DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

GE3271- ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

Semester II

Lab Manual

Regulation 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Particulars Page No.
1 College vision and mission statement
2 Department Vision, Mission, POs, PEOs, PSOs
3 Lab syllabus
4 List of Experiments Mapping with COs, POs &PSOs
5 University prescribed lab experiments
GROUP – A
PART-II ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

1. Introduction to switches, fuses, indicators and lamps - Basic

switch board wiring with lamp, fan and three pin socket
2. Staircase wiring
3. Fluorescent Lamp wiring with introduction to CFL and LED
types.
4. Energy meter wiring and related calculations/ calibration
5. Study of Iron Box wiring and assembly
6. Study of Fan Regulator (Resistor type and Electronic type using
Diac/Triac/quadrac)
7. Study of emergency lamp wiring/Water heater
GROUP – B
PART IV ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PRACTICES
8. SOLDERING WORK:
a. Soldering simple electronic circuits and checking
continuity.
9. ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY AND TESTING WORK:
a. Assembling and testing electronic components on a small
PCB.
10. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:
a. Study an element of smart phone.
b. Assembly and dismantle of LED TV.
c. Assembly and dismantle of computer/ laptop
6 Advance Experiments
1. Residential House Wiring - Single Phase
2. Residential House Wiring - Three Phase
 NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NATHAM.

VISION

 To develop students with intellectual curiosity and technical expertise to meet the global needs.

MISSION

 To achieve academic excellence by offering quality technical education using best teaching
techniques.
 To improve Industry – Institute interactions and expose industrial atmosphere.
 To develop interpersonal skills along with value based education in a dynamic learning
environment.
 To explore solutions for real time problems in the society.
 NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NATHAM.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION
 To develop students acquire professional and technical competencies through technology
oriented education.

MISSION

 To provide an academic environment with strong theoretical and practical engineering skills
 To evolve engineers who would investigate, design and offer solutions to the society using
cutting-edge technologies

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

Bachelor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering curriculum is designed to prepare the graduates having
attitude and knowledge to
 Have successful technical and professional careers in their chosen fields such as circuit theory, Field
theory, control theory and computational platforms.
 Engross in life long process of learning to keep themselves abreast of new developments in the field
of Electronics and their applications in power engineering.

 The graduates of the program will have capability in provided that best possible solutions to public
problems with a comprehensive attitude.
 GE3271 - ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

SYLLABUS

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

GROUP – A (CIVIL & ELECTRICAL)

PART-II ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

a) Introduction to switches, fuses, indicators and lamps - Basic switch board wiring with lamp, fan
and three pin socket

b) Staircase wiring

c) Fluorescent Lamp wiring with introduction to CFL and LED types.

d) Energy meter wiring and related calculations/ calibration

e) Study of Iron Box wiring and assembly

f) Study of Fan Regulator (Resistor type and Electronic type using Diac/Triac/quadrac)

g) Study of emergency lamp wiring/Water heater

GROUP – B (MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONICS)

PART IV ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PRACTICES

SOLDERING WORK:

a) Soldering simple electronic circuits and checking continuity.

ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY AND TESTING WORK:

a) Assembling and testing electronic components on a small PCB.

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:

a) Study an elements of smart phone.

b) Assembly and dismantle of LED TV.

c) Assembly and dismantle of computer/ laptop

1
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
NAME OF THE PAGE DATE OF MARK
S.No. DATE SIGNATURE
EXPERIMENT NO SUBMISSION (10)

2
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
NAME OF THE PAGE DATE OF MARK
S.No. DATE SIGNATURE
EXPERIMENT NO SUBMISSION (10)

3
 GROUP – A (PART II)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

4
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

P 10A

FUSE
1  AC Supply
230V, 50Hz LAMP

FAN

THREE Pin
SOCKET

N P

SWITCH 3 SWITCH 1
SWITCH 2

SWITCH BOX

5
Ex. No: 1 BASIC SWITCH BOARD WIRING WITH LAMP, FAN AND THREE PIN
SOCKET
Date :
AIM
To set up a model switch board wiring using switches, fuses, three pin socket
, fan and lamps

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No Description Range / Size Quantity
1. One way Switch 230V / 5A 3
2. Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. PVC box 6” x 4” 1

4. PVC pipe As req.

5. Copper wire As req.

6. Lamp Holder 230V / 5A 1

7. PVC bends, clamps and screws As req.

8. PVC Junction box 1 way 1

9. Fuse Unit 230V /10A 1
10. Fan - 1
11. Three Pin Socket - 1

6
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that power is switched off, before the connections are being made.
2. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
3. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
4. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.

PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. Given electrical accessories like switch, fuse, indicator and energy meter were
fixed with the help of screws.
3. Given electrical accessories were connected by using copper wire.
4. Connections were checked before giving supply.
5. Performance of the given model house wiring was tested.

RESULT
Thus the set-up of model house wiring using switch, fuse, lamp, fan and three
pin socket was successfully connected and was tested.

7
Ex. No: 1(ii) INTRODUCTION TO SWITCHES, FUSES, INDICATORS AND LAMPS

Date :

AIM
To study the basics of Switches, Fuses, Indicators and Lamps

1. SWITCHES:
A switch responds to an external force to mechanically change an electric signal.
Switches are used to turn electric circuits ON and OFF and to switch electric
circuits.
1. Circuit ON/OFF Operation

The contacts are separated while the switch is not pressed, so the circuit is not
connected and the lamp is not lit.

When the switch is pressed, the contacts come into contact, closing the circuit and
lighting the lamp.

2. Circuit Switching Operation

While the switch is not operated, the lamp on circuit L1 is lit.

8
When the switch is pressed, the circuit is switched so that the lamp on circuit L2 is
lit.
Switch Types & Classifications
1. Types of Switches
There are many different types of switches. Based on their size, robustness,
environmental resistance and other characteristics, they are divided into switches
for industrial equipment and switches for consumer and commercial devices.

2. Switch Classifications

9
2. FUSE:
An electrical fuse is a safety device that operates to provide protection against the
overflow of current in an electrical circuit. An important component of an electrical
fuse is a metal wire or strip that melts when excess current flows through it. It helps
to protect the device by stopping or interrupting the current. In this article, let us
know in detail about the Working Principle of electrical fuse along with its
functions and types.

Principle of Electrical Fuse

The primary use of an electric fuse is to protect electrical equipment from excessive
current and to prevent short circuits or mismatched loads. Electrical fuses play the
role of miniature circuit breakers. Apart from protecting equipment, they are also
used as safety measures to

Function of Fuse

In the field of electrical engineering, a fuse is a device that provides overcurrent

protection to the functional electrical circuit. Here, we have listed a few major
functions of the fuse.

 Acts as a barrier between the electric circuit and the human body
 Prevents device failure due to faulty circuit operation
 Fuse prevents short-circuits
 Prevents overload and blackouts
 Prevents damage that is caused due to mismatched loads
 The markings on the fuse carry information such as the Ampere rating,
voltage rating, and interruption rating.

