BK1064-Prelims_R2_270706

Distillation and
Absorption 2006

Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK

BK1064-Prelims_R2_270706

Distillation and Absorption 2006

Orders for this publication should be directed as follows:

Institution of Chemical Engineers,

Davis Building,
165–189 Railway Terrace, RUGBY,
Warwickshire CV21 3HQ, UK

Tel: þ44 1788 578214

Fax: þ44 1788 560833
Website: www.icheme.org/shop

Copyright # 2006
Institution of Chemical Engineers
A Registered Charity
Offices in Rugby (UK), London (UK), Melbourne (Australia) and Kuala Lumpar (Malaysia)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system or transmitted in any forms or by any means: electronic,
electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without
permission in writing from the copyright owner. Opinions expressed in the
papers in this volume are those of the individual authors and not necessarily
those of the Institution of Chemical Engineers or of the Organizing
Committee.

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BK1064-Prelims_R2_270706

Distillation and Absorption 2006

This book contains the papers presented at the 8th Distillation and Absorption conference held in London,
UK, 4–6 September, 2006.
National Organising Committee
Claire Adjiman Imperial College London, UK
Richard Darton Oxford University, UK (Chair of EFCE Working Party)
Stuart Fraser BP, UK
Megan Jobson The University of Manchester, UK
Eva Sorensen University College London, UK (Chair)
Rafic Traboulssi Sulzer Chemtech UK Ltd, UK
Malcolm Woodman BP, UK

INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

SYMPOSIUM SERIES No. 152
ISBN-10 0 85295 505 7
ISBN-13 978 0 85295 505 5

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BK1064-Prelims_R2_270706

Sponsors

This conference is sponsored by:

BP
Sulzer
Koch-Glitsch
Process Vision Services

Printed by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, UK

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Preface

It is now nearly 50 years since the first Distillation & Absorption con-
ference was held in Brighton in 1960. The first meetings were held in
Brighton at approximately ten-year intervals and therefore became
know as ‘the Brighton Conferences’. In 1987, it was recognized
that more frequent meetings were needed, so the next conference
was in 1992 in Birmingham (UK), then 1997 in Maastricht
(Netherlands) and then in 2002 in Baden-Baden (Germany).
Distillation and Absorption are hugely important industrial
separation technologies. They are used to produce the world’s
petroleum fuels; to treat most of our natural gas; and are a critical
element in a host of processes making the chemicals and other pro-
ducts that the world needs. Large in scale, and heavy in energy
usage, there are enormous incentives to introduce new and improved
methods and equipment to improve the sustainability of these
operations.
These proceedings present the collected papers of the 8th
International Symposium on Distillation & Absorption held in
London in September 2006 and include 100 papers selected from
over 180 submitted abstracts. Of these contributions, 4 were plenary
lectures, 64 scientific lectures and 32 were posters. A number of
exhibitors also presented their contributions at the conference.
The papers cover a broad range of topics from the estimation of
physical properties to the design and performance of contacting trays
and packing, and demonstrate a remarkably high rate of advance in
the technology. Our understanding of the behaviour of distillation
and absorption processes is continuing to improve rapidly, resulting
in new methods of control, better process integration, more effective
equipment, novel schemes for reactive and extractive distillation as
well as for hybrid processes, and in the many other developments
described in the papers in these proceedings.
We would like to record our thanks to everyone who submitted
a paper for contributing to an outstanding programme. We received a
large number of excellent contributions and the Scientific Committee
had a difficult task selecting the most outstanding ones from these
and, inevitably, many worthy contributions did not make it through
to the final programme. Equally, we would like to thank the theme

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leaders and international referees who worked tirelessly to reduce a

large number of abstracts down to the final papers detailed here.
We would also like to acknowledge the essential contribution of
the IChemE team at Rugby. These Proceedings are our distilled
product – we hope you enjoy them and find them useful and
absorbing.

