(Ebook) Progressive Concepts for Semantic Web Evolution: Applications and Developments (Advances in Semantic Web & Information Systems Series (Aswis)) by Miltiadis Lytras ISBN 9781605669922, 160566992X - The ebook is available for quick download, easy access to content
(Ebook) Progressive Concepts for Semantic Web Evolution: Applications and Developments (Advances in Semantic Web & Information Systems Series (Aswis)) by Miltiadis Lytras ISBN 9781605669922, 160566992X - The ebook is available for quick download, easy access to content
https://ebooknice.com/product/semantic-services-interoperability-and-
web-applications-emerging-concepts-2359448
https://ebooknice.com/product/a-semantic-web-primer-cooperative-
information-systems-1664182
https://ebooknice.com/product/a-semantic-web-primer-cooperative-
information-systems-972780
https://ebooknice.com/product/semantic-technologies-for-business-and-
information-systems-engineering-concepts-and-applications-2406222
https://ebooknice.com/product/emerging-topics-and-technologies-in-
information-systems-1389796
https://ebooknice.com/product/semantic-web-primer-1274694
Progressive Concepts for
Semantic Web Evolution:
Applications and Developments
Miltiadis Lytras
University of Patras, Greece
Amit Sheth
Wright State University, USA
Copyright © 2010 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.
Progressive concepts for Semantic Web evolution : applications and developments / Miltiadis Lytras and Amit Sheth,
editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: "This book unites research on essential theories, models, and applications of Semantic Web research, focusing on
mobile ontologies and agents, fuzzy databases, and new approaches to retrieval and evaluation in the Semantic Web"--Provided
by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-60566-992-2 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-993-9 (ebook) 1. Semantic Web. 2. Ontologies (Information
retrieval) 3. Mobile agents (Computer software) I. Lytras, Miltiadis D., 1973- II. Sheth, A. (Amit), 1959-
TK5105.88815.P76 2010
025.042'7--dc22
All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Advances in Semantic Web & Information Systems Series (ASWIS)
ISBN: 1935-3626
Chapter 1
Evaluating Semantic Web Service Technologies: Criteria, Approaches and Challenges ....................... 1
Ulrich Küster, Institute of Computer Science, Germany
Birgitta König-Ries, Institute of Computer Science, Germany
Matthias Klusch, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Germany
Chapter 2
Semantic Web Services and Mobile Agents Integration for Efficient Mobile Services ....................... 25
Vasileios Baousis, University of Athens, Greece
Vassilis Spiliopoulos, University of the Aegean and National Centre of Scientific Research
“Demokritos”, Greece
Elias Zavitsanos, University of the Aegean and National Centre of Scientific Research
“Demokritos”, Greece
Stathes Hadjiefthymiades, University of Athens, Greece
Lazaros Merakos, University of Athens, Greece
Chapter 3
Mobile Ontologies: Concept, Development, Usage, and Business Potential ....................................... 44
Jari Veijalainen, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
Chapter 4
Service Provisioning through Real World Objects ............................................................................... 60
Massimo Paolucci, DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany
Gregor Broll, Medieninformatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
John Hamard, DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany
Enrico Rukzio, Lancaster University, UK
Matthias Wagner, DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany
Albrecht Schmidt, University of Bonn, Germany
Chapter 5
Semantic-Based Bluetooth-RFID Interaction for Advanced Resource Discovery
in Pervasive Contexts............................................................................................................................ 76
Tommaso Di Noia, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Eugenio Di Sciascio, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Francesco Maria Donini, Università della Tuscia, Italy
Michele Ruta, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Floriano Scioscia, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Eufemia Tinelli, Politecnico di Bari and Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy
Chapter 6
In Defense of Ambiguity Redux ......................................................................................................... 102
Patrick J. Hayes, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, USA
Harry Halpin, University of Edinburgh, UK
Chapter 7
Identity of Resources and Entities on the Web ................................................................................... 123
Valentina Presutti, ISTC National Research Council (CNR), Italy
Aldo Gangemi, ISTC National Research Council (CNR), Italy
Chapter 8
Ontological Indeterminacy and the Semantic Web or Why the Controversy Over
Same-Sex Marriage Poses A Fundamental Problem for Current Semantic Web Architecture ........... 148
Allen Ginsberg, Consultant, USA
Chapter 9