10
Types of Fuses

Different types of fuses are available in the market, and they are classified on the
basis of different aspects. But mainly, fuses can be divided into two categories
based on the input supply as follows:

 AC fuses
 DC fuses

3. INDICATORS:
The purpose of indicator is to provide a human readable indication of an instrument
signal. Sometimes process transmitters are not equipped with readouts for whatever
variable they measure: they just transmit a standard instrument signal (4 to 20 mA,
etc.) to another device.

In some cases we may need extra local display for showing the process value to the
operators, examples like an level transmitter installed on a big tank & level value
will be shown to operator at the bottom of the tank using indicators or loop powered
devices. An indicator gives a human operator a convenient way of seeing what the
output of the transmitter is without having to connect test equipment. Moreover,
indicators may be located far from their respective transmitters, providing readouts
in locations more convenient than the location of the transmitter itself.

11
4. LAMPS(Electronic Bulb):
The electronic bulb is the simplest electrical lamp, that was invented for
illumination more than a century ago. It was the small and simplest light that
brightened the dark space. The electronic bulb is also known as the light bulb.

The electronic bulb is also known as an incandescent lamp, incandescent light globe
or incandescent light bulb. Bulb comes in different sizes, light output and operates
with a voltage range from 1.5 Volts to about 300 Volts. Now let us study the parts
and structure of the bulb in detail.

Structure of the Electronic Bulb

An electronic bulb is a small and simple light source that uses a wire filament to
glow on the application of electricity. The structure of incandescent light bulbs is as
shown in the figure below.

The light bulb consists of three key parts

 The filament
 The glass bulb
 The base of the light bulb

12
The filament which is a coiled thin wire is made of tungsten. Tungsten is chosen as
filament since it has a high melting point, which avoids the melting of the filament
at high temperatures.
The filament is enclosed in a globe-shaped glass mount and is connected with
copper and lead wires which are connected to the base of the lamp. The wires and
the filament are enclosed in a glass bulb, which is filled with an inert gas like argon.
Since argon is an inactive gas, it protects the filament from burning as well as
increasing the lifetime of the filament. Thin glass is used to manufacture the bulb,
this glass prevents the air from reaching the filament to protect it from burning.
When electric power is passed through the bulb, it reaches the filament through
copper and lead wires. The base holds the bulb in an upright position and connects
to the electric circuit.
Copper and lead wires let the electricity pass from the base to the tungsten filament.
It causes the filament to emit the light and glow.
There are two types of bulb base:
 Spiral base
 Two side nails base
The picture of spiral base bulb is as shown below:

Spiral base bulb features a piece of lead that directly connects the lamp to the
electric circuit.
The picture of two side nails base bulb is as shown below:

It has nails in the base and contains two pieces of lead that connect the lamp to the
electric circuit.

Uses of Electronic Bulb

 It is used in portable lighting such as table lamps
 It is used in vehicle lights and car headlights.
 It is used in household and commercial lighting
 It is used in decorative and advertising lighting

Advantages
 Bulbs offer longer life than any other light source. 
 The working time ranges from 8000 to 15000 hours.
 It is affordable and economical.
 It is easy to install. 
 It comes in various sizes and shapes.
 Produces relatively high output.
Disadvantages
 It is energy inefficient.
 A short lamp lifetime is about 1000 hours typically.
 It produces warm light.
 Requires higher operating cost.
 Since it is made of glass, it is fragile and should be handled with care. 
 Bulb generates low lumen per watt. 

Safety and Precautions

Here are some of the safety measures to be followed while handling bulb:
 Electronic bulbs must be handled carefully since they can break very easily. 
 The breakable parts of the bulb are extremely sharp and can puncture the skin
if touched.
 Since the bulb consists of chemicals like argon and mercury, handling should
be done carefully. Mercury is toxic to the human body.
 When the bulb breaks, the mercury inside escapes as vapor or fine droplets
and can settle on the objects nearby. Inhaling mercury is hazardous.
 Proper disposal of the bulbs should be ensured.

RESULT
Thus the basics of Switches, Fuses, Indicators and Lamps were studied
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (STRAIGHT CONNECTION):

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (CROSS CONNECTION):

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
Ex. No.: 2 STAIRCASE WIRING
Date :

AIM
To set up a staircase wiring, to control a lamp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Description Range / Size Quantity
1. Two way Switch 230V / 5A 2
2. Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. PVC box 4” x 4” 2
4. PVC pipe As req.
5. Copper wire As req.
6. Lamp holder 230V / 5A 1
7. PVC bends, clamps and screws As req.
8. PVC junction box 3 way 1
TRUTH TABLE

STRAIGHT CONNECTION
SL.NO. SPDT 1 SPDT 2 LAMP CONDITION
1

CROSS CONNECTION
SL.NO. SPDT 1 SPDT 2 LAMP CONDITION
1

4
PRECAUTIONS
1. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
2. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
3. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.

PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. By using drilling machine, necessary materials were fixed in the layout board.
3. One end of the lamp holder was connected to neutral point and another point was connected at
the centre of the two-way switch B.
4. The centre of the switch A was connected to the phase line.
5. The point 1 of switch A was connected to point 3 of A was connected to 1 of B.
6. The given lamp was fixed on the lamp holders.
7. Controlling the switches, the circuit was checked and the results were tabulated.

RESULT

Thus the setup of staircase wiring was constructed, tested and the results were tabulated
CONNECTION DIAGRAM FOR FLOURESCENT LAMP
Ex. No.: 3 FLOURESCENT LAMP WIRING WITH INTRODUCTION
TO CFL AND LED TYPES
Date :

AIM
To set up a fluorescent lamp, LED wiring, controlled by a switch.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No. Description Range / Size Quantity
1. One way Switch 230V / 5A 1
2. Fluorescent Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. LED light 220V/12W 1
3. Choke - 1
4. Tube base 4 feet 1
5. Copper wire As req.
6. Starter Glow type 1
7. Screws As req.
8. Tube side holder - 2
9. Starter holder - 1

PRECAUTIONS
1. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
2. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
3. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.

PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. Fluorescent tube accessories like starter holder, holder for tube and choke were fitted in the
tube base with the help of screws.
3. Finally the tube was fixed in the tube holder.
4. Supply was given to the circuit and the glow of lamp was identified after fine adjustment of
the lamp.
5. For connecting LED type light, connect directly with supply line.
Introduction to Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Bulbs:

 CFL Bulbs are commonly known for their energy efficiency that consumes less electricity
and ultimately reduces overall spending on electricity, than the traditional incandescent
bulbs. So these bulbs are curled up.

Fig. CFL lamp.