Dr Eva Sorensen
Chair, Organising Committee
Professor Richard Darton
Chair, EFCE WP on Distillation, Absorption and Extraction

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Contents

Plenary Lectures
Paper 1 (Di)Still Modeling After All These Years: A View
Page 1 of the State of the Art
R. Taylor (Clarkson University, USA)
Paper 2 Challenges and Opportunities for the Suppliers of
Page 21 Technologies, Equipment and Services for
Separation Towers
U. Fankhauser (Sulzer Chemtech Ltd )
Paper 3 The Dos and Don’ts of Distillation Column Control
Page 28 S. Skogestad (Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Norway)
Paper 4 Industrial Absorption – Current Status and Future
Page 44 Aspects
R. Thiele and J.-M. Löning (BASF
Aktiengesellschaft, Germany)

Modelling and Simulation

Paper 5 Synthesis, Design and Retrofitting of Energy
Page 63 Efficient Separation Processes
A. Lucia, A. Amale (University of Rhode Island,
USA) and R. Taylor (Clarkson University, USA)
Paper 6 Selectivity Engineering with Reactive Distillation:
Page 73 Determination of Attainable Region
V. Agarwal, S. Thotla and S.M. Mahajani (Indian
Institute of Technology, India)
Paper 7 Shortcut Evaluation of Absorption for Synthesis of
Page 88 Gas Separation Networks
M. Martin, M. Jobson, N. Zhang and P.J. Heggs
(The University of Manchester, UK )

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Paper 8 Thermodynamic Analysis of Multicomponent

Page 100 Distillation-Reaction Processes for Conceptual
Process Design
O. Ryll, S. Blagov and H. Hasse (University of
Stuttgart, Germany)
Paper 9 Experimental Column Profile Maps with Varying
Page 111 Delta Points in a Continuous Column for the
Acetone Methanol Ethanol System
C. Wilson, D. Hildebrandt and D. Glasser
(University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa)
Paper 10 Combining Shortcut Methods and Rigorous MINLP
Page 122 Optimization for the Design of Distillation
Processes for Homogeneous Azeotropic Mixtures
S. Kossack, K. Kraemer and W. Marquardt
(Lehrstuhl für Prozesstechnik, Germany)

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Paper 11 Selection and Pilot Plant Tests of New Absorbents
Page 132 for Post Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture
R. Notz (University of Stuttgart, Germany),
N. Asprion, I. Clausen (BASF AG, Germany) and
H. Hasse (University of Stuttgart, Germany)
Paper 12 Biodiesel Production, Lubricant Fractionating and
Page 142 Development of a New True Boiling Point Curve
Through Molecular Distillation
R. Maciel Filho, N. Lima Silva, C.B. Batistella,
M.R. Wolf Maciel, A. Winter, P. Sbaite (State
University of Campinas, Brasil) and L. Medina
(CENPES/PETROBRAS, Brazil)
Paper 13 Separation of Methanol/Butene/MTBE Using
Page 152 Hybrid Distillation-Membrane Processes
M. Peters, S. Kauchali, D. Hildebrandt and D.
Glasser (University of the Witwatersrand,
South Africa)
Paper 14 Thermal Integration of a Distillation Column
Page 162 Through Side-exchangers
S. Bandyopadhyay (Indian Institute of Technology,
India)

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Paper 15 Energy-saving Characteristics of Heat Integrated

Page 172 Distillation Column Technology Applied to
Multi-component Petroleum Distillation
K. Horiuchi (Maruzen Petrochemical Co., Ltd,
Japan), K. Yanagimoto (E&E Planning Co., Ltd,
Japan), K. Kataoka (Kansai Chemical
Engineering Co., Ltd, Japan) and M. Nakaiwa
(National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology, Japan)
Paper 16 Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of an
Page 181 Annular Sieve Tray
A. de Rijke, W. Tesselaar, M.A. Gadalla, Ž. Olujić
and P.J. Jansens (Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands)

Modelling and Simulation

Paper 17 On the Track to Understanding Three Phases in One
Page 190 Tower
J.-U. Repke, A. Hoffmann, I. Ausner, O. Villain and
G. Wozny (Technische Universtität Berlin,
Germany)
Paper 18 A Non-linear Wave Model with Variable
Page 200 Molar Flows for Dynamic Behaviour and
Disturbance Propagation in Distillation Columns
N. Hankins (University of Oxford, UK)
Paper 19 Separation Performance of Structured Packed
Page 211 Columns: A Comparison of Two Modelling
Approaches
A. Shilkin and E.Y. Kenig (University of Dortmund,
Germany)
Paper 20 Prediction of Temperature and Concentration
Page 220 Distributions of Distillation Sieve Trays
by CFD
R. Rahimi, M.-R. Rahimi, F. Shahraki and
M. Zivdar (Sistan and Baluchistan University,
Iran)