Ontology Driven Document Identification in Semantic Web ............................................................. 186
Marek Reformat, thinkS2: thinking software and system laboratory, Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
Ronald R. Yager, Machine Intelligence Institute, Iona College, USA
Zhan Li, thinkS2: thinking software and system laboratory, Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
Chapter 10
A Fuzzy Ontology Generation Framework from Fuzzy Relational Databases................................... 221
Z.M. Ma, Northeastern University, China
Yanhui Lv, Northeastern University, China
Li Yan, Northeastern University, China
Chapter 11
Tightly Coupled Fuzzy Description Logic Programs under the Answer Set Semantics
for the Semantic Web .......................................................................................................................... 237
Thomas Lukasiewicz, University of Oxford, UK
Umberto Straccia, ISTI-CNR, Italy
Chapter 12
Evolutionary Conceptual Clustering Based on Induced Pseudo-Metrics ........................................... 257
Nicola Fanizzi, Università degli studi di Bari, Italy
Claudia d’Amato, Università degli studi di Bari, Italy
Floriana Esposito, Università degli studi di Bari, Italy
Chapter 13
Nested Optional Join for Efficient Evaluation of SPARQL Nested Optional Graph Patterns ............ 281
Artem Chebotko, University of Texas - Pan American, USA
Shiyong Lu, Wayne State University, USA
Chapter 14
An Associative and Adaptive Network Model for Information Retrieval in the Semantic Web ........ 309
Peter Scheir, Styria Media Group AG, Austria
Peter Prettenhofer, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany
Stefanie N. Lindstaedt, Know-Center Graz & Graz University of Technology, Austria
Chiara Ghidini, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy
Chapter 1
Evaluating Semantic Web Service Technologies: Criteria, Approaches and Challenges ....................... 1
Ulrich Küster, Institute of Computer Science, Germany
Birgitta König-Ries, Institute of Computer Science, Germany
Matthias Klusch, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Germany
In recent years, a huge amount of research effort and funding has been devoted to the area of semantic
Web services (SWS). This has resulted in the proposal of numerous competing approaches to facilitate
the automation of discovery, composition and mediation for Web services using semantic annotations.
However, despite of a wealth of theoretical work, too little effort has been spent towards the compara-
tive experimental evaluation of the competing approaches so far. Progress in scientific development and
industrial adoption is thereby hindered. An established evaluation methodology and standard benchmarks
that allow the comparative evaluation of different frameworks are thus needed for the further advancement
of the field. To this end, a criteria model for SWS evaluation is presented and the existing approaches
towards SWS evaluation are comprehensively analyzed. Their shortcomings are discussed in order to
identify the fundamental issues of SWS evaluation. Based on this discussion, a research agenda towards
agreed upon evaluation methodologies is proposed.
Chapter 2
Semantic Web Services and Mobile Agents Integration for Efficient Mobile Services ....................... 25
Vasileios Baousis, University of Athens, Greece
Vassilis Spiliopoulos, University of the Aegean and National Centre of Scientific Research
“Demokritos”, Greece
Elias Zavitsanos, University of the Aegean and National Centre of Scientific Research
“Demokritos”, Greece
Stathes Hadjiefthymiades, University of Athens, Greece
Lazaros Merakos, University of Athens, Greece
The requirement for ubiquitous service access in wireless environments presents a great challenge in
light of well-known problems like high error rate and frequent disconnections. In order to satisfy this
requirement, this chapter proposes the integration of two modern service technologies: Web Services
and mobile agents. This integration allows wireless users to access and invoke semantically enriched
Web Services without the need for simultaneous, online presence of the service requestor. Moreover, in
order to improve the capabilities of Service registries, the authors exploit the advantages offered by the
Semantic Web framework. Specifically, they use enhanced registries enriched with semantic information
that provide semantic matching to service queries and published service descriptions. Finally, they discuss
the implementation of the proposed framework and present their performance assessment findings.
Chapter 3
Mobile Ontologies: Concept, Development, Usage, and Business Potential ....................................... 44
Jari Veijalainen, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
The number of mobile subscribers in the world will soon reach the three billion mark. Ontologies are
an important ingredient towards more complicated mobile services and wider usage of mobile termi-
nals. This chapter first discusses ontology and epistemology concepts in general. After that, the author
reviews ontologies in the computer science field and introduces mobile ontologies as a special category.