 These are available in two types in the lighting market:
o Screw-in
o Plug-in
 Compact Fluorescent Lamp, has two main parts, i.e. gas-filled tube and ballast, which is
either magnetic or electronic.
 CFLs with magnetic ballast, usually flicker at the time of start.
 Normally, they are available in spiral or helical design. They are made up of glass tube,
which contains gases including mercury and argon.
 Fluorescent Material is used to smear the glass tube from within.
 As soon as the switch is on, current flows from the ballast, electrons are produced that
electrifies the gases present in the tube that releases ultraviolet radiation.
 As a result of which the coating inside the tube is induced, that emits light.
 Hence, the process takes a certain amount of time which is why CFL bulbs take time to
lighten up completely.
 When compared to an incandescent bulb, the amount of light produced by a 15W CFL
bulb is equal to the 60 incandescent bulbs, which is nearly 60 lumens per watt. Also, these
bulbs can be recycled, as they contain mercury, instead of throwing after usage.
Introduction to LED:
 A light-emitting diode (LED) is basically a semiconductor device that transmits light when
an electric current is given into it.
 Light is displayed when the particles that take the current (known as electrons and holes)
mix with the semiconductor material.

Different Types of LED

1. Through-Hole LEDs: ( Types of LED )

Fig.: Through Hole LED

 These types of LEDs are found in different shapes and sizes and the most common LEDs
are 3mm, 5mm and 8mm LEDs.
 These LEDs are available in different colors like Red, Blue, Yellow, Green, White, etc.

2. Surface Mount LEDs: ( Types of LED )

SMD
 Surface Mount or SMD LEDs are the special types of LEDs that can be simply mounted
on the surfaces like PCB and general-purpose boards.
3. Bi-Color LEDs: (Types of LED )

Bi Color LED
 The next type of LEDs are Bi-color LEDs. As the name implies, they can transmit two
colors.
 Bi-color LEDs have three leads, in which there are two anodes and one is a common
cathode. Depending on the order of the leads, the color will be formed.

4. RGB LED: (Types of LED )

 RGB LEDs are the most beloved and most stylish LEDs among hobbyists.
 Even computer builds are very popular for performing RGB LEDs in computer cases,
motherboards, RAMs, etc. RGB LED includes three LEDs on a single chip and by a
method called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), we can control the output of the RGB
LED to produce a wide range of colors.
5. High-Power LEDs: (Types of LED)

Fig. High Power LED

 The LEDs having a power rating of more than or 1 Watt is called a High Power LED. This
is because conventional LEDs have a power dissipation of few mill watts.
 High Power LEDs are very radiant and are often used in Flashlights, Automobile
Headlamps, Spotlights, etc.
 Since the power dissipation of High – power LEDs is large, a decent cooling and method
of heat sinks are required. Also, the input power needed for these LEDs will be usually
very high

RESULT:
Thus the set-up of fluorescent lamp, LED light wiring was completed and tested
successfully.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ex. No.: 4 ENERGY METER WIRING AND RELATED CALCULATIONS/
CALIBRATION
DATE :

AIM
To measure the energy consumed by an electrical load using single phase energy meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Description Range / Type Quantity

1 Single phase Energy meter 1500 rev / kWh, 240V, 50Hz 1 No

2 Wattmeter 300V, 10A, UPF 1No.
3 Voltmeter (0-300)V, MI 1No.
4 Ammeter (0-10)A, MI 1No.
5 Load Resistive, 5kW 1No.
6 Wires 1 / 18 SWG As per requirement

PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that power is switched off, before the connections are being made.
2. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
3. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
4. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
5. When starting an auto transformer, it should be in minimum position.

FORMULA USED

Theoretical Energy Consumption(True Energy) = in kWh

Practical Energy Consumption(Measured Energy) = in kWh

Where,
V – Voltage in volt
I – Current in ampere
t – Time in seconds
TABULATION :

Energy Meter Constant =

Multiplication Factor = _

Supply Load Current Wattmeter Measured

Sl. No Voltage I (A) Reading P Time True Energy Energy
V (W) t (sec) (kWh) (kWh)

OBS ACT
PROCEDURE
1. Connection was made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Proper connection was checked before giving the supply.
3. After that, load was gradually increased by using taping switches and corresponding
voltmeter, ammeter and energy meter disc revolutions were noted.
4. After successful completion of the experiment, the applied load was gradually reduced.
5. Finally, power supply switch was switched off and the circuit was disconnected.

RESULT
Thus the measurement of energy using single phase energy meter for different load
conditions was calculated successfully.
WIRING DIAGRAM OF IRON BOX
Ex. No.: 5 STUDY OF IRON BOX WIRING AND ASSEMBLY

Date :

AIM:

To study of Iron Box wiring and assembly with its working principle.

REQUIREMENTS:

1. Iron box
2. Tools

THEORY:
 The colours of three wires in a cable connected to the plug of an electric iron are:
o Live wire - red
o Neutral wire - black
o Earth wire - green
 The electric wiring in houses, shops, or factories has three wires: live, neutral and earth.
The first two carry electric current from the power station and the third is earthed by
connecting it to the earth through a metal wire called 'Earth Wire'.
 To avoid confusion between these three wires, we follow different colour code to insulate
these wires. This colour coding of wires helps us to connect the switches, plugs and other
electrical components through the appropriate wire in the home wiring circuit.
 The red wire is the live wire, the black wire is neutral and the earth wire is
given green insulation.

RESULT:
The iron box wiring and assembly has been studied.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ex. No. 6 (i) STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR (RESISTOR TYPE)
Date:

AIM:
To study the electronic type using Resistor type fan regulator.

REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Fan
3. Resistor by regulator
4. Electronic type regulator

THEORY:

 A fan is probably one of the most used household electrical appliances in the world but
they are also used extensively for thermal management.
 Before we dive into what regulates and controls fans, we shall first look at the fan itself
and understand how its speed is controlled.
 Regulators are devices that are used to control the speed of the fan. Today, electronic
regulators are used everywhere and it’s hard to find conventional regulators being used.
Let’s see why.
 The conventional type, also called the resistor type regulator is a basic potential divider
circuit as shown below.
 As we go on changing the position of the knob from 1 to 5, the series resistance keeps on
decreasing and hence the voltage applied to the fan increases and so does the speed.
 But in this type of regulator, the energy we save in running the fan at slower speeds is lost
in heating up the resistors.
 This damages the regulator over a period of time and hence they aren’t reliable.
 Also, they are bulky.

RESULT:
Thus the resistor type regulator of fan has been studied.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ex. No. 6 (ii) STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR (ELECTRONIC TYPE) USING
DIAC/TRIAC
Date:
AIM:
To study the electronic type using Diac/Triac type fan regulator.

REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Fan
3. Resistor by regulator
4. Electronic type regulator

THEORY:
Today, we use smaller electronic regulators which consist of power semiconductor devices -
mainly the TRIAC and the DIAC.

COMPONENTS:
TRIAC:

 A TRIAC is a three terminal semi-controlled power semiconductor device which conducts

current in both the directions when triggered. The trigger pulse is given to the gate
terminal (G) of the device.
DIAC

 A DIAC is a two terminal uncontrolled power semiconductor device which conducts

current in both the directions when the voltage across the device crosses a certain
threshold level called the breakdown voltage (VBR).
 Operation of the Electronic Voltage Regulator Circuit
 Consider the positive half cycle of the supply.
 As the TRIAC is not yet triggered, it remains off condition and the voltage across the fan
is zero.
 And hence the current flows through the resistor capacitor branch and charges the
capacitor.
 Once the capacitor is sufficiently charged enough such that the voltage across the DIAC
crosses its breakdown voltage level (VBR), it conducts triggering the TRIAC and turning it
on and now, the supply voltage appears across the fan.
 The same thing happens even in the negative half cycle.
 As the voltage doesn’t appear across the fan for the complete cycle, the RMS value of the
voltage across the fan decreases and hence its speed reduces.