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Equipment Design and Operation

Paper 21 Mixed-phase Feeds in Mass Transfer Columns and
Page 230 Liquid Separation
M. Wehrli, P. Schaeffer, U. Marti (Sulzer Chemtech
Ltd, Switzerland), F. Muggli (Sulzer Markets &
Technology AG, Switzerland ) and H. Kooijman
(Shell Global Solutions International BV,
The Netherlands)
Paper 22 How to Surpass Conventional and High Capacity
Page 241 Structured Packings with Raschig Super-Pak
S. Chambers and M. Schultes (Raschig GmbH,
Germany)
Paper 23 Liquid Distribution Behaviour of Conventional and
Page 252 High Capacity Structured Packings
Ž. Olujić, R. van Baak and J. Haaring
(Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands)
Paper 24 Three-phase Distillation in Packed Columns:
Page 267 Guidelines for Development, Design and Scale-up
R. Meier, J. Leistner and A. Kobus (Degussa AG,
Germany)

Modelling and Simulation

Paper 25 Rate-based Modelling and Simulation of Reactive
Page 273 Stripping
I. Mueller, E.Y. Kenig, M. Kloeker (University of
Dortmund, Germany), T.J. Schildhauer, F. Kapteijn
and J.A. Moulijn (Technical University of Delft,
The Netherlands)
Paper 26 A Modified Model of Computational Mass
Page 282 Transfer for Distillation Column
Z.M. Sun, X.G. Yuan, C.J. Liu and K.T. Yu
(Tianjin University, People’s Republic
of China)

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Paper 27 Application of the Penetration Theory

Page 294 for Gas – Liquid Mass Transfer without
Liquid Bulk – Differences with Systems with
a Bulk
E.P. van Elk (Procede Twente BV, The
Netherlands), M.C. Knaap (Shell Research and
Technology Centre Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
and G.F. Versteeg (Twente University of
Technology, The Netherlands)

Equipment Design and Operation

Paper 28 High-performance Trays: Getting the Best Capacity
Page 311 and Efficiency
J. Penciak, I. Nieuwoudt and G. Spencer
(Koch-Glitsch, USA)
Paper 29 The Use of Directional Momentum Devices on
Page 317 Fractionation Trays
M. Pilling, D. Summers (Sulzer Chemtech USA,
Inc., USA) and M. Fischer (Sulzer Chemtech AG,
Switzerland )
Paper 30 Distillation Trays that Operate Beyond the
Page 327 Limits of Gravity by Using Centrifugal
Separation
P. Wilkinson, E. Vos, G. Konijn, H. Kooijman
(Shell Global Solutions International B.V., The
Netherlands), G. Mosca and L. Tonon (Sulzer
Chemtech, Italy)

Integrated, Hybrid and Novel Processes

Paper 31 Development of a New Distillation Based Process
Page 336 for Trioxane Production
T. Grützner (University of Stuttgart, Germany),
N. Lang, M. Siegert, E. Ströfer (BASF AG,
Germany) and H. Hasse (University of Stuttgart,
Germany)

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Paper 32 Pressure Optimisation of an Original System of

Page 344 Pressure Swing with a Reactive Column
J. Bonet (University of Barcelona, Spain and
Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, France), M.I.
Galan, J. Costa (University of Barcelona, Spain),
R. Thery, X. Meyer, M. Meyer (Laboratoire de
Génie Chimique, France) and J.M. Reneaume
(UPPA/LATEP, France)
Paper 33 Methyl Acetate Hydrolysis in a Reactive Divided
Page 353 Wall Column
S. Sander, C. Flisch (Sulzer Chemtech Ltd,
Switzerland ), E. Geissler, H. Schoenmakers
(BASF AG, Germany), O. Ryll and H. Hasse
(University of Stuttgart, Germany)
Paper 34 Conceptual Design of Reactive Dividing Wall
Page 364 Columns
G. Daniel, P. Patil, R. Dragomir and M. Jobson
(University of Manchester, UK)
Paper 35 Experimental Investigation of Reactive Distillation
Page 373 in Combination with Membrane Separation
C. Buchaly, P. Kreis and A. Górak (University of
Dortmund, Germany)