It seems reasonable to distinguish between two orthogonal categories, mobile domain ontologies and
flowing ontologies. The domain of the former one is in some sense related with mobility, whereas the
latter ones are able to flow from computer to computer in the network. This chapter then discusses the
creation issues, business aspects, and intellectual property rights (IPR), including patentability of mobile
ontologies. The chapter also discusses some basic requirements for computer systems architectures that
would be needed to support the usage of mobile ontologies.
Chapter 4
Service Provisioning through Real World Objects ............................................................................... 60
Massimo Paolucci, DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany
Gregor Broll, Medieninformatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
John Hamard, DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany
Enrico Rukzio, Lancaster University, UK
Matthias Wagner, DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH, Germany
Albrecht Schmidt, University of Bonn, Germany
The last few years have seen two parallel trends emerge. The first of such trends is set by technologies
such as Near Field Communication, 2D Bar codes, RFID and others that support the association of digital
information with virtually every object. Using these technologies ordinary objects such as coffee mugs
or advertisement posters can provide information that is easily processed. The second trend is set by
(semantic) Web services that provide a way to automatically invoke functionalities across the Internet
lowering interoperability barriers. The PERCI system, discussed in the chapter, provides a way to bridge
between these two technologies allowing the invocation of Web services using the information gathered
from the tags effectively transforming every object in a service proxy.
Chapter 5
Semantic-Based Bluetooth-RFID Interaction for Advanced Resource Discovery
in Pervasive Contexts............................................................................................................................ 76
Tommaso Di Noia, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Eugenio Di Sciascio, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Francesco Maria Donini, Università della Tuscia, Italy
Michele Ruta, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Floriano Scioscia, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Eufemia Tinelli, Politecnico di Bari and Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy
This chapter proposes a novel object discovery framework integrating the application layer of Bluetooth
and RFID standards. The approach is motivated and illustrated in an innovative u-commerce setting.
Given a request, it allows an advanced discovery process, exploiting semantically annotated descriptions
of goods available in the u-marketplace. The RFID data exchange protocol and the Bluetooth Service
Discovery Protocol have been modified and enhanced to enable support for such semantic annotation
of products. Modifications to the standards have been conceived to be backward compatible, thus al-
lowing the smooth coexistence of the legacy discovery and/or identification features. Also noteworthy
is the introduction of a dedicated compression tool to reduce storage/transmission problems due to the
verbosity of XML-based semantic languages.
Chapter 6
In Defense of Ambiguity Redux ......................................................................................................... 102
Patrick J. Hayes, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, USA
Harry Halpin, University of Edinburgh, UK
URIs, a universal identification scheme, are different from human names insofar as they can provide
the ability to reliably access the thing identified. URIs also can function to reference a non-accessible
thing in a similar manner to how names function in natural language. There are two distinctly different
relationships between names and things: access and reference. To confuse the two relations leads to
underlying problems with Web architecture. Reference is by nature ambiguous in any language. So any
attempts by Web architecture to make reference completely unambiguous will fail on the Web. Despite
popular belief otherwise, making further ontological distinctions often leads to more ambiguity, not
less. Contrary to appeals to Kripke for some sort of eternal and unique identification, reference on the
Web uses descriptions and therefore there is no unambiguous resolution of reference. On the Web, what
is needed is not just a simple redirection, but a uniform and logically consistent manner of associating
descriptions with URIs that can be done in a number of practical ways that should be made consistent.
Chapter 7
Identity of Resources and Entities on the Web ................................................................................... 123
Valentina Presutti, ISTC National Research Council (CNR), Italy
Aldo Gangemi, ISTC National Research Council (CNR), Italy
One of the main strengths of the Web is that it allows any party of its global community to share informa-
tion with any other party. This goal has been achieved by making use of a unique and uniform mechanism
of identification, the URI (uniform resource identifiers). Although URIs succeed when used for retriev-
ing resources on the Web, their suitability for identifying any kind of thing, for example, resources that
are not on the Web, is not guaranteed. This chapter investigates the meaning of the identity of a Web
resource, and how the current situation, as well as existing and possible future improvements, can be
modeled and implemented on the Web. In particular, the authors propose an ontology, IRE, that provides
a formal way to model both the problem and the solution spaces. IRE describes the concept of resource
from the viewpoint of the Web, by reusing an ontology of Information Objects, built on top of DOLCE+
and its extensions. In particular, the authors formalize the concept of Web resource, as distinguished from
the concept of a generic entity, and how those and other concepts are related, for example, by different
proxy for relations. Based on the analysis formalized in IRE, the authors propose a formal pattern for
modeling and comparing different solutions to the problems of the identity of resources.