 The RMS voltage across the fan depends on 𝖺, which is the time taken by the capacitor to
charge up to the voltage VBR.
 This depends on the time constant (R*C) of the resistor capacitor branch.
 As we decrease the value of the resistance R, the time constant decreases which results in
the decrease in 𝖺 which in turn increases the RMS value of the voltage across the fan and
hence increasing the speed and vice versa.
 Therefore, by varying the resistance R, we can control the speed of the fan using the
electronic regulator.
 In the case of electronic regulators, the loss of energy as heat through resistors is much
less as only a very small current flows through them.
 Also, they are small and compact and have a quicker response time, making them more
widely used.

RESULT:
Thus the electronic type using Diac/Triac type fan regulator has been studied.
7 (i): STUDY OF WATER HEATER WIRING

Date :

AIM:
To Study of Water heater

REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Water heater
THEORY:
 An electric heater is an instrument that converts electrical energy into heat energy.
 The connection diagrams show the connections used in geysers.
 Electric heaters come with very useful during the winter seasons for water heating, room
heating, and many other applications.
 Heaters are wired with the objective of proper heating, safety, automatically, on, off, etc.
 It will helps to find out the internal fault in a water heater system and is easy to repair.
 There are two types of water heater systems mostly used –
1. Single Element Water Heater and
2. Double Element Water Heater.
 Single Element water heaters are those which use a single heating element for heating.
 The double-element water heaters are those which use two heating elements for heating.
 Most of the water heaters come with a thermostat connection.
 A thermostat is a device that allows to turn on or turn off the heating element
automatically.
 Also, we can set the temperature according to our requirements.
 So, here we will see the thermostat connection also.

Upper Thermostat Lower Thermostat

There are two types of thermostats used in a double-element water heater system - Upper
Thermostat and Lower Thermostat.
 The upper thermostat has a total of five terminals for its connection and the lower
thermostat has a total of two terminals for its connection.
 The terminal diagram of the upper and lower thermostat are shown in the diagram.

SINGLE ELEMENT WATER HEATER WIRING DIAGRAM AND CONNECTION

The figure shows the connection diagram of the single-element water heater.

PROCEDURE TO WIRE A WATER HEATER

1. Connect the upper right side terminal to the phase terminal of the power supply.
2. Connect the upper left side terminal to the neutral terminal of the power supply.
3. Connect the lower right side terminal to the phase terminal of the heating element.

4. Connect the lower left side terminal of the thermostat to the neutral terminal of the heating
element.
 Remember that a single element water heater can be operated at 120V or 230V AC
Supply.
 Also, note that the thermostat used in a single element water heater system is different
from the thermostat used in a double element water heater system.
DOUBLE ELEMENT WATER HEATER CONNECTION DIAGRAM WITH
THERMOSTAT
The figure shows the connection diagram of the double element water heater system with
thermostat.

Connection Procedure

1. Connect the upper right side terminal of the upper thermostat to the phase terminal of the power
supply.
2. Connect the upper left side terminal of the upper thermostat to the neutral terminal of the power
supply.
3. Connect the upper right middle terminal of the upper thermostat to the phase terminal of the
upper heating element.
4. Connect the lower left side terminal of the upper thermostat to the neutral terminal of the upper
heating element.
5. Connect the phase terminal of the lower heating element to the upper right middle terminal of
the upper thermostat.
6. Connect the neutral of the lower heating element to the lower right side terminal of the upper
thermostat through the lower thermostat as shown in the above figure.
RESULT:
Thus the water heater has been studied.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ex. No. 7 (ii): STUDY OF EMERGENCY LAMP WIRING

Date:

AIM:

To study of emergency lamp wiring with its working principle.

REQUIREMENTS:

1. Transformer- 9-0-9 500mA

2. Bridge rectifier
3. Diode- 1N4007
4. IC 7808 voltage regulator
5. Capacitor 1000uF, 0.01uF
6. Relay- 6v
7. Resistors- 100 ohm
8. LEDs- Ultra bright white LED
9. Rechargeable 6v, 4.5Ah Battery

THEORY:

Emergency light is an integral part of household electronics nowadays. We all know Emergency
light is used during the power failure to light up the home. As it is used during the power failure,
it should last long, hence generally bright white LEDs are used in emergency light, because they
produce more light and consume less power. Emergency light is very useful and popular project
in DIY section. So today we are going to build a simple and cost effective emergency light.

In this emergency light circuit, when the Power goes OFF, the emergency light activates
automatically. We have used four bright white LEDs, more LEDs can be added to produce more
light considering that total current consumption should not exceed the supply current. Ultra bright
white LED consumes 3v and 20mA current.

CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:

We can divide this LED emergency light circuit into two parts; first part is used to drop down the
220v AC voltage into 8v regulated DC, with the help of Transformer and bridge rectifier. And
second part consists of Relay and rechargeable battery, which is used to lighten the LEDs during
power failure.
in the first part of the circuit we have used Transformer 9-0-9 500mA, to step down the 220
voltage into 9v. Bridge rectifier is the combination of 4 diodes which is used to remove the
negative half component of AC. This process is called the Rectification. Further, 1000uF
capacitor has been used for Filtration, means removing the ripples in resulted wave. And voltage
regulator 7808 has been used to Regulate the DC wave, to provide the uninterrupted and smooth
8v DC supply.

The second part of the emergency light circuit consist the main functionality, that is to
automatically switch ON the emergency light (Array of white LEDs) on Power Failure. We have
used Relay here to automate this. A 6v, 4.5Ah rechargeable battery is connected to the Array of
LEDs, through a Relay. Normally when there is no power failure, the coil of Relay remains
energised and lever is attracted towards the NO (normally open) terminal and NC (normally
connected) terminal remains open. In this situation LEDs are disconnected from the rechargeable
battery and remains OFF, also battery is getting charge through the power supply from the
transformer. A diode D5 is used to prevent the battery from flowing back.

Now when the power fails, relay coil become de-energized and lever gets connected to NC
terminal, which connects the LEDs to the rechargeable battery, and LEDs array goes ON. This is
how this emergency light works. Now when the power is restored back, relay gets activated and
lever again connects to NO terminal which in turn disconnects the LEDs from the battery and
connects battery to the transformer for charging.

Generally 6v, 4.5Ah rechargeable battery comes with Deep discharge recovery and overcharge
protection mechanism, but we can use zener diode of 6.8v to protect the battery from
overcharging. We can also use other rechargeable batteries like Nickel-cadmium battery (NiCad),
Nickel–metal hydride battery, cell phone batteries etc. Further we can also use PNP transistor
BD140 in place of Relay. PNP transistor can be used here as a switch, like it will be OFF when
continuously voltage is applied to base of it, in case when power is there and it will be ON, in
case of power failure which connects the LEDs to the rechargeable battery, and activates the LED
emergency light.