Process Troubleshooting and Handling Operational Problems

Paper 36 Troubleshoot Packing Maldistribution Upset Part 1:
Page 384 Temperature Surveys and Gamma Scans
H.Z. Kister, W.J. Stupin and J. Ernst Oude
Lenferink (Fluor Corp., USA)
Paper 37 Foaming Effect on Random Packing Performance
Page 392 G.X. Chen, T.J. Cai (Fractionation Research, Inc,
USA), K.T. Chuang and A. Afacan (University of
Alberta, Canada)
Paper 38 Structured Packing Flooding: Its Measurement and
Page 400 Prediction
M.J. Lockett, R.A. Victor and J.F. Billingham
(Praxair, Inc., USA)

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Paper 39 Troubleshoot Packing Maldistribution Upset Part 2:

Page 409 Boiling and Flashing in Packed Tower Distributors
H.Z. Kister, W.J. Stupin and J. Ernst Oude
Lenferink (Fluor Corp., USA)
Paper 40 A New Method to Predict the Susceptibility to Form
Page 418 Maldistribution in Packed Columns Based on
Pressure Drop Correlations
M. Duss (Sulzer Chemtech Ltd, Switzerland)

Basic Data
Paper 41 The Experimental Simulation of the Saddle Point
Page 431 Region in a Distillation Column Profile Map by
Using a Batch Apparatus
T. Modise, S. Kauchali, D. Hildebrandt and D.
Glasser (The University of the Witwatersrand,
South Africa)
Paper 42 New Method for the Determination of Batch
Page 440 Heteroazeotropic Distillation Regions
G. Modla and P. Lang (Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, Hungary)
Paper 43 Miniplant in Modelling Distillation for an Isooctene
Page 450 Process
K. Jakobsson, T. Ouni, P. Lievo, P. Uusi-Kyyny,
C. Dell’Era (Helsinki University of Technology,
Finland), A. Pyhälahti (Neste Jacobs Oy, Finland)
and J. Aittamaa (Helsinki University of Technology,
Finland)

Control and Operation

Paper 44 Retrofit Design for Gas Sweetening Processes
Page 460 P. Patil, Z. Malik and M. Jobson (The University of
Manchester, UK)
Paper 45 Design of Industrial Reactive Absorption Processes
Page 469 in Sour Gas Treatment Using Rigorous Modelling
and Accurate Experimentation
R. Thiele, R. Faber, J.-U. Repke (Technical
University of Berlin, Germany), H. Thielert
(Uhde GmbH, Germany) and G. Wozny
(Technical University of Berlin, Germany)

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Paper 46 Theoretical and Experimental Study of the

Page 481 Absorption Rate of H2S in CuSO4 Solutions: The
Effect of Enhancement of Mass Transfer by a
Precipitation Reaction
H. ter Maat (Procede Group BV, The Netherlands),
M. Al-Tarazi, J.A. Hogendoorn, J.P.M. Niederer
and G.F. Versteeg (University of Twente, The
Netherlands)

Basic Data
Paper 47 Prediction of CO2 and H2S Solubility in Aqueous
Page 498 MDEA Solutions Using an Extended Kent and
Eisenberg Model
P. Patil, Z. Malik and M. Jobson (The University of
Manchester, UK)
Paper 48 Solvent Properties of Functionalized Ionic Liquids
Page 511 for CO2 Absorption
L.M. Galán Sánchez, G.W. Meindersma and A.B.
de Haan (University of Twente, The Netherlands)
Paper 49 Standardisation of Mass Transfer Measurements –
Page 523 A Basis for the Description of Absorption Processes
B. Hüpen, A. Hoffmann, A. Górak (University of
Dortmund, Germany), J.-M. Löning, M. Haas
(BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Germany), T. Runowski
and K. Hallenberger (Bayer Technology Services
GmbH, Germany)

