- It is static because the charges remain in one
area rather than moving or “flowing” to another FUN FACTS ABOUT CURRENT ELECTRICITY
area - 25% of the city of San Francisco’s energy is
generated by wind power.
- Electric eels use electricity to ward off enemies.
USES OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
They can produce a shock of around 500 volts.
1) Printers and photocopiers - static electric
- Our bodies use electricity to communicate
charges attract the ink to the paper.
including telling our heart to keep beating.
2) Paint Sprayers
- Two famous scientists, Thomas Edison and
3) Air Filters - Certain air filters use static
Nikola Tesla, once had an argument over what
electricity to catch particles as they pass
kind of electricity we should use in our homes,
through the filter media.
AC or DC. Tesla won and AC is delivered to most
4) Dust Removal - Charging dust particles
homes still today.
with electrostatic induction.
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3rd Quarter Bearbear, Ishi, Ikaycakes

- Electricity was first used in homes for lighting. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY

CIRCUIT SYMBOL AND DIAGRAM CONVENTION

Wire

RENEWABLE SOURCE
- According to edfenergy.com, “A renewable
energy source means energy that is sustainable -
something that can't run out, or is endless, like
the sun.”
- Aka ‘clean energy’ – comes from natural - loop of conducting wire
sources or processes that are constantly - Convention : Draw straight lines from one point
replenished. to another.
- Aka 'alternative energy’ - sources of energy that
are substitute to the most used non-sustainable WHAT SHOULD WE DO TO ADD A FLOW OF POWER
sources - like coal. CURRENT ON THE CIRCUIT?

CELL VS BATTERY

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCE
- According to nationalgeographic.org, Battery
“Nonrenewable energy resources include coal, - A “charger” to push charge along
natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy.” - This charge is formally known as electromotive
- “Once these resources are used up, they cannot force or EMF.
be replaced, which is a major problem for - Formed when multiple cells are linked together,
humanity as we are currently dependent on them creating a compounded effect.
to supply most of our energy needs.” - Stores chemical energy and converts it to
electrical energy.
- Voltage is a measure of energy per unit charge
and is measured in volts.
- In a battery, voltage determines how strongly
electrons are pushed through a circuit.

- Cell Convention
Electrical Circuit Symbols and Circuit Diagrams

ELECTRIC COMPONENT
- Any basic discrete device or physical entity in
an electronic system used to affect electrons or
their associated fields.
Cell
- A single unit that provides electromotive force
(EMF).

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3rd Quarter Bearbear, Ishi, Ikaycakes

- Cell Convention

- The most common way to represent a resistor is

through light sources.
- Bulb = something that could light up.

RESISTORS IN SERIES

WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN WE PUT A BATTERY ON

THE CIRCUIT?
- We now have a source of electromotive force
(EMF).
- Current will start to flow in an anti clockwise
direction.
- There is only one path for the current I to flow
- The convention for the direction of current is
through, so the current flowing through each
from the positive end of the voltage source to the
resistor is the same.
negative end (opposite the direction of flow of
- The voltage V = V1 + V2 + V3
electrons).
- The total resistance R = R1 + R2 + R3
- Example of Series Connection:

- Eventually, this flow of electricity will

encounter certain elements in the circuit.
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
ELEMENTS IN THE CIRCUIT

Resistor
- Opposes the flow of current in the circuit.
- Has the ability to reduce voltage and current
when used in a circuit.
- Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by
the Greek letter omega (Ω).
- Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm
(1784-1854). - Because there is more than one path for the
- Resistor Convention current I to flow along, it divides itself into
smaller currents branching through each resistor
(I1, I2, and I3).
- The voltage across each resistor is the same
(V).
- The current I = I1 + I2 + I3
- The total or equivalent resistance (R) created
by the resistors in parallel is calculated using the
formula:
- Alternative Resistor Symbol - 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
- Example of Parallel Connection:

- Sometimes, you will see labels on the circuit

diagram.

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3rd Quarter Bearbear, Ishi, Ikaycakes

RESISTORS IN SERIES/PARALLEL CIRCUITS

1) Step 1 - Initially, split it into two circuits

consisting of R3 and R4 in parallel and R1
and R2 in series.
2) Step 2 - First, calculate the effective value
WHAT IS THE LOGIC BEHIND THE RECIPROCAL of R3 and R4 using the formula for
CALCULATING EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN A resistors in parallel.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT? 3) Step 3 - Now, simply add together the
values of R1, R2, and the resulting value
Ohm’s Law from Step 2 calculation to give the
- Current flowing through a conductor is directly effective value of the series/parallel
proportional to the applied voltage but inversely circuit.
proportional to the resistance.

Formula’s:

- Formula to find the current in a circuit.

- Formula to find the current in a PARALLEL

circuit.

- Substitute the formula of the current in a

PARALLEL circuit.

- Associative Property of Multiplication

- Cancel the Voltage