Chapter 8
Ontological Indeterminacy and the Semantic Web or Why the Controversy Over
Same-Sex Marriage Poses A Fundamental Problem for Current Semantic Web Architecture ........... 148
Allen Ginsberg, Consultant, USA
The expected utility of the Semantic Web (SW) hinges upon the idea that machines, just like humans,
can make and interpret statements about “real world” objects, properties, and relations. A cornerstone
of this idea is the notion that Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) can be used to refer to entities existing
independently of the Web and to convey meanings. In this chapter, when a URI is used in this manner
we will say that it is used declaratively, or that it is an R-URI. The key question is this: when an R-URI
is used declaratively on the SW how is an agent, especially a non-human one, supposed to “understand”
or “know” what it is intended to refer to or mean?
Chapter 9
Ontology Driven Document Identification in Semantic Web ............................................................. 186
Marek Reformat, thinkS2: thinking software and system laboratory, Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
Ronald R. Yager, Machine Intelligence Institute, Iona College, USA
Zhan Li, thinkS2: thinking software and system laboratory, Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
This chapter offers an approach that combines a hierarchy of concepts and ontology for the task of iden-
tifying Web documents in the environment of the Semantic Web. A user provides a simple query in the
form a hierarchy that only partially “describes” documents (s)he wants to retrieve from the Web. The
hierarchy is treated as a “seed” representing user’s initial knowledge about concepts covered by required
documents. Ontologies are treated as supplementary knowledge bases. They are used to instantiate the
hierarchy with concrete information, as well as to enhance it with new concepts initially unknown to the
user. The proposed approach is used to design a prototype system for document identification in the Web
environment. The description of the system and the results of preliminary experiments are presented.
Chapter 10
A Fuzzy Ontology Generation Framework from Fuzzy Relational Databases................................... 221
Z.M. Ma, Northeastern University, China
Yanhui Lv, Northeastern University, China
Li Yan, Northeastern University, China
Ontology is an important part of the W3C standards for the Semantic Web used to specify standard con-
ceptual vocabularies to exchange data among systems, provide reusable knowledge bases, and facilitate
interoperability across multiple heterogeneous systems and databases. However, current ontology is
not sufficient for handling vague information that is commonly found in many application domains. A
feasible solution is to import the fuzzy ability to extend the classical ontology. This chapter proposes a
fuzzy ontology generation framework from the fuzzy relational databases, in which the fuzzy ontology
consists of fuzzy ontology structure and instances. The authors simultaneously consider the schema and
instances of the fuzzy relational databases, and respectively transform them to fuzzy ontology structure
and fuzzy RDF data model. This can ensure the integrality of the original structure as well as the com-
pleteness and consistency of the original instances in the fuzzy relational databases. The fuzzy RDF data
model is used to represent the fuzzy ontology instance.
Chapter 11
Tightly Coupled Fuzzy Description Logic Programs under the Answer Set Semantics
for the Semantic Web .......................................................................................................................... 237
Thomas Lukasiewicz, University of Oxford, UK
Umberto Straccia, ISTI-CNR, Italy
This chapter presents a novel approach to fuzzy description logic programs (or simply fuzzy dl-programs)
under the answer set semantics, which is a tight integration of fuzzy disjunctive logic programs under the
answer set semantics with fuzzy description logics. From a different perspective, it is a generalization of
tightly coupled disjunctive dl-programs by fuzzy vagueness in both the description logic and the logic
program component. The authors show that the new formalism faithfully extends both fuzzy disjunc-
tive logic programs and fuzzy description logics, and that under suitable assumptions, reasoning in the
new formalism is decidable. The authors present a polynomial reduction of certain fuzzy dl-programs to
tightly coupled disjunctive dl-programs, and analyze the complexity of consistency checking and query
processing for certain fuzzy dl-programs. Furthermore, the authors provide a special case of fuzzy dl-
programs for which deciding consistency and query processing can both be done in polynomial time in
the data complexity.