Equipment Design and Operation

Paper 50 Wetting Performance and Pressure Drop of
Page 534 Structured Packings: CFD and Experiment
A. Ataki (TU Kaiserslautern, Germany), P. Kolb,
U. Bühlmann (Kühni AG, Switzerland) and
H.-J. Bart (TU Kaiserslautern, Germany)
Paper 51 Modeling and Measurement of Macroscopic Flow
Page 544 Fields in Structured Packings
B. Mahr and D. Mewes (University of Hanover,
Germany)

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Paper 52 Experimental Investigation of Reactive Distillation

Page 554 Packing Katapakw – SP 11: Hydrodynamic Aspects
and Size Effects
E. Brunazzi and A. Viva (University of Pisa, Italy)

Basic Data
Paper 53 Phase Transitions in Quaternary Reacting Systems
Page 563 with Esterification Reaction
M. Toikka (St. Petersburg State University, Russia)
Paper 54 Liquid– Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of
Page 574 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate and
Hydrocarbons
M. Bendová (Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Czech Republic)
Paper 55 Absorption of Carbonyl Sulphide in Aqueous
Page 581 Piperazine
P.J.G. Huttenhuis, A. Mohan, S. van Loo (Procede
Group BV, The Netherlands) and G.F. Versteeg
(University of Twente, The Netherlands)

Control and Operation

Paper 56 Self-optimizing Control Configurations for
Page 590 Two-product Distillation Columns
E. Shigueo Hori, S. Skogestad (Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Norway) and
M.A. Al-Arfaj (King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Saudi Arabia)
Paper 57 Distillation Column Control Using the Whole
Page 600 Temperature Profile
M. Chew, W.E. Jones and J.A. Wilson (University
of Nottingham, UK)
Paper 58 Control Properties of Alternative Schemes to
Page 610 Thermally Coupled Distillation Columns for
Ternary Mixtures Separations
R. Alcántara-Ávila, J. Cabrera-Ruiz, V.E. Tamayo-
Galván, J.G. Segovia-Hernández and S. Hernández
(Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico)

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Integrated, Hybrid and Novel Processes

Paper 59 Industrial Experience with Hybrid Distillation –
Page 619 Pervaporation or Vapour Permeation Applications
M. Roza and E. Maus (Sulzer Chemtech AG,
Switzerland)
Paper 60 Optimal Configuration, Design and Operation of
Page 628 Continuous Hybrid Distillation/Pervaporation
Processes
T. Barakat and E. Sørensen (University College
London, UK)
Paper 61 Stabilizing Operation of a 4-Product Integrated
Page 638 Kaibel Column
J. Strandberg and S. Skogestad (NTNU, Norway)
Paper 62 Enrichment of Natural Products Using an Integrated
Page 648 Solvent-free Process: Molecular Distillation
L.V. Fregolente, E.B. Moraes, P.F. Martins, C.B.
Batistella, M.R. Wolf Maciel, A.P. Afonso and
M.H.M. Reis (State University of Campinas, Brazil)
Paper 63 Riser Design in Foam Fractionation
Page 657 P.J. Martin, M. Swain and R.C. Darton (University
of Oxford, UK)

Control and Operation

Paper 64 Production of Propyl Acetate by Reactive
Page 667 Distillation: From Experiments to Simulation
M. Brehelin, D. Rouzineau, F. Forner (ENSIACET/
Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, France),
J.-U. Repke (Technical University of Berlin,
Germany), M. Meyer (ENSIACET/Laboratoire de
Génie Chimique, France) and G. Wozny (Technical
University of Berlin, Germany)
Paper 65 Entrainer Selection for the Synthesis of Fatty Acid
Page 678 Esters by Entrainer-based Reactive Distillation
M.C. de Jong (University of Twente, The
Netherlands), A.C. Dimian (University of
Amsterdam, The Netherlands), N.J.M. Kuipers
and A.B. de Haan (University of Twente, The
Netherlands)

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Paper 66 Functionalised Solvents for Olefin Isomer

