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 RFID and Auto-ID
in Planning and Logistics
A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications

Erick C. Jones, PhD

Christopher A. Chung, PhD
 RFID and Auto-ID
in Planning and Logistics
A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications
 RFID and Auto-ID
in Planning and Logistics
A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications

Erick C. Jones, PhD

The University of Texas at Arlington, USA

Christopher A. Chung, PhD

Seabrook, Texas, USA

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................xxvii
Authors...........................................................................................................................................xxix

Part Iâ•… History and Background

Chapter 1 Introduction and History of Military Logistics............................................................. 3

1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................3
1.2 Assyrians............................................................................................................3
1.3 Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great..................................................4
1.3.1 Reduction of Logistical Burdens...........................................................4
1.3.2 Naval Logistics......................................................................................4
1.3.3 Advanced Supply Depots......................................................................5
1.4 Middle Ages Logistics: 1000–1400 AD.............................................................5
1.4.1 Early Scorched Earth Policy................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Siege Logistical Considerations............................................................5
1.5 Early British Naval Logistics: 1700–1800s........................................................ 6
1.5.1 Lord Nelson...........................................................................................6
1.5.2 Logistical Requirements to Prevent Scurvy.......................................... 7
1.5.3 Prevention of Spoilage of Supplies........................................................ 7
1.5.4 Cannon Logistics Considerations..........................................................7
1.5.5 Gunpowder Logistics Considerations.................................................... 8
1.6 American Revolutionary War.............................................................................8
1.6.1 Logistical Acquisition and Supply Difficulties.....................................8
1.6.2 Host Nation Support..............................................................................8
1.7 Early 1800s.........................................................................................................9
1.8 U.S. Civil War..................................................................................................... 9
1.8.1 Railways and Trains.............................................................................. 9
1.8.2 Mortuary Logistics................................................................................9
1.9 Zulu Wars......................................................................................................... 10
1.9.1 British Ammunition Logistics............................................................. 10
1.10 Spanish–American War.................................................................................... 10
1.10.1 Logistical Problems at the Departure Port.......................................... 10
1.10.2 Logistical Problems at Sea.................................................................. 11
1.10.3 More Logistical Problems in the Field................................................ 11
1.11 World War I...................................................................................................... 11
1.11.1 Use of Railways and Trains................................................................. 11
1.11.2 Fortified Defensive Positions............................................................... 12
1.11.3 Heavier than Air Aircraft.................................................................... 12
1.11.4 U-Boats................................................................................................ 12
1.11.5 Poison Gas........................................................................................... 13

v
vi Contents

1.12 World War II..................................................................................................... 13

1.12.1 Use of Widespread Air Transportation............................................... 13
1.12.2 Use of Long-Range Bombers.............................................................. 14
1.12.3 Ammunition........................................................................................ 14
1.12.4 U-Boats................................................................................................ 14
1.12.5 Russian Campaign............................................................................... 14
1.13 Korean War....................................................................................................... 15
1.13.1 ANTIAC.............................................................................................. 15
1.13.2 First Widespread Use of the Helicopter for Logistical
Operations....................................................................................15
1.14 Cold War........................................................................................................... 16
1.14.1 Stockpiling of Supplies....................................................................... 16
1.14.2 Dependence on Civilian Aircraft........................................................ 16
1.15 Vietnam War: U.S. Perspective........................................................................ 17
1.15.1 Rapid Removal of Battlefield Casualties............................................. 17
1.15.2 Increased Firepower............................................................................ 17
1.16 Vietnam War: Viet Cong Perspective............................................................... 17
1.16.1 Military Supply Recycling.................................................................. 18
1.16.2 Acquisition of Supplies on the Open Market...................................... 18
1.16.3 Viet Cong Medical Logistics............................................................... 18
1.16.4 Viet Cong Mortuary Logistics............................................................ 18
1.17 Soviet–Afghanistan War................................................................................... 18
1.17.1 Use of Local Support.......................................................................... 19
1.17.2 Logistical Operations without Local Support..................................... 19
1.18 Iran–Iraq War................................................................................................... 19
1.18.1 Use of Modern Foreign Weapons Systems......................................... 19
1.18.2 World Involvement in Military Logistics............................................20
1.18.3 Overreliance on Foreign Military Suppliers.......................................20
1.19 Falkland Islands War........................................................................................20
1.19.1 British Vulcan Bombing of Port Stanley Airfield...............................20
1.19.2 Exocet Missiles................................................................................... 21
1.20 Gulf War........................................................................................................... 22
1.20.1 Lack of Resupply................................................................................. 22
1.20.2 Incompatibility of Logistical Information Systems............................ 22
1.21 War on Terrorism in Afghanistan..................................................................... 22
1.22 Iraq War............................................................................................................ 23
1.22.1 Personal Body Armor.......................................................................... 23
1.22.2 Widespread Use of Military Contractors............................................ 23
1.22.3 U.S. Soldiers Forced to Steal Water....................................................24
1.23 Future of Military Logistics.............................................................................24
1.24 Summary..........................................................................................................24

Chapter 2 U.S. Department of Defense and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Supply
Classes and National Stock Numbers.........................................................................25
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................25
2.2 Specific Supply Class Details...........................................................................26
2.2.1 Class I: Food........................................................................................26
2.2.2 Class II: Clothing................................................................................26
2.2.3 Class III: Fuel and Lubricants............................................................. 27
2.2.4 Class IV: Barrier or Fortification Materials........................................ 27
Contents vii

2.2.5 Class V: Ammunition.......................................................................... 27

2.2.6 Class VI: Personal Demand Items...................................................... 27
2.2.7 Class VII: Major End Items................................................................ 27
2.2.8 Class VIII: Medical Supplies.............................................................. 27
2.2.9 Class IX: Repair Parts.........................................................................28
2.2.10 Class X: Materials for Nonmilitary Programs....................................28
2.3 Summary.......................................................................................................... 28

Chapter 3 DOD Shipping Level Containers RFID Designations................................................ 29

3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Layer 0: Product Item....................................................................................... 29
3.3 Layer 1: Package............................................................................................... 29
3.4 Layer 2: Transport Unit or Shipping Container................................................ 29
3.5 Layer 3: Unit Load or Palletized Unit Load..................................................... 29
3.6 Layer 4: Freight Container................................................................................ 30
3.7 Layer 5: Movement Vehicle.............................................................................. 30
3.8 Summary.......................................................................................................... 30

Part IIâ•… Overview of RFID and AIT Technologies

Chapter 4 Overview of AIT Technologies................................................................................... 33

4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Automatic Information Technologies............................................................... 33
4.2.1 AIM Global......................................................................................... 33
4.2.1.1 Bar Codes............................................................................ 34
4.2.1.2 RFID.................................................................................... 35
4.2.1.3 RFDC................................................................................... 36
4.2.1.4 RTLS................................................................................... 36
4.2.1.5 Satellite Tags with GPS....................................................... 36
4.2.1.6 MEMS................................................................................. 37
4.2.1.7 Contact Memory Buttons..................................................... 37
4.2.1.8 Biometrics............................................................................ 38
4.2.1.9 Common Access Cards........................................................ 38
4.2.1.10 Optical Character� Recognition............................................ 38
4.3 Bar Codes......................................................................................................... 39
4.3.1 Early History of the Bar Code............................................................. 39
4.3.2 Industry Acceptance............................................................................40
4.3.2.1 Railroads..............................................................................40
4.3.2.2 Grocery Industry.................................................................40
4.3.3 Universal Product Code......................................................................40
4.3.3.1 Economic Impact of the UPC..............................................40
4.3.4 Technology behind the Bar Code........................................................ 41
4.3.5 Current Level of Use........................................................................... 42
4.3.6 Future Uses.......................................................................................... 43
4.4 RFID................................................................................................................. 43
4.4.1 Prior to IFF..........................................................................................44
4.4.2 How the Great Bug Seal Worked........................................................ 45
viii Contents

4.4.3 Research on RFID............................................................................... 45

4.4.3.1 In the Twentieth Century..................................................... 45
4.4.3.2 The First RFID Patents........................................................46
4.4.3.3 Toll Road and Animal Tracking..........................................46
4.4.4 Development of Cost-Effective Protocol............................................. 48
4.4.5 Overview of Passive and Active Radio Frequency Identification
Technologies........................................................................................ 49
4.5 Global Positioning Systems.............................................................................. 50
4.5.1 Integration of Real-Time Technologies and GPS................................ 51
4.5.2 Conclusion........................................................................................... 52
4.6 Real-Time Location Systems............................................................................ 52
4.7 Differences in Using RFID, RTLS, and GPS................................................... 53
4.8 Trend to Integrated AIT Applications.............................................................. 53
4.9 Summary.......................................................................................................... 55

Chapter 5 Basic Introduction to Common RFID Components.................................................... 57

5.1 General Component Overview......................................................................... 57
5.1.1 Tags..................................................................................................... 57
5.1.2 Reader.................................................................................................. 58
5.1.3 Antennas.............................................................................................. 59
5.1.4 Host.....................................................................................................60
5.2 Tags...................................................................................................................60
5.2.1 Power Sources.....................................................................................60
5.2.1.1 Passive Tags.........................................................................60
5.2.1.2 Active Tags.......................................................................... 61
5.2.1.3 Semi-Active Tags................................................................. 62
5.2.1.4 SAW RFID Tags.................................................................. 62
5.2.2 Tag Frequencies................................................................................... 62
5.2.3 Writing Capabilities............................................................................ 63
5.2.3.1 Read Only............................................................................ 63
5.2.3.2 Write Once Read Many....................................................... 63
5.2.3.3 Read–Write.......................................................................... 63
5.2.4 Tag Components..................................................................................64
5.2.4.1 Tag Integrated Circuitry......................................................64
5.2.4.2 Tag Antennas.......................................................................64
5.2.4.3 Tag Substrate or Tag Housing.............................................. 65
5.2.5 Tag Generations................................................................................... 65
5.3 Scanners and Readers.......................................................................................66
5.3.1 Scanners..............................................................................................66
5.3.2 Readers................................................................................................66
5.3.3 Reader Frequencies.............................................................................66
5.3.4 Reader Interrogation Modes................................................................66
5.4 Antennas........................................................................................................... 68
5.5 Hosts................................................................................................................. 69
5.5.1 Communication Protocols................................................................... 69
5.5.1.1 RS-232................................................................................. 69
5.5.1.2 RS-485................................................................................. 69
5.5.1.3 Ethernet................................................................................ 70
5.6 Summary.......................................................................................................... 70
Questions..................................................................................................................... 70
Contents ix

Chapter 6 Passive RFID System Components............................................................................. 71

6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 71
6.1.1 Major Advantages to Passive RFID .
Systems................................................................................................ 71
6.1.1.1 Lower Expense.................................................................... 71
6.1.1.2 Smaller Sizes....................................................................... 71
6.1.1.3 Greater Operational Life..................................................... 72
6.1.1.4 Environmental Robustness.................................................. 72
6.1.2 Major Disadvantages to Passive RFID Systems................................. 72
6.1.2.1 Less Range........................................................................... 72
6.1.2.2 Less Identification Capability.............................................. 73
6.2 Chapter Organization....................................................................................... 73
6.3 Trovan Electronic Identification Systems......................................................... 73
6.3.1 Trovan Passive Tags............................................................................ 73
6.3.1.1 ID 100 Series....................................................................... 73
6.3.1.2 ID 200 and 300 Series......................................................... 74
6.3.1.3 ID 400 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.4 ID 600 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.5 ID 700 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.6 ID 800 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.7 ID 1000 Series..................................................................... 77
6.3.2 Trovan Portable Readers..................................................................... 77
6.3.2.1 LID WAPR Workabout Pro Reader..................................... 77
6.3.2.2 GR-250 High-Performance Reader..................................... 78
6.3.2.3 LID Pocket Series Readers.................................................. 78
6.4 SmartCode........................................................................................................ 79
6.4.1 SmartCode Inlays................................................................................ 79
6.4.2 SmartCode Passive Tags..................................................................... 79
6.5 Symbol Technologies........................................................................................ 79
6.5.1 RFX3000 Series Inlays....................................................................... 79
6.5.1.1 RFX3000 1 × 1 Read/Write Tag.........................................80
6.5.1.2 RFX3000 1 × 6 Read/Write Tag.........................................80
6.5.1.3 RFX3000 2 × 2 Read/Write Tag......................................... 81
6.5.1.4 RFX3000 4 × 4 Read/Write Tag......................................... 81
6.5.2 Gen 2 RFX6000 Series Read/Write Inlay.......................................... 81
6.5.2.1 RFX6000 1 × 1 Series Read/Write Inlay............................ 81
6.5.2.2 RFX6000 2 × 4 Series Read/Write Inlay............................ 81
6.5.2.3 Cargo Tag............................................................................. 82
6.5.3 Symbol Antennas................................................................................ 83
6.5.3.1 AN200 General Purpose Antenna....................................... 83
6.5.3.2 AN400 High-Performance Area .
Antenna................................................................................84
6.5.4 Symbol Readers...................................................................................84
6.5.4.1 RD5000...............................................................................84
6.5.4.2 XR400 Series.......................................................................84
6.6 Intermec............................................................................................................ 85
6.6.1 Intellitag Windshield Tag.................................................................... 85
6.6.2 Intellitag Container Tag...................................................................... 85
6.6.3 Intellitag ID Card................................................................................ 86
6.6.4 Intermec Readers................................................................................. 86
x Contents

6.6.4.1 IF Series of Fixed Readers.................................................. 87

6.6.4.2 IP4 Handheld Reader Handle with Intermec
700 Series Computer........................................................... 87
6.6.4.3 IV7 Vehicle Mount Reader.................................................. 88
6.7 Summary.......................................................................................................... 88

Chapter 7 Active RFID System Components.............................................................................. 89

7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 89
7.1.1 Major Advantages to Active RFID Systems....................................... 89
7.1.1.1 Greater Range...................................................................... 89
7.1.1.2 Greater Identification Capability......................................... 89
7.1.2 Major Disadvantages to Active RFID Systems...................................90
7.1.2.1 More Expensive...................................................................90
7.1.2.2 Less Operational Life..........................................................90
7.1.2.3 Larger Physical Size............................................................90
7.2 Savi Corporation............................................................................................... 91
7.2.1 Savi Active Tags.................................................................................. 91
7.2.1.1 SaviTag ST-602.................................................................... 91
7.2.1.2 SaviTag ST-604....................................................................92
7.2.1.3 SaviTag ST-654....................................................................92
7.2.1.4 SaviTag ST-656....................................................................92
7.2.2 Savi Fixed Readers.............................................................................. 92
7.2.2.1 SR-650 Fixed Reader........................................................... 93
7.2.2.2 Savi Signpost....................................................................... 93
7.2.3 Savi Mobile Readers............................................................................94
7.3 Mark IV Industries........................................................................................... 95
7.3.1 Mark IV Transponders........................................................................ 95
7.3.1.1 Mark IV Internal Flat Pack Transponder............................ 95
7.3.1.2 License Plate Transponder................................................... 95
7.3.1.3 Roof Mount Transponder..................................................... 95
7.3.1.4 Fusion Transponder.............................................................96
7.3.1.5 Ubiquity Transponder.......................................................... 96
7.3.2 Mark IV Readers................................................................................. 96
7.3.2.1 Badger Reader......................................................................97
7.3.2.2 MGate Reader......................................................................97
7.3.3 Mark IV Antennas...............................................................................99
7.4 Summary..........................................................................................................99

Part IIIâ•…Overview of Equipment Interoperability Protocols

and Standards

Chapter 8 Important RFID Mandates........................................................................................ 103

8.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 103
8.2 Department of Defense Mandate.................................................................... 103
8.2.1 Commencing January 1, 2005........................................................... 103
8.2.2 Commencing January 1, 2006........................................................... 103
8.2.3 Commencing January 1, 2007........................................................... 104
8.2.4 Guidelines and Requirements........................................................... 104
Contents xi

8.3 Walmart Mandate........................................................................................... 104

8.4 Other Organizations....................................................................................... 105

Chapter 9 Standards Organizations and RFID Standards......................................................... 107

9.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 107
9.2 International Standards Organization .
Standards........................................................................................................ 107
9.3 ISO Standards and RFID............................................................................... 107
9.3.1 18000-1 Part 1: Generic Parameters for the Air Interface
for Globally Accepted Frequencies................................................... 108
9.3.2 18000-2 Part 2: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
below 135â•›kHz................................................................................... 108
9.3.2.1 Protocol and the Commands............................................. 108
9.3.2.2 Compliance Rules.............................................................. 109
9.3.3 18000-3 Part 3: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 13.56â•›MHz..................................................................................... 109
9.3.3.1 Intellectual Property.......................................................... 109
9.3.4 18000-4 Part 4: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 2.45â•›GHz........................................................................................ 109
9.3.4.1 Frequency.......................................................................... 109
9.3.4.2 Interface Definitions.......................................................... 109
9.3.5 18000-5 Part 5: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 5.8â•›GHz.......................................................................................... 110
9.3.5.1 Intellectual Property.......................................................... 110
9.3.6 18000-6 Part 6: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 860–930â•›MHz................................................................................ 110
9.3.7 18000-7 Part 7: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 433â•›MHz........................................................................................ 111
9.3.7.1 DASH7 Alliance................................................................ 111
9.4 Work Group on RFID for Item Management (WG 4).................................... 111
9.4.1 ISO Standards Summary................................................................... 112
9.5 EPC Global Standards.................................................................................... 112
9.6 GS1 and GS1 US............................................................................................. 113
9.7 EPC/GTIN Integration................................................................................... 114
9.8 EPC Generation 2........................................................................................... 114
9.9 Other Standards.............................................................................................. 115
9.10 Electronic Product Code Details.................................................................... 115
9.10.1 Serialized Global Trade Item Number.............................................. 116
9.10.2 Serialized Global Location Number................................................. 116
9.10.3 Global Returnable Asset Identifier.................................................... 117
9.10.4 Global Individual Asset Identifier..................................................... 117
9.10.5 Global Identifier (GID-96)................................................................ 118
9.11 Department of Defense UID.......................................................................... 119
9.12 EPC Global Tag Data Construct Option........................................................ 120
9.13 FCC Part 15 Radiation Regulation................................................................. 122

Chapter 10 UID and RFID Standards for Military..................................................................... 123

10.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 123
10.2 UID................................................................................................................. 123
xii Contents

10.3 RFID............................................................................................................... 124

10.3.1 Passive RFID..................................................................................... 124
10.3.1.1 DOD-96 Identifier.............................................................. 124
10.3.1.2 Data Fields......................................................................... 124
10.3.2 Active RFID...................................................................................... 126
10.4 Implementation............................................................................................... 126
10.4.1 Implementation Strategies................................................................. 129
10.4.2 Replacement for Bar Codes............................................................... 130
10.5 Summary........................................................................................................ 130

Part IVâ•…Implementation, Decision Making, and Testing

Approaches

Chapter 11 RFID Project Management....................................................................................... 133

11.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 133
11.2 RFID Project Selection................................................................................... 133
11.2.1 Project Selection Models and Factors............................................... 134
11.2.2 Nonnumeric Project Selection Models.............................................. 134
11.2.2.1 Sacred Cow........................................................................ 134
11.2.2.2 Operating Necessity........................................................... 134
11.2.2.3 Competitive Necessity....................................................... 134
11.2.2.4 Comparative Models.......................................................... 135
11.2.3 Numeric Project Selection Models.................................................... 135
11.2.3.1 Payback Time.................................................................... 135
11.2.3.2 Average Rate of Return..................................................... 136
11.2.3.3 Unweighted 0–1................................................................. 136
11.2.3.4 Unweighted Scoring.......................................................... 136
11.2.3.5 Weighted Scoring.............................................................. 137
11.2.3.6 Constrained Weighted Scoring.......................................... 137
11.3 RFID Project Parameters............................................................................... 138
11.4 RFID Implementation Life Cycle................................................................... 138
11.4.1 Conceptual Phase.............................................................................. 139
11.4.2 Planning Phase.................................................................................. 139
11.4.3 Installation Phase.............................................................................. 139
11.4.4 Startup Phase..................................................................................... 139
11.5 RFID Project Manager................................................................................... 139
11.6 RFID Project Manager Authority.................................................................. 139
11.7 RFID Project Manager Functions.................................................................. 140
11.7.1 Planning............................................................................................ 140
11.7.2 Organizing......................................................................................... 140
11.7.3 Motivating......................................................................................... 140
11.7.3.1 Maslow’s Theory............................................................... 140
11.7.3.2 Herzberg’s Theory............................................................. 141
11.7.4 Directing............................................................................................ 141
11.7.4.1 Situational Leadership Theory.......................................... 141
11.7.5 Controlling........................................................................................ 142
11.8 Developing the Project Plan........................................................................... 143
11.8.1 Work Breakdown Structure............................................................... 143
Contents xiii

11.8.2 Linear Responsibility Chart.............................................................. 144

11.8.3 Gantt Chart........................................................................................ 145
11.8.3.1 Finish-to-Start Relationship.............................................. 145
11.8.3.2 Start-to-Start Relationship................................................. 145
11.8.3.3 Finish-to-Finish Relationship............................................ 146
11.8.3.4 Lags.................................................................................... 146
11.9 Compressing and Crashing Projects............................................................... 146
11.9.1 Compressing the Acquisition of Hardware and Software................. 147
11.9.2 Compressing the Testing of RFID Tags............................................ 147
11.9.3 Compressing the Installation of Hardware and Software................. 147
11.9.4 RFID Project Tasks That Cannot or Should Not Be Compressed.......147
11.9.4.1 Hardware and Software Selection..................................... 148
11.9.4.2 Avoid Compressing Pilot Testing...................................... 148

Chapter 12 RFID System Design................................................................................................. 149

12.1 System Design Approach............................................................................... 149
12.2 Step 1: Gain Ideas through Understanding.................................................... 149
12.2.1 On-Site Analysis................................................................................ 149
12.2.2 Equipment Evaluation....................................................................... 150
12.2.3 Environmental Evaluation................................................................. 151
12.2.3.1 Radio Frequency Interference Testing............................... 151
12.2.4 Human Factor Evaluation.................................................................. 151
12.3 Step 2: Create Preliminary Designs............................................................... 151
12.4 Step 3: Prototype Development...................................................................... 151
12.5 Step 4: Choose an Alternative........................................................................ 151
12.6 Step 5: Test and Retest Chosen System.......................................................... 152
12.7 Step 6: Implement the Solution...................................................................... 152
Appendix 12.A.......................................................................................................... 152
12.A.1 Sample RFID Dock Door Survey..................................................... 152
12.A.1.1 Dock Doors Checklist....................................................... 153
12.A.2 RFID Environment Evaluation......................................................... 154
12.A.2.1 Common Problems............................................................ 154
12.A.2.2 Best Practices..................................................................... 154
12.A.3 Using a Spectrum Analyzer to Test EMI.......................................... 155
12.A.3.1 General Directions for Using a Spectrum Analyzer.......... 156
12.A.3.2 General Guidelines and Notes........................................... 157
12.A.3.3 Other.................................................................................. 158
12.A.4 Overview of Work Measurement and Times Studies........................ 158
12.A.4.1 Brief History of Industrial Engineering............................ 158
12.A.4.2 Industrial Engineering Organizations............................... 159
12.A.5 Cognitive Turnover Job Satisfaction Survey..................................... 160
12.A.5.1 Background........................................................................ 160
12.A.5.2 Study Limitations.............................................................. 164
12.A.5.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations.......................... 164

Chapter 13 RFID Supply Chain Planning Levels........................................................................ 167

13.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 167
13.2 RFID Supports Supply Chain Planning and Operational Optimization........ 167
13.2.1 Tactical Level.................................................................................... 168
xiv Contents

13.2.2 Intermediate-Level Problems............................................................ 168

13.2.2.1 Transportation Strategy..................................................... 168
13.2.2.2 Common Transportation Decisions................................... 169
13.2.2.3 Transportation Mode......................................................... 169
13.2.2.4 Intermediate-Level Summary............................................ 169
13.2.3 Strategic Level................................................................................... 169
13.2.3.1 Facilities Strategy.............................................................. 170
13.2.3.2 Facilities Decisions............................................................ 170
13.3 RFID Best Practices for Success.................................................................... 171
13.4 Summary........................................................................................................ 171

Chapter 14 Implementing RFID Systems.................................................................................... 173

14.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 173
14.1.1 Make the ROI Case for RFID........................................................... 173
14.1.2 Choose the Right RFID Technology................................................. 173
14.1.3 RFID System Details........................................................................ 174
14.1.4 Six Sigma Methodology.................................................................... 174
14.2 3P’s Theoretical Model................................................................................... 174
14.3 Plan................................................................................................................. 175
14.3.1 Define................................................................................................ 175
14.3.2 Measure............................................................................................. 175
14.4 Predict............................................................................................................. 176
14.4.1 Analyze............................................................................................. 176
14.4.2 Design................................................................................................ 176
14.5 Perform........................................................................................................... 177
14.5.1 Optimize............................................................................................ 177
14.5.1.1 Factors and Levels............................................................. 178
14.5.2 Verify................................................................................................. 178
14.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 179

Chapter 15 Obsolete Inventory Reduction with Modified Carrying Cost Ratio......................... 183
15.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 183
15.2 Two-Echelon Model....................................................................................... 183
15.3 One-Echelon Model........................................................................................ 185
15.4 Modified Carrying Cost Ratio Model............................................................ 186
15.5 Results: Case Study........................................................................................ 187
15.6 Facilities Costs................................................................................................ 187
15.7 Purchasing Costs............................................................................................ 188
15.8 Modified Carrying Cost Ratio........................................................................ 188
15.9 Inventory Turn Analysis................................................................................. 189
15.10 Decision.......................................................................................................... 189
15.11 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 189

Part Vâ•…Overview of Logistics Planning and Inventory Control

Chapter 16 Engineering Economics of RFID.............................................................................. 193

16.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 193
16.2 Problem Statement.......................................................................................... 193
Contents xv

16.3 Background..................................................................................................... 194

16.4 Cost Justification............................................................................................. 194
16.4.1 Scenario 1: Baseline.......................................................................... 194
16.5 Audit Costs..................................................................................................... 194
16.6 Rework Costs.................................................................................................. 196
16.7 Scrap Costs..................................................................................................... 196
16.8 Management Costs......................................................................................... 196
16.9 Customer Service Costs.................................................................................. 197
16.10 Total Annual Cost........................................................................................... 198
16.10.1 Scenario 2: RFID Implementation.................................................... 198
16.11 Tag Costs........................................................................................................ 198
16.12 Reader Costs................................................................................................... 199
16.13 Software Costs................................................................................................ 199
16.14 Implementation Costs..................................................................................... 199
16.14.1 Investment for Scenario 2.................................................................. 199
16.15 Net Present Value Comparison.......................................................................200
16.16 Comparison.................................................................................................... 201
16.17 Sensitivity Analysis........................................................................................ 201
16.18 Limitations.....................................................................................................203
16.19 Conclusions..................................................................................................... 203
Appendix 16.A..........................................................................................................204
16.A.1 Investment.........................................................................................204
16.A.2 Yearly Cost........................................................................................204
16.A.3 Maintenance Cost..............................................................................205
16.A.4 Discount Rate (i)...............................................................................206
16.A.5 Number of Periods (N)......................................................................206

Chapter 17 Forecasting................................................................................................................209
17.1 Time Horizon in Forecasting..........................................................................209
17.2 Characteristics of Forecasts............................................................................209
17.3 Subjective Forecasting Models....................................................................... 210
17.4 Objective Forecasting Methods...................................................................... 211
17.4.1 Causal Models................................................................................... 211
17.4.2 Time Series Methods......................................................................... 212
17.5 Notation Conventions..................................................................................... 212
17.6 Evaluating Forecasts....................................................................................... 213
17.7 Methods for Forecasting Stationary Series.................................................... 214
17.7.1 Moving Averages............................................................................... 214
17.7.1.1 Moving Average Lags behind the Trend........................... 215
17.7.2 Exponential Smoothing..................................................................... 216
17.7.3 Comparison of Exponential Smoothing and Moving .
Averages............................................................................................ 217
17.7.3.1 Similarities......................................................................... 217
17.7.3.2 Differences......................................................................... 217
17.8 Trend-Based Methods..................................................................................... 217
17.8.1 Regression Analysis.......................................................................... 218
17.8.2 Double Exponential Smoothing Using Holt’s .
Method.............................................................................................. 219
17.9 Advanced Methods......................................................................................... 219
xvi Contents

Chapter 18 Manpower Planning.................................................................................................. 221

18.1 Aggregate Units of Production....................................................................... 221
18.2 Overview of the Aggregate Planning Problem............................................... 223
18.3 Costs in Aggregate Planning.......................................................................... 223
18.4 Prototype Problem.......................................................................................... 225
18.4.1 Evaluation of a Chase Strategy (Zero Inventory Plan)...................... 226
18.4.2 Evaluation of the Constant Workforce Plan...................................... 228
18.5 Solution of Aggregate Planning Problems by Linear .
Programming����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��������������������������� 229
18.5.1 Cost Parameters and Given Information........................................... 229
18.5.2 Problem Variables............................................................................. 229
18.5.3 Problem Constraints.......................................................................... 230
18.6 Solving Aggregate Planning Problems by Linear Programming:
An Example.................................................................................................... 231
18.7 Advantages and Disadvantages...................................................................... 232

Chapter 19 Production Planning and Scheduling........................................................................ 233

19.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 233
19.2 Schedule Design............................................................................................. 233
19.2.1 Process Requirements....................................................................... 233
19.2.2 Scrap Estimates................................................................................. 234
19.3 Tools for Production Scheduling.................................................................... 234
19.3.1 Affinity Diagram............................................................................... 234
19.3.2 Interrelationship Digraph.................................................................. 235
19.3.3 Activity Network Diagram................................................................ 235
19.4 Summary........................................................................................................ 235

Chapter 20 RFID in Logistics...................................................................................................... 237

20.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 237
20.2 RFID Supports Information Use in the Supply Chain................................... 237
20.2.1 Data Analysis and Information Gathering........................................ 237
20.2.1.1 Push and Pull Operational Strategies................................ 238
20.2.1.2 Supply Chain Coordination............................................... 238
20.2.1.3 Forecasting......................................................................... 238
20.2.1.4 Aggregate Planning........................................................... 238
20.2.2 RFID and Other Enabling Technologies........................................... 239
20.2.2.1 EDI Business Transmissions.............................................. 239
20.2.2.2 Web-Based Application Systems....................................... 239
20.2.2.3 Business Operations Systems............................................ 239
20.2.2.4 Overall Trade-Off: Responsiveness versus .
Efficiency...........................................................................240
20.2.2.5 e-Commerce and Technology............................................240
20.2.2.6 RFID as Part of the Information Supply .
Chain����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������� 241
20.2.3 RFID as an Intelligent Agent System................................................ 241
20.2.4 Summary of RFID and Information Enablers.................................. 242
20.2.5 RFID Provides Timely Visibility in Logistics.................................. 242
20.3 Inventory in the Supply Chain........................................................................ 243
Contents xvii

20.4 Business Responsiveness................................................................................244

20.4.1 Cycle Inventory.................................................................................244
20.4.2 Safety Inventory................................................................................244
20.4.3 Seasonal Inventory............................................................................244
20.4.4 Level of Product Availability............................................................ 245
20.4.4.1 Inventory-Related Metrics................................................. 245
20.4.5 Bullwhip Effect................................................................................. 245
20.5 Summary........................................................................................................246
Questions................................................................................................................... 247

Chapter 21 Inventory Control Basics........................................................................................... 249

21.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 249
21.2 Inventory Carrying Costs............................................................................... 249
21.3 Stock-Out Costs.............................................................................................. 250
21.4 Safety Stocks.................................................................................................. 250
21.5 Economic Order Quantity.............................................................................. 251
21.6 Inventory Flows.............................................................................................. 254
21.7 Fixed-Order-Interval System.......................................................................... 255
21.8 Just-in-Time Inventory Systems..................................................................... 256
21.9 RFID and Inventory Control.......................................................................... 256
21.9.1 Automatic Replenishment................................................................. 257
21.9.2 Safety-Stock Reduction..................................................................... 257
21.9.3 Picking and Routing.......................................................................... 257
21.9.4 Order Batching of Waves.................................................................. 258
21.10 Summary........................................................................................................ 258

Chapter 22 Transportation and RFID Applications..................................................................... 261

22.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 261
22.2 Transportation Definitions.............................................................................. 262
22.2.1 Small-Volume Shippers..................................................................... 262
22.2.2 LTL Shippers..................................................................................... 263
22.2.3 Freight Forwarders and Other Consolidators.................................... 263
22.2.4 Shippers’ Cooperatives......................................................................264
22.2.5 Truckload and Carload Shippers.......................................................264
22.2.6 Large Bulk Shippers..........................................................................264
22.2.7 Bulk Cargo........................................................................................264
22.2.8 Truckload Hauls................................................................................264
22.2.9 Railroads...........................................................................................264
22.2.10 Water Carriers................................................................................... 265
22.2.11 Pipelines............................................................................................ 265
22.2.12 Slurry Systems.................................................................................. 265
22.2.13 Comparison of Modes....................................................................... 265
22.3 Transportation in SCM...................................................................................266
22.4 Information Technology and SCM................................................................. 267
22.5 Real-Time Technologies................................................................................. 267
22.6 Future Technologies....................................................................................... 269
22.7 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 270
xviii Contents

Chapter 23 Optimizing RFID Portal Locations in Distribution Using Systematic

Layout Planning........................................................................................................ 271
23.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 271
23.2 Modeling Procedure....................................................................................... 272
23.2.1 Phase 1: Multi-Objective RF Warehouse Architecture..................... 272
23.2.2 Phase 2: Data Environment Analysis................................................ 273
23.3 Layout Improvement Alternatives and Numerical Results............................ 277
23.4 Computer-Aided Program Algorithm Approach (BLOCPLAN)................... 277
23.4.1 Relationship Data.............................................................................. 277
23.5 RFID-Enabled Forklift System vs. RFID Portal System............................... 278
23.6 Discussion and Conclusion.............................................................................280

Chapter 24 RFID Uses in Warehousing...................................................................................... 281

24.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 281
24.2 Warehouse Applications................................................................................. 281
24.3 Receiving........................................................................................................ 282
24.4 Storage............................................................................................................ 282
24.5 Pick/Pack........................................................................................................ 282
24.6 Shipping.......................................................................................................... 283
24.7 Reliability....................................................................................................... 283
24.8 IT Infrastructure Issues.................................................................................. 283
24.9 RFID Warehouse Implementation Examples.................................................284
24.9.1 Gillette...............................................................................................284
24.9.2 International Paper............................................................................284
24.9.3 Proctor & Gamble.............................................................................284
24.10 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 286

Part VIâ•… Military RFID Initiatives and Applications

Chapter 25 U.S. Army RFID Initiatives...................................................................................... 289

25.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 289
25.2 Total Asset Visibility and In-Transit Visibility.............................................. 289
25.3 Tracking Trainees........................................................................................... 290
25.4 Gun Monitoring..............................................................................................290
25.5 Using RFID to Track Army Medical Records............................................... 290
25.5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................290
25.5.2 Application........................................................................................ 291
25.5.3 Summary........................................................................................... 291
25.6 Chapter Summary.......................................................................................... 291

Chapter 26 Marine Corps and Navy RFID Initiatives................................................................. 293

26.1 Marine Corps Active RFID Initiatives........................................................... 293
26.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 293
26.1.2 Active Tagging Requirements........................................................... 293
26.1.3 Containers inside the Defense Transportation System...................... 294
26.1.4 Active RFID Tags and Placement..................................................... 294
26.1.5 Summary of Marine Corps Active RFID Initiatives........................ 294
Contents xix

26.2 Marine Corps Passive RFID Initiatives......................................................... 295

26.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 295
26.2.2 Passive RFID Pilot Project: 2004..................................................... 295
26.2.3 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 1: 2008....................................... 295
26.2.4 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 2: 2009....................................... 295
26.2.5 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 3: 2010........................................ 296
26.2.6 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 4: 2011........................................ 296
26.2.7 The Future of Marine Corp Passive Applications............................. 296
26.2.8 Summary of Marine Corps Passive Initiatives................................. 297
26.3 Personnel Records Applications..................................................................... 297
26.3.1 Application........................................................................................ 297
26.3.2 Tracking Tag...................................................................................... 297
26.3.3 Tracking Pad..................................................................................... 297
26.3.4 Handheld Tracker.............................................................................. 298
26.3.5 Summary........................................................................................... 298

Chapter 27 Marine Terminal RFID Applications........................................................................ 299

27.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 299
27.2 Tracking Containers....................................................................................... 299
27.3 Container Tags................................................................................................ 299
27.3.1 Tag Operation.................................................................................... 299
27.3.2 Tag Mounting....................................................................................300

Chapter 28 Other Foreign Countries Armed Forces Adoption of RFID Technology................. 301
28.1 New Zealand Military Clothing RFID Applications..................................... 301
28.1.1 Application........................................................................................ 301
28.1.2 Summary...........................................................................................302
28.2 Spanish Armed Forces RFID Efforts.............................................................302
28.2.1 Application........................................................................................ 303
28.2.2 Summary of Spanish Armed Forces RFID Efforts.......................... 303
28.3 French Armed Forces RFID Efforts.............................................................. 303

Part VIIâ•…Other Potential Military RFID Applications

and Radio Theory

Chapter 29 Military Physical Fitness RFID Applications...........................................................307

29.1 Introduction....................................................................................................307
29.2 Application Considerations............................................................................307
29.3 Tags.................................................................................................................308
29.3.1 Mounting Considerations..................................................................308
29.4 Antenna Systems............................................................................................ 310
29.5 Reader Systems............................................................................................... 310
29.6 Performance Issues......................................................................................... 311
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the harvest. I feel for you with all my heart; but I see the justice of
it all—I even see that, like every other woman, I have to pay dearly
for my one hour of weakness—for my one hour of falsehood to
myself.”
He had not raised his head all the time that she was speaking, nor
did he do so until several moments had passed. He seemed to be
considering her words and to be finding that there was something in
them, after all. But when he looked up there was not much sign of
contrition in his face.
“Whatever you may say, there’s no blinking facts, and you know as
well as I do what are the facts that face you to-day,” he said,
shaking a vehement fist, not as if threatening her, but only to give
emphasis to his words. “The facts are, first, that you are the lawful
wife of Marcus Blaydon, and secondly, that you are not the lawful
wife of John Wingfield, and that if you persist in living with him you
are his mistress.”
She opened the door this time, but not vehemently.
“Go away,” she said, “go away. I might as well have kept silent. I
shall work out my own salvation in the face of your opposition and
the opposition of the world.”
“Your salvation? Woman, it is your own damnation that you are
working out in this house—this house of sin!”
He took a few steps toward the door and then wheeled round.
“One more chance I give you,” he said. “Come with me now, and
you will only be asked to resume your former life. I will not insist on
your joining your husband—only come away from this house.”
“Go away, go away,” she said, without so much as glancing at him.
Only one moment longer did he stay—just long enough to say:
“May God forgive you, Priscilla.”
He contrived, as so many pious people can in saying those words,
to utter them as if they were a curse. They sounded in her ears
exactly as a curse would have sounded.
And then he tramped away.
 Jack came to her shortly afterwards.
“You have no news for me, I suppose?” he said.
“No news, indeed. The old story.”
“You knew what to expect. I think that the best thing we can do is
to clear off from this neighbourhood as soon as we can. Until the
matter is settled one way or another we should feel more
comfortable among strangers.”
“I am perfectly happy here, my dear Jack,” she said. “I am so
confident that we are doing what is right, I do not mind what people
may say. Perhaps we should do well to go when your mother is
strong enough to learn what has happened. That is the only thing
that I dread—telling her the story.”
He shook his head sadly.
“That will be the worst moment of all,” he said slowly. “Thank
heaven there is no possibility of our having to tell her anything for
some time. She is far from well to-day.”
That same evening Jack received from Messrs. Liscomb and
Liscomb a copy of the opinion of the astute Sir Edward on their case.
It was not voluminous, but it was very much to the point. It was in
favour of an application for a decree of nullity in respect of the
marriage with Blaydon, on the grounds, first, that the man had
made false representations (ante-nuptial); secondly, that he had
deserted his wife, making no attempt to see her after his release
from gaol; and, thirdly, that he had taken no step to contradict the
report, so widely circulated, of his death, thereby making her believe
that she was at liberty to enter into a second contract of marriage.
Failing success to have the marriage nullified, there were some
grounds for trying for a divorce. In this case it would of course be
necessary to prove misconduct.
On the whole, Messrs. Liscomb and Liscomb were inclined to think
that the court would consider favourably the application for a nullity
decree on the ground that the man and the woman had never lived
together—the lawyers made use of a legal phrase—and that the
latter had good reason to believe, owing to the default of the former,
that she was a widow when she contracted her second marriage. Of
course the misrepresentations (ante-nuptial) of the man, though of
no weight in an ordinary case of divorce or separation, might in a
petition for a nullity decree be worth bringing forward. They also
thought that the fact of the man’s being convicted of a crime against
property (always looked on seriously by a judge and jury), and of his
being arrested practically in the church porch after the marriage
ceremony, would influence a court favourably in respect of the
petitioner.
“They have never misled a client by an over-sanguine opinion, I
should say,” remarked Jack when he had read to her the letter of
Messrs. Liscomb and Liscomb.
“And I am sure that they have found that plan to be the wisest,”
said she. “But I think that they rather incline to the belief that we
shall succeed.”
“From all that I have heard respecting them I feel that they have
in this case expressed what they would consider to be an
extraordinarily roseate opinion of our prospects,” said he. “I wonder
what move the other side will make next, and I wonder also if his
advisers will take a sanguine view of his prospects. Did you gather
from anything your father said that the fellow had been with him?”
“He said nothing definite on that point; but how should my father
know anything of what has happened unless he had seen Marcus
Blaydon?” said Priscilla. “He is, as we knew he would be, on the side
of Blaydon. Just think of it