This emergency light can also be made using LDR (light dependent resistor), in which light will
automatically switch ON according to darkness, means it remains switch OFF in presence of light
and switch ON in absence of light.
Applications of Emergency Light
The applications of these lights include the following. Emergency lights are used where
the light turns on automatically when the power supply gets off. These are used as emergency
lamps in buildings, homes, workplaces, study rooms in order to keep away from unexpected
power failures. These lights are used in several industries

RESULT:
The emergency light circuit is studied and observed the operating principles along with its
applications.
 GROUP – B (PART IV)
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE
 INTRODUCTION TO RESISTORS

Resistors are the most common components in electronic circuits. Its main function is to reduce
the high current to the desired value and also to provide desired voltage in the circuit. The
resistors are manufactured to have a specific value in ohm. The physical size of resistor
determines how much power can be dissipated in the form of heat. However there is co-relation
between resistor physical sizes and its resistance value. They are manufactured in variety of
standard values and power settings.
There are two types of resistors:
• Fixed resistor
• Variable resistor
Fixed resistor has a resistance value that does not change where as a variable resistor having
variable resistance range with 4 lines or color code. They indicate the resistance value in ohms out
on a larger resistor; the resistance value is printed on the body of the resistor. The important
feature of resistor is that its effect is same for both AC and DC circuits.

TYPES OF RESISTORS
• Wire wand resistors
• Carbon Composition resistors
• Film resistors
• Surface mount resistors
• Fusible resistors
FIND THE COLOR OF THE RESISTOR:

Provided Resistor Value Resistor Values (Ω) Color Code

995Ω

3.39KΩ

1K Ω

15 KΩ

330 Ω

FIND THE VALUE OF THE RESISTOR:

Value
Provided Color Code Theoretical Value Multimeter Value
(Excluding Tolerance)

Red Red Orange

Brown Green Red

Red Red Red

Orange Orange Orange

OHM'S LAW:

Ohm’s law states the relationship between electric current and potential difference.
The current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the
voltage applied to it. Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist was the first to verify
Ohm’s law experimentally.
V=IR
V- Voltage in Volts(V)
I- Current in Amps(A)
R- Resistance in Ohms(Ω)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Resistor Voltage Current

270Ω 5V

RESULT:

Thus the basics of resistor color code and ohms law is studied and verified..
SOLDERING:
CIRCUIT DAIGRAM:

DESOLDERING:
CIRCUIT DAIGRAM:
Ex. No.: 9 SOLDERING WORK
(a) SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND CHECKING
CONTINUITY
Date:
AIM
To practice soldering and de-soldering for the electronic circuit by assembling and
disassembling in the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and check for its Continuity.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
NAME OF THE
S.NO RANGE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. PCB Board - 1
2. Soldering iron 60/40 grade 1
3. Solder - As Required
4. Soldering Flux - As Required
5. Capacitor 100μf As Required
6. Resistor 1kΩ As Required
7. Multimeter - 1

THEORY:
 Soldering is the process of joining electrical parts together to form an electric connection,
using a molten mixture of lead and tin (solder), with a soldering iron.
Soldering Iron:
 It supplies sufficient heat to melt solder by heat transfer, when the iron tip is
applied to a connection to be soldered.
 The soldering iron temperature is selected according to the work to be performed.
Soldering Iron Stand:
 The stand is the safe place to put the iron when we are not holding it.
 The stand includes a sponge which can be dampened for cleaning the tip of the iron.
Solder:
 It is alloy of low melting metals like tin, lead, cadmium, silver etc.
 The most commonly used alloy combination is 63% tin and 37% lead.
Soldering Flux:
 It is a resin, applied on the work piece to be soldered, preventing contact with the
atmosphere.
 It maintains a clean surface and dissolves oxides thereby enabling good soldering.
 Aluminium chloride or zinc chloride are commonly used as flux.
 The flux also assists in the transfer of heat from the soldering iron tip to the joint area.
PROCEDURE:
SOLDERING:
1. Study the electronic circuit.
2. Clean the given PCB board.
3. Clean the tip of the soldering iron before heating and also the resistor, capacitor which are to
be soldered.
4. Heat the soldering iron and apply solder to the tip as soon as it is hot to melt on it.
5. Bend the resistor leads to fit into the holes on the board.
6. Insert the resistor, as per the circuit shown in the figure and bend the leads.
7. Apply the hot tips to the joints and apply the solder.
8. Remove the soldering tip and hold the resistor tightly until the solder has cooled and set.
9. Trim excess component lead with side cutter.
10. Repeat the above steps to fix the other resistor and capacitor.

DE-SOLDERING:
1. Place the tip of the soldering iron on the joints until the solder is melt.
2. Using de-soldering wick remove the molten state.
3. On the component side using tweezers remove the de-soldered components.

CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the Multimeter in continuity check mode or resistor mode.
2. Place the two leads (common, +ve lead) in the two points to be checked.
3. If the resistance value is displayed as zero, there exists continuity.
4. Otherwise two points are not internally connected. (When set in continuity check mode, a
beep sound is heard, if continuity exists between the two points)

RESULT:
Thus the soldering and de-soldering for the electronic circuit by assembling and
disassembling in the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is practiced and continuity check was also done.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Ex. No: 10 ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY AND TESTING WORK:
ASSEMBLING AND TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ON A SMALL PCB.

AIM:
To practice assembling and testing electronic components on a small PCB.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS NAME VALUE QUANTITY

1. Power Supply 5V/1A 1

2 Digital multimeter (DMM)- - 1

3 Resistors 330, 560, 1K Each 1 no

4 Connecting wires - 1

5 Soldering kit - 1
6 Printed Circuit Board
PROCEDURE:
1) Assembling the circuit
a) Assemble the circuit by placing the LEDs and resistors in the PCBas per the assembly
diagram shown in the figure.
b) Bend the resistors lead to the appropriate size before inserting them into the board
c) Solder the resistor on bottom side of PCB board using soldering iron.

2) Testing the circuit

a) Connect the 5V DC source from power supply.
b) Connect the multimeter at A1, A2 and A3 nodes and measure its current.

3) TROUBLESHOOTING:
a) Set the digital multimeter i n the continuity mode. Unplug the device or switch off
the circuitbefore attempting a continuity test. Check the continuity between all five
nodes.
b) When the resistor value differs from the circuit, the output value also differs.

Measure the current and note the values in the table below.

Voltage Resistor Theoretical Current Practical Current

(A) (A)
(V) (R)
5V 330Ω

5V 560 Ω

5V 1K Ω

RESULT:

Thus, the practice of assembling and testing electronic components on a small PCB has been
successfully done.
41
Ex. No.: 11 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:
STUDY AN ELEMENTS OF SMART PHONE.

AIM:
To study the elements of a smart phone.