Chapter 12
Evolutionary Conceptual Clustering Based on Induced Pseudo-Metrics ........................................... 257
Nicola Fanizzi, Università degli studi di Bari, Italy
Claudia d’Amato, Università degli studi di Bari, Italy
Floriana Esposito, Università degli studi di Bari, Italy
This chapter presents a method based on clustering techniques to detect possible/probable novel concepts
or concept drift in a knowledge base expressed in Description Logics. The method exploits an effective
and language-independent semi-distance measure defined for the space of individuals, that is based on
a finite number of dimensions corresponding to a committee of discriminating features (represented by
concept descriptions). A maximally discriminating group of features can be obtained with the random-
ized optimization methods described in the chapter. In the algorithm, the possible clusterings are rep-
resented as strings of central elements (medoids, w.r.t. the given metric) of variable length. Hence, the
number of clusters is not required as a parameter since the method is able to find an optimal choice by
means of the evolutionary operators and of a proper fitness function. An experimentation with a number
of ontologies proves the feasibility of this method and its effectiveness in terms of clustering validity
indices. Then, with a supervised learning phase, each cluster can be assigned with a refined or newly
constructed intensional definition expressed in the adopted language.
Chapter 13
Nested Optional Join for Efficient Evaluation of SPARQL Nested Optional Graph Patterns ............ 281
Artem Chebotko, University of Texas - Pan American, USA
Shiyong Lu, Wayne State University, USA
Relational technology has shown to be very useful for scalable Semantic Web data management. Numer-
ous researchers have proposed to use RDBMSs to store and query voluminous RDF data using SQL and
RDF query languages. This chapter studies how RDF queries with the so called well-designed graph
patterns and nested optional patterns can be efficiently evaluated in an RDBMS. The authors propose
to extend relational algebra with a novel relational operator, nested optional join (NOJ), that is more
efficient than left outer join in processing nested optional patterns of well-designed graph patterns. They
design three efficient algorithms to implement the new operator in relational databases: (1) nested-loops
NOJ algorithm, NL-NOJ, (2) sort-merge NOJ algorithm, SM-NOJ, and (3) simple hash NOJ algorithm,
SH-NOJ. Using a real life RDF dataset, the authors demonstrate the efficiency of their algorithms by
comparing them with the corresponding left outer join implementations and explore the effect of join
selectivity on the performance of these algorithms.
Chapter 14
An Associative and Adaptive Network Model for Information Retrieval in the Semantic Web ........ 309
Peter Scheir, Styria Media Group AG, Austria
Peter Prettenhofer, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany
Stefanie N. Lindstaedt, Know-Center Graz & Graz University of Technology, Austria
Chiara Ghidini, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy
While it is agreed that semantic enrichment of resources would lead to better search results, at present
the low coverage of resources on the Web with semantic information presents a major hurdle in realiz-
ing the vision of search on the Semantic Web. To address this problem, this chapter investigates how to
improve retrieval performance in settings where resources are sparsely annotated with semantic infor-
mation. Techniques from soft computing are employed to find relevant material that was not originally
annotated with the concepts used in a query. The authors present an associative retrieval model for the
Semantic Web and evaluate if and to which extent the use of associative retrieval techniques increases
retrieval performance. In addition, the authors present recent work on adapting the network structure
based on relevance feedback by the user to further improve retrieval effectiveness. The evaluation of new
retrieval paradigms - such as retrieval based on technology for the Semantic Web - presents an additional
challenge since no off-the-shelf test corpora exist. Hence, this chapter gives a detailed description of the
approach taken to evaluate the information retrieval service the authors have built.
Preface
Semantic Web technologies and applications have become increasingly important as new methods for
understanding and expressing information are discovered. This work, titled Progressive Concepts for
Semantic Web Evolution: Applications and Developments, unites research on essential theories, models,
and applications of Semantic Web research. Contributions focus on mobile ontologies and agents, fuzzy
databases, and new approaches to retrieval and evaluation in the Semantic Web, among other topics.