Page 689 Purification by Reactive Extractive Distillation
N.J.M. Kuipers, A.E. Wentink, A.B. de Haan
(University of Twente, The Netherlands),
J. Scholtz and H. Mulder (Sasol Technology,
South Africa)
Paper 67 Separation of Maximum Azeotropes in a Middle
Page 699 Vessel Column
B. Kotai, P. Lang and T. Balazs (Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Hungary)
Paper 68 Pressure Swing Batch Distillation for Homogenous
Page 709 Azeotropic Separation
J.-U. Repke, A. Klein (Technical University of
Berlin, Germany), D. Bogle (University College
London, UK) and G. Wozny (Technical University
of Berlin, Germany)
Posters
Poster 69 Study of the Thermally Coupled Distillation
Page 719 Sequences Using a Nonequilibrium Stage Model
E.F. Abad-Zarate, F.I. Gómez-Castro, J.G.
Segovia-Hernández and S. Hernández
(Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico)
Paper 70 Dynamic Analysis of Distillation with Thermal
Page 728 Coupling for Different Operating Conditions
E.A. Hernández-Vargas, J.G. Segovia-Hernández,
S. Hernández (Universidad de Guanajuato,
Mexico) and A. Jiménez (Instituto Tecnológico de
Celaya, Mexico)
Paper 71 Internal Column-to-column Heat Transfer
Page 737 Characteristics for Energy-saving Distillation
System
H. Noda, T. Mukaida, M. Kaneda, K. Kataoka
(Kansai Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd, Japan) and
M. Nakaiwa (National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology, Japan)

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Paper 72 A High-efficiency Distillation System for Batch or

Page 745 Semi-batch Chemical Reactors
H. Noda, T. Mukaida, M. Kaneda, H. Yamaji and
K. Kataoka (Kansai Chemical Engineering Co.,
Ltd, Japan)
Paper 73 Comparison of the Effective Surface Area of
Page 754 Some Highly Effective Random Packings
Third and Forth Generation
N. Kolev, S. Nakov, L. Ljutzkanov and D. Kolev
(Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
Bulgaria)

Paper 74 Modeling of Mixture Separation in a Column with

Page 764 Structured Packing. Effects of Liquid
Maldistribution
Y. Trifonov (Institute of Thermophysics, Russia),
S. Sunder and P. Houghton (Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc., USA)

Paper 75 CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation

Page 773 of Fluid Flow in Liquid Distributors
M. Heggemann, S. Hirschberg (Sulzer Markets
& Technology AG, Switzerland), L. Spiegel
and C. Bachmann (Sulzer Chemtech AG,
Switzerland)

Paper 76 The Sandwich Packing – a New Type of

Page 786 Structured Packing to Increase Capacity
and Mass Transfer of Distillation Columns
M. Jödecke, T. Friese, G. Schuch (BASF
Aktiengesellschaft, Germany), B. Kaibel
and H. Jansen (Julius Montz GmbH,
Germany)

Paper 77 Rigorous Method of Minimum Energy Calculation

Page 790 for a Fully Thermally Coupled Distillation System
I. Malinen and J. Tanskanen (University of Oulu,
Finland)

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Paper 78 Distillation Startup of Fully Thermally

Page 800 Coupled Distillation Columns: Theoretical
Examinations
G. Niggemann, S. Gruetzmann and G. Fieg
(Hamburg University of Technology, Germany)

Paper 79 On Thermodynamics of Evaporation Processes

Page 809 in Nonequilibrium Systems
A. Toikka (St Petersburg State University,
Russia)
Paper 80 MINLP Optimization of Catalytic Distillation
Page 820 Columns Using a Rate-Based Model
J.M. Gomez, J.M. Reneaume (ENSGTI, France),
M. Meyer and X. Meyer
(ENCIACET, France)
Paper 81 Industrial Application of a New Batch
Page 830 Extractive Distillation Operational Policy
P. Lang, Gy. Kovacs (Richter Gedeon Ltd,
Hungary), B. Kotai (BUTE, Hungary),
J. Gaal-Szilagyi (Richter Gedeon Ltd, Hungary)
and G. Modla (BUTE, Hungary)
Paper 82 Continuous Three Phase Distillation: A Process
Page 840 for Separating Thermally Instable Substances
M. Ottenbacher and H. Hasse (University of
Stuttgart, Germany)
Paper 83 Method of Design for Packed Column Type
Page 851 HIDiC
T. Nakanishi, K. Aso, T. Takamatsu (Kimura
Chemical Plants Co., Ltd, Japan), K. Matsuda,
M. Nakaiwa (National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology, Japan) and
S. Hasebe (Kyoto University, Japan)
Paper 84 Development of a Hybrid Solvent Recovery
Page 854 Process (Combination of Distillation and Vapour
Permeation)
A. Ohligschläger (Siemens AG A&D Sp IPD
Process Design, Germany)