REQUIREMENTS:
1. Any smart Phone
2. Screwdriver Tool Kit

DIAGRAM:

 Touch screen:
 The digitizer pasted to the front glass together is called as a "Touch Screen".
 Display:
 The Display or The LCD (Bottom Layer) - The bottom layer which produces the
image. The display is the visual component underneath the glass that displays the
image on the screen.
 Mobile enclosure (Top and Bottom):
 Mobile enclosure with easy to hold rounded design. Frame is made from extruded
aluminum material, while the panel is ABS plastic.
 PCB Interconnect:

42
  Male PCB Connectors are often referred to as Pin Headers, as they are simply rows of
pins.
 Female PCB Connectors can be called Sockets, Receptacles, or sometimes even Header
Receptacles.
 Power / Volume button assembly:
Power button: It's usually a single button located along the top or right edge of the phone.
Press and hold the power button to switch ON or OFF the smart phone.
Volume button assembly: Volume buttons are used to Slide the following volume levels
 Media volume: Music, videos, games, other media
 Call volume: Volume of the other person during a call
 Ring volume: Phone calls, notifications
 Alarm volume
 USB connector PCB:
 Android smartphones have used the USB Micro-B connector for both data transfer and
charging
 Haptic / Vibration Motor:
 Haptics allow non-responsive surfaces like touchscreens to emulate the feeling of using
real objects like buttons and dials. Haptic technology can involve vibrations, motors, and
even ultrasound beams to simulate the feeling of touch.
 Loud speaker, Ringer assembly:
 The loudspeaker is a small sound driver fitted within a mobile phone, or other
communication device, which is used to produce sound. The loudspeakers on mobile
phones are used to produce sound alerts for events such as incoming calls, incoming
messages and alarms.
 WLAN Antenna A:
 WiFi Antenna (WLAN antenna) is iate signal in air at specified frequency 2.4GHz or
5.8GHz through WiFi antenna/ WLAN antennas and allow other WLAN devices like
NB or smartphone to get signal at same frequency range.
 SIM tray:
 A small holder for a phone's SIM card.
 Fingerprint sensor assembly:
 Fingerprint sensors are for added safety and security, and to easily identify users.
 The two most common fingerprint sensors in use today are optical sensors and
capacitive sensors.
 Camera Flash PCB:
 The PCB (Printed Circuit Board) used to connect flash for mobile phone.

43
 Microphone:
 The microphone at the bottom of your phone. Speak into the mic directly to be
heard by others or to speak to your phone.
 Primary camera: (Main Camera)
 It refers to the rear-facing camera system. The lens or lenses reside on the rear of
the phone or within a backward facing pop-up camera module.
 Secondary camera:
 This is the Selfie Camera - refers to the front-facing camera system. The lens or
lenses reside on the front of the phone or within a forward facing pop-up camera
housing.
 Audio jack:
 A phone connector, also known as phone jack, audio jack, headphone jack or jack
plug, is a family of electrical connectors typically used for analog audio signals.
 Loud speaker:
 The loudspeaker is a small sound driver fitted within a mobile phone, or other
communication device, which is used to produce sound. Traditionally, loudspeakers
on mobile phones are used to produce sound alerts for events such as incoming
calls, incoming messages and alarms.

RESULT:
Thus the elements of a smart phone were studied.

44
Ex. No.: 11 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:
ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF LED TV.
AIM:
To assemble and dismantle the LED TV.

REQUIREMENTS:
3. LED TV
4. Screwdriver Tool Kit
Warning: This monitor contains electrostatically sensitive devices. Use caution when handling
these components.

CAUTIONS:
1. Disconnect the monitor from the power source before disassembly.
2. Follow these directions carefully; never use metal instruments to pry apart the cabinet.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Inside the TV - Back View
 Removing some screws (Phillips) off the back panel allows it to be removed.

Step 2: Inside Board 1

 This is the power supply. The output voltages include 24V (Backlight), 12V (Control +
Panel).

45
Step 3: Inside Board 2

 This is the main digital board of the TV. It controls all of the TV's functions.
 An interesting note: The service menu (Press Input then 3138 on the remote) has a factory
reset option inside it, DO NOT ever use that. It will cause the display to malfunction, and
you will have to trigger it again blindly to restore video output.
 The main IC is a MStar chip. The heatsink is poorly adhered to the IC with double sided
thermal tape, which may lead to early thermal failure of the IC (seems to be common issue
on Newegg forums, digital board failed).
 I glued the heatsink using some thermal RTV adhesive I got from eBay.
 The board has some I2C or Serial UART port on it, maybe it can be used? The USB can
supply 5V.
 One cable supplies display data to the panel.
Step 4: Internal Board 3

46
 This is the display TCON (Timing Controller) board. It is considered to be part of the
Innolux panel.
 This IC becomes very, very hot during operation and the provided cooling seems to be
insuffificent. In order to make it possibly last longer, added some fans to this area and
powered them off of the 12V from the mainboard.

Step 5: Internal Board 4

 This is the LED backlight's controller. The backlight seems to run on a fairly high
voltage and the backlight cable is thus quite thin (right angle cable in the first image.) It
is covered by plastic cover.
 The controller appears to be built using a bunch of MOSFETs and inductors as a
boost/buck/current limiting DC-DC converter. The board is well-cooled with a lot of
heavy copper fill areas, in my experience it does not need extra cooling to be okay
 Straight ribbon cable goes to TCON to allow backlight contrast dynamic dimming and
control on/off/brightness.

Step 6: LCD Panel

 Model number of Innolux 3840*2160 panel. It can support 60p/60Hz if you replace the
driver board with one from Alibaba I think, according to its datasheet.

47
 Step 7: Speakers and Audio

 The speakers in the TV aren't really good so I won't elaborate too much. I have a calibrated
EQ profile for them but I lost it, maybe will make another if there is demand.
 Port is tuned for ~300Hz
 PEQ (Parametric EQ) is built into the Service Menu of firmware.
Step 8: Debezeling modification

 The display can be debezeled by removing all screws from back, and then sliding the brackets
to the side gently to release. Top side needs some prying to release. Border is 9mm after mod.
Step 9: Cooling fan and LED mods 1

 Added two 120mm computer fans and some LEDs to the back of the display
 Fans held by 3d printed brackets.
 Fans powered by unpopulated 'Panel VCC' pins on mainboard so they come on when TV is
on. LM2596 buck converter used to reduce voltage for silent operation.

48
  LEDs powered similarly.
 If the board GND hard to solder to, you can just use extra screw to mount that wire to
Chassis GND.
Step 10: LED mods 2

 12Vcc and soldering the controller

 The controller IR remote and TV remote interfere with each other.
Step 11: Final Result

RESULT:
Thus the assembly and dismantle of LED TV has been done.

49
Ex. No.: 14 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:
ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF COMPUTER / LAPTOP.

AIM:
To assemble and dismantle of computer.

REQUIREMENTS:
1. Personal computer
2. Laptop
3. Screwdriver Tool Kit

THEORY:
 Computer assembly is a process in which all the internal components required for the
computer system are fitted so as to make the computer functional.
 There is a proper sequence of attachment of each and every component into the computer
system. To establish proper connectivity, one has to use the tools.
 Proper handling of tools is also required by the technician.
 It is required that students learn the steps of installation of each component.
 The main component involves installing CPU, motherboard, drives, video, graphics card,
sound card, modem and adapter, and connectors, and system panel connector.

COMPUTER ASSEMBLY:
 Computer assembly is a systematic process. First, arrange the computer parts. The sequence
for assembly and working of the computer listed below is as:
o Open the case.
o Install the power supply.
o Attach the components to the motherboard.
o Install the motherboard.
o Install internal drives.
o Connect all internal cables.
o Install motherboard power connections
o Connect external cables to the computer.
o Boot the computer for the first time.
MATERIAL REQUIRED

50
  Computer case, with power supply installed
 Motherboard
 CPU
 Heat sink/fan assembly
 Thermal compound
 RAM module(s)
 Motherboard standoffs and screws
 Anti-static wrist strap and anti-static mat
 Tool kit

PROCEDURE OF ASSEMBLING PC:

Step 1: Open the case

Fig. 1: Unscrew cabinet Fig. 2: Pull cabinet side cover

 The first step in assembling a computer is to open the computer case (see Figure 1). There
are different methods for opening cases.
 The computer comes with various types of cabinets. The method for opening the case is
different based on the manufacturer.

Fig. 3: Unscrew bolts

 To open the case, first remove the screws of the left side cover and slide the side cover (see
Figure 3).
Step 2 : Install the power supply

51
 Fig. 4: Install power supply

 When installing a power supply, make sure that all of the screws are used and that they are
properly tightened.

Fig. 5: Installing CPU on the motherboard

Step 3: Attach the components to motherboard

 To prepare the motherboard, you first need to install the CPU, then the heat sink on the
CPU and CPU fan.

CPU
 The CPU and motherboard are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. So place them on a
grounded anti-static mat and wear an anti-static wrist strap while handling the CPU.
 When handling a CPU, do not touch the CPU contacts at any point. The CPU is secured to
the socket on the motherboard with a locking assembly.

Heat sink and fan assembly

 Heat sink and fan assembly is a two-part cooling device.
 The heat sink draws heat away from the CPU.
 The fan moves the heat away from the heat sink.
 Connect the assembly power cable to the CPU fan connector on the motherboard.

52
 Fig. 7: Screw the heat sink Fig. 8: Screw the heat sink fan assembly
Installation of RAM
 It is better to install the RAM first on the motherboard and then fix the motherboard in the

case. To install RAM, first ensure its compatibility with the motherboard.
 Press down the side locks of the memory slot (see Figure 9). Align the notches on the RAM

module to the keys in the slot and press down on both ends of RAM module until the side
lock gets locked.

Fig. 9: Memory slot

Step 4: Install motherboard

Fig. 10: Lay the motherboard over the Fig. 11: Tighten all the motherboard screws
standoffs
 Plastic and metal standoffs are used to mount the motherboard and to prevent it from touching

the metal portions of the case. 

 To install the motherboard, connect the 4-pin ATX power connector from the power supply to

the motherboard.

53
Step 5: Install internal drives
Hard drive

Fig. 12: Insert hard disk

 The hard drive is the device which stores all the data.

 Secure the HDD to the case using proper screws (see Figure 13).

Fig. 13: Tighten screws of HDD

Optical drive

Fig. 14: Insert optical drive

 Insert the optical drive into the drive bay so that the optical drive screw holes align with the
screw holes in the case (see Figure 14).

54
  Secure the optical drive to the case using the proper screws (see Figure 15).
 Connect the power cable coming from the SMPS to the power socket of optical drive.
 Connect SATA data cable from optical drive socket to the motherboard socket.
Step 6: Connect all internal cables
 Power cables are used to distribute electricity from the power supply to the motherboard
and other components.
 Data cables transmit data between the motherboard and storage devices, such as hard
drives.
Step 7: Install motherboard power connections
 Just like other components, motherboards require power to operate.
 Align the4-pin and 20-pin ATX power connector with the socket on the motherboard.

Fig. 18: Plug-in 20-pin ATX power connector to motherboard

SATA power connectors

Fig. 20: Plug-in 15-pin connector to HDD

 SATA power connectors use a 15-pin connector (see Figure 20).
 Serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) power connectors are used to connect to
hard disk drives, optical drives, or any devices that have a SATA power socket.

55
Step 8: Connect external cables to the computer
 Setting up the computer system involves the complete process of establishing the proper
connectivity of various parts of the computer system — input and output devices,
connectivity of computer with the surge power supply.
 Reattach the side panels to the case.
 The process of connecting the external cables given below:

Locate the monitor cable

Fig. 21: Display cable and ports

 Locate the two power cable and one VGA cable or monitor cable (see Figure 21).
 The VGA cable is used to connect to monitor and another point on to the back side of the
cabinet.
 If you are having trouble finding these, refer to the instruction manual of or the computer.

Connecting monitor
 Make sure the VGA cable plug aligns with the port, then connect it.

Connecting mouse
 If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer.
 If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the computer.
 In case of wireless mouse or keyboard, connect a Bluetooth dongle (USB adapter) in one of
the USB ports of the computer.

Connecting headphones or speakers, and microphone

56
 Fig. 26: Connecting speakers or headphones, and microphone
 Connect the external speakers or headphones, to computer’s audio port (either on the front
or back of the computer case).
UPS (uninterruptible power supply)

Fig. 28: UPS

 While working on computer, its power supply should not be interrupted.
 UPS is like a power bank which gives power to the computer system.
 So make sure to plug power cable of monitor and cabinet into the UPS power output socket.
 Ensure the connection is proper.

Step 9: Starting the computer

Fig. 31: Starting window Fig. 32: Starting window of Fig. 33: Starting window of Ubuntu
of Windows 10 Windows 7
COMPUTER DISASSEMBLY
 Disassembly is the process of breaking down a device into separate parts.

Procedure
57
The disassembly procedure of computer is demonstrated as below.
Step 1: Unplugging
 Unplug the power cord and all the peripherals attached to the computer, such as the
keyboard, mouse, monitor, headphones, and any external drives.
Step 2: Open the case

Fig. 38: Unscrew cabinet Fig. 39: Pull cabinet side cover
 Pull the latch to release the side panel. Then lift the side cover out from the chassis.
Step 3: Disconnect all the connectors
 Disconnect all the connectors connected to the motherboard include SATA power cables
and data cable of HDD.

Fig. 40: Unplug 15-pin connector from HDD Fig. 41: Unplug 7-pin connector from HDD
Step 4: Remove the fan

Fig. 42: Unscrew fan Fig. 43: Remove the system fan

58
 Fig. 44: Unscrew heat sink
 To remove the CPU fan from the heat sink, first, disconnect its connector from the
motherboard. Then remove the four screws securing it (see Figure 44).
Step 5: Remove the power supply
 The power supply is connected to the motherboard by a 20-pin connector and 4-pin
connector.
 Firstly, disconnect hard disk drive and the optical drive connectors from the motherboard
(see Figure 47).

Fig. 48: Unplug power cable Fig. 49: Remove the Fig. 50: Unscrew the SMPS
from optical drive and HDD screws and remove it from cabinet
 Disconnect the power cable of the hard disk and optical drive which connects to the SMPS
(see Figure 48).
Step 6: Removing HDD and optical drive
 Remove the SATA cable connecting to the HDD and motherboard.

Fig. 51: Unscrewing of HDD Fig. 52: Remove HDD

Step 7: Remove RAM (random access memory) modules

59
  RAM allows for the transfer of information to and from the CPU.
 Computer runs fast with more RAM. Most computers have four RAM slots, and two RAM
chips.
 It will cause the module to pop up for easy removal.
Step 8: Remove expansion cards

Fig. 54: Expansion card

 The modern motherboards are integrated with the audio, video and network cards.
 However, if your computer has the expansion card as shown in Figure 54, insert into the
expansions slot to increase the functionality.
 Carefully take out the card from the slot.
Step 9: Remove motherboard

Fig. 55: Removing the motherboard

 Every part of the computer is attached to the motherboard. The CPU, RAM, and expansion
cards are directly attached to the motherboard.
 To remove the motherboard, disconnect all the cables from the motherboard.
Step 10: Reassemble the components
 Identify every component and take its photograph.

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  After identification of each component, put all the components back in their place and
ensure that all cables and wires are connected at the right place to avoid further
troubleshooting.
 Close the case and put the screws back in their place.
 Lastly, connect every external device such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc., and turn
on the computer to see everything is working fine after assembled.

Result:
Thus, the assembly and dismantle of personal computer were studied.

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Ex. No.: ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:
ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF LAPTOP.

Aim:
To study the assembly and dismantle of laptop.
Requirements:
1. Laptop
2. Laptop repair tool kit (Precision Screwdriver Set)
3. Anti-static wrist strap
4. Magnifying glass
THEORY:
Assembling of Laptop:
Procedure
Step 1: Keep track of screws
Place these in small envelopes and write the component name on the envelope.

Fig. 56: Back panel of a laptop

Step 2: Installation of processor
First component to be installed is the processor. Take extreme care not to touch the pins in the
socket during the process (see Figure 57 and 58).

Fig. 57: Unscrew the socket Fig. 58: Fit processor in the socket
Step 3: Pop in the video card
 Hold the card at about a 30-degree angle as you insert its edge connector into the video-
card slot near the center of the motherboard.
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  Press the card in and downward, and then use the two small black screws to secure it in
place.
Step 4: Set up the drive
 The motherboard SATA connectors are along the front, right edge, and under the lip of the
laptop’s shell.
 Drop the drive into place and then carefully use your thumb to push the drive into the
SATA connectors.
Step 5: Add memory
 To install memory, locate the memory slots on the motherboard.
 Align the notches on the memory module with the ridge in the slot.
 Firmly push the module until the clips on the side of the slot snap into place.
Step 6: Final assembly
 Now that all the hardware components are installed.
 To prepare for power up, pop in the notebook’s battery pack, connect the power brick and
plug it into a wall outlet.

DISASSEMBLY OF LAPTOP:
Procedure
Step 1: Removal of battery

Fig. 59: Remove battery and optical drive

 Start the disassembly process by removing the battery (see Figure 59).
 Remove all the screws in the panel.

Step 2: Separation of palm rest

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 Fig. 60: Separate palm rest from bottom case
 Using a plastic case opener, separate the palm rest from the bottom case as shown in Figure
60.
Step 3: Removal of bottom case
 Turn the notebook upside down and remove the bottom case.
Step 4: Disconnecting the hard drive cable from the motherboard
 Remove the three screws fixing the hard drive bracket to the case.
 Disconnect the hard drive cable from the motherboard.

Fig. 61: Remove screws from the hard Fig. 62: Open the connector and
drive and disconnect it release hard drive cable
Step 5: Remove the hard drive
 Remove the hard drive assembly from the notebook.
 If you are going to replace it with another hard drive or SSD, you will have to transfer the
mounting bracket and the SATA cable.

Fig. 63: Remove hard drive assembly Fig. 64: Disconnect SATA cable

Step 6: Removal of RAM

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 Fig. 65: Remove RAM memory modules
 A notebook PC motherboard has two memory slots.
 Remove both RAM modules if necessary.
Step 7: Disconnection of cable
 Remove the one screw fixing the USB LED status board.
 Disconnect the cable from the motherboard.
Step 8: Removal of USB LED status board

Fig. 66: Remove USB LED status board

 Remove the USB LED status board.
Step 9: Removal of screw fixing the optical CD/ DVD drive connector board

Fig. 67: Remove optical CD DVD drive connector board

 Remove the one screw fixing the optical CD/DVD drive connector board. Disconnect the
cable from the motherboard.
Step 10: Removal of the cooling fan

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 Fig. 68: Remove cooling fan
 Remove the two screws fastening the cooling fan to the case.
 Unplug the fan cable from the motherboard and remove the cooling fan (see Figure 68).
Step 11: Removal of DC power jack
 In PC, the DC power jack is mounted under the hinge. Remove it.
 Disconnect the Wi-Fi antenna cable from the wireless card. Disconnect the DC power jack
harness from the motherboard.
 Open up the hinge and remove the DC power jack.

Fig. 71: DC power jack mounted under display hinge Fig. 72: Disconnect Wi-Fi Module
Step 15: Removal of screw securing the board
 The power button board is also mounted under the same hinge.
 Remove the one screw securing the board and unplug the cable from the motherboard.
Step 12: Removal of motherboard
 Separate the motherboard from the top case and remove it.

Fig. 73: Disconnect cables Fig. 74: Remove the Fig. 75: Keyboard
from motherboard and motherboard from notebook permanently attached to
remove screws case top case

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Laptop LCD Screen Removal
Procedure

 It is possible to disassemble the LCD screen of a laptop independently. Previous steps are
not required for disassembling the display, you only need to disconnect the battery before
you start.

Step 1: Separate the display bezel from the back cover. You will have to wiggle the bezel to
unfasten it from the cover. Start on the top and move to the sides for the display assembly.
Step 2: On the bottom, the bezel is attached to the LCD screen with adhesive tape. Carefully
separate it from the screen.
Step 3: Remove the bezel completely.
Step 4: Remove the four screws securing the LCD screen to the side brackets (see Figure 77).

Fig. 76: Notebook PC LCD screen Fig. 77: Remove the four screws
removal securing LCD screen
Step 5: Separate LCD screen from the back cover and place it the front side down on the keyboard.

Fig. 78: Remove screen bezel Fig. 79: Separate LCD screen from back cover
Step 6: Now you can access the video cable connector (see Figure 80).
Step 7: Peel off the grounding tape from the screen.
Step 8: Peel off the clear tape securing the connection and unplug the video cable from the screen.
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Fig. 80: Disconnect video cable from screen Fig. 81: Remove and replace LCD screen

Step 9: Remove the LCD screen completely and replace if necessary (see Figure 81).
Step 10: You can find a new LCD screen using the model number from the original one.

Result:
Thus, the assembly and disassembly of laptop were studied.

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