Chapter 1, “Evaluating Semantic Web Service Technologies: Criteria, Approaches and Challenges,”
by Ulrich Küster, Birgitta König-Ries, and Matthias Klusch presents a criteria model for SWS evalua-
tion and comprehensively analyzes existing approaches towards SWS evaluation. The authors discuss
shortcomings in order to identify the fundamental issues of SWS evaluation. Based on this discussion,
a research agenda towards agreed upon evaluation methodologies is proposed.
Chapter 2, “Semantic Web Services and Mobile Agents Integration for Efficient Mobile Services,”
by Vasileios Baousis, Vassilis Spiliopoulos, Elias Zavitsanos, Stathes Hadjiefthymiades, and Lazaros
Merakos proposes the integration of two modern service technologies: Web Services and mobile agents.
This integration allows wireless users to access and invoke semantically enriched Web Services with-
out the need for simultaneous, online presence of the service requestor. Moreover, in order to improve
the capabilities of Service registries, the authors exploit the advantages offered by the Semantic Web
framework. Specifically, they use enhanced registries enriched with semantic information that provide
semantic matching to service queries and published service descriptions.
Chapter 3, “Mobile Ontologies: Concept, Development, Usage, and Business Potential,” by Jari Veij-
alainen discusses ontology and epistemology concepts in general. After that, the author reviews ontologies
in the computer science field and introduces mobile ontologies as a special category. It seems reasonable
to distinguish between two orthogonal categories, mobile domain ontologies and flowing ontologies. The
domain of the former one is in some sense related with mobility, whereas the latter ones are able to flow
from computer to computer in the network. This chapter then discusses the creation issues, business
aspects, and intellectual property rights (IPR), including patentability of mobile ontologies.
Chapter 4, “Service Provisioning through Real World Objects,” by Massimo Paolucci, Gregor Broll,
John Hamard, and Enrico Rukzio discusses the PERCI system, which provides a way to bridge tech-
nologies that support the association of digital information with Semantic Web services. This allows
the invocation of Web services using the information gathered from the tags, effectively transforming
every object in a service proxy.
Chapter 5, “Semantic-Based Bluetooth-RFID Interaction for Advanced Resource Discovery in
Pervasive Contexts,” by Tommaso Di Noia, Eugenio Di Sciascio, Francesco Maria Donini, Michele
Ruta, Floriano Scioscia, and Eufemia Tinelli proposes a novel object discovery framework integrating
the application layer of Bluetooth and RFID standards. The approach is motivated and illustrated in an
innovative u-commerce setting. Given a request, it allows an advanced discovery process, exploiting
xvii
semantically annotated descriptions of goods available in the u-marketplace. The RFID data exchange
protocol and the Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol have been modified and enhanced to enable
support for such semantic annotation of products. Modifications to the standards have been conceived
to be backward compatible, thus allowing the smooth coexistence of the legacy discovery and/or iden-
tification features.
Chapter 6, “In Defense of Ambiguity Redux,” by Patrick J. Hayes and Harry Halpin contends that
reference is by nature ambiguous in any language. So any attempts by Web architecture to make refer-
ence completely unambiguous will fail on the Web. Despite popular belief otherwise, making further
ontological distinctions often leads to more ambiguity, not less. Contrary to appeals to Kripke for some
sort of eternal and unique identification, reference on the Web uses descriptions and therefore there is
no unambiguous resolution of reference. On the Web, what is needed is not just a simple redirection,
but a uniform and logically consistent manner of associating descriptions with URIs that can be done
in a number of practical ways that should be made consistent.
Chapter 7, “Identity of Resources and Entities on the Web,” by Valentina Presutti and Aldo Gangemi
chapter investigates the meaning of the identity of a Web resource, and how the current situation, as
well as existing and possible future improvements, can be modeled and implemented on the Web. In
particular, the authors propose an ontology, IRE, that provides a formal way to model both the problem
and the solution spaces.
Chapter 8, “Ontological Indeterminacy and the Semantic Web,” by Allen Ginsberg argues that the
expected utility of the Semantic Web (SW) hinges upon the idea that machines, just like humans, can
make and interpret statements about “real world” objects, properties, and relations. A cornerstone of
this idea is the notion that Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) can be used to refer to entities existing
independently of the Web and to convey meanings. This chapter contends that when a URI is used in
this manner, it is used declaratively, or that it is an R-URI. The key question is this: when an R-URI is
used declaratively on the SW how is an agent, especially a non-human one, supposed to “understand”
or “know” what it is intended to refer to or mean?
Chapter 9, “Ontology Driven Document Identification in Semantic Web,” Marek Reformat, Ronald
R. Yager, and Zhan Li offers an approach that combines a hierarchy of concepts and ontology for the
task of identifying Web documents in the environment of the Semantic Web. A user provides a simple
query in the form a hierarchy that only partially “describes” documents (s)he wants to retrieve from the
Web. The hierarchy is treated as a “seed” representing user’s initial knowledge about concepts covered
by required documents. Ontologies are treated as supplementary knowledge bases. They are used to
instantiate the hierarchy with concrete information, as well as to enhance it with new concepts initially
unknown to the user. The proposed approach is used to design a prototype system for document iden-
tification in the Web environment.
Chapter 10, “A Fuzzy Ontology Generation Framework from Fuzzy Relational Databases,” by Z.M.
Ma, Yanhui Lv, and Li Yan proposes a fuzzy ontology generation framework from the fuzzy relational
databases, in which the fuzzy ontology consists of fuzzy ontology structure and instances. The authors
simultaneously consider the schema and instances of the fuzzy relational databases, and respectively
transform them to fuzzy ontology structure and fuzzy RDF data model. This can ensure the integrality of
the original structure as well as the completeness and consistency of the original instances in the fuzzy
relational databases. The fuzzy RDF data model is used to represent the fuzzy ontology instance.
Chapter 11, “Tightly Coupled Fuzzy Description Logic Programs under the Answer Set Semantics for
the Semantic Web,” by Thomas Lukasiewicz and Umberto Straccia presents a novel approach to fuzzy
description logic programs (or simply fuzzy dl-programs) under the answer set semantics, which is a tight
integration of fuzzy disjunctive logic programs under the answer set semantics with fuzzy description
xviii
Chapter 1
Evaluating Semantic Web
Service Technologies:
Criteria, Approaches and Challenges
Ulrich Küster
Institute of Computer Science, Germany
Birgitta König-Ries
Institute of Computer Science, Germany
Matthias Klusch
German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Germany
ABSTRACT
In recent years, a huge amount of research effort and funding has been devoted to the area of semantic
web services (SWS). This has resulted in the proposal of numerous competing approaches to facilitate
the automation of discovery, composition and mediation for web services using semantic annotations.
However, despite of a wealth of theoretical work, too little effort has been spent towards the compara-
tive experimental evaluation of the competing approaches so far. Progress in scientific development and
industrial adoption is thereby hindered. An established evaluation methodology and standard bench-
marks that allow the comparative evaluation of different frameworks are thus needed for the further
advancement of the field. To this end, a criteria model for SWS evaluation is presented and the existing
approaches towards SWS evaluation are comprehensively analyzed. Their shortcomings are discussed in
order to identify the fundamental issues of SWS evaluation. Based on this discussion, a research agenda
towards agreed upon evaluation methodologies is proposed.
Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of
Transhimalaja: Löytöjä ja seikkailuja Tibetissä.
1 (of 2)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Language: Finnish
TRANSHIMALAJA I
Löytöjä ja seikkailuja Tibetissä
Kirj.
SVEN HEDIN
Helsingissä 1910,
Suomalainen Kustannus-o.y. Kansa.
Wiipurissa 1909,
Wiipurin Uusi Kirjapaino- ja Sanomalehti-Osakeyhtiö.
Ensimäisen osan sisällys:
Alkulause.
1. Simla.
2. Lehin tie.
3. Lähtö Tibetiin.
4. Tibetiläisen sisämaan reunalle.
5. Lake Lightenilla.
6. Suoraan susien suuhun — tai haaksirikkoon!
7. Suuria tappioita.
8. Tuntemattomassa maassa.
9. Kovanonnen päiviä.
10. Kuumesairaana villin jakin maassa.
11. Ensimäiset ihmiset.
12. Mitä saimme kokea matkalla Bogtsang-tsangpohon.
13. Kymmenen päivää Ngangtse-tson jäällä.
14. Takaisin ajetut!
15. Transhimalajan yli.
16. Salakähmää Shigatseen.
17. Tashi-laman luona.
Alkulause.
Kustantaja.
Ensimäinen luku.
Simla.
Ystävyydellä Curzon.
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
ebooknice.com