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Paper 85 Strategies for Identifying Multiplicities in

Page 858 Distillation Systems using Process Simulators
S. Chokshi and R.K. Malik (Indian Institute of
Technology, India)
Paper 86 Neural Network Based Modelling and Optimisation
Page 868 in Batch Reactive Distillation
I.M. Mujtaba and M.A. Greaves (University of
Bradford, UK)
Paper 87 Liquid– Liquid– Liquid Equilibrium
Page 877 Calculations
F. Denes, P. Lang and M. Lang-Lazi (Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Hungary)
Paper 88 Startup Operation of a Cyclic Middle Vessel Batch
Page 891 Distillation
S. Gruetzmann, G. Niggemann (Hamburg University
of Technology, Germany), Th. Kapala (Cognis
Deutschland GmbH & Co.KG, Germany) and G.
Fieg (Hamburg University of Technology, Germany)
Paper 89 An Internally Heat-integrated Distillation Column
Page 900 (HIDiC) in Japan
K. Iwakabe (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan),
M. Nakaiwa, K. Huang, K. Matsuda (National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, Japan), T. Nakanishi (Kimura Chemical
Plants Co., Ltd, Japan), T. Ohmori, A. Endo and
T. Yamamoto (National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology, Japan)
Paper 90 Experimental Evaluation of Sulphur Dioxide
Page 912 Absorption in Water
R.-H. Chavez (Instituto Nacional de
Investigaciones Nucleares, Mexico), J. de J.
Guadarrama (Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca,
Mexico) and J. Klapp (Instituto Nacional de
Investigaciones Nucleares, Mexico)
Paper 91 Hydraulic Measurements of Sieve Plate
Page 920 K.I. Keskinen (Helsinki University of Technology
and Neste Jacobs Oy, Finland), H.-M. Ahlfors
(Outokumpu Oy, Finland) and J. Aittamaa
(Helsinki University of Technology, Finland)

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Paper 92 Evaluation of Phase Equilibria for Dilute Mixtures

Page 928 for Design Purposes
G. Ngigi, D. Hildebrandt and D. Glasser (The
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa)
Paper 93 Extended Smoker’s Equation for Calculating
Page 937 Number of Stages in Distillation
S. Bandyopadhyay (Indian Institute of Technology,
India)
Paper 94 Startup Analysis of Mass- and Heat-integrated
Page 945 Two-column-systems
P. Varbanov, A. Klein, J.-U. Repke and G. Wozny
(Technical University of Berlin, Germany)
Paper 95 Robust Online Optimization Based on Controller
Page 954 Performance Metrics for a High-pressure
Distillation Column
T. Barz, H. Arellano-Garcia and G. Wozny
(Technical University of Berlin, Germany)
Paper 96 How to Decide When and How Much to
Page 964 Use Reactive Distillation
J.L. Mulopo, D. Hildebrandt and D. Glasser
(The University of the Witwatersrand,
South Africa)
Paper 97 Variation of the Interfacial Area During CO2
Page 973 Absorption into Alkanolamines Aqueous Solutions
in a Bubble Column Reactor
E. Alvarez, M.A Cancela, R. Maceiras (University
of Vigo, Spain) and J.M. Navaza (Universtiy of
Santiago de Compostela, Spain)
Paper 98 A Study on an Energy-saving Tray DDV with New
Page 982 Structures
Z.B. Zhang, Y.C. Liang, W.M. Meng and Z. Zhou
(Nanjing University, People’s Republic of China)
Paper 99 Vapour – Liquid Mass Transfer Performance of
Page 991 Modular Catalytic Structured Packing
M. Behrens, Ž. Olujić and P.J. Jansens
(Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands)
Page 1002 Keyword and Title Index
Page 1016 Author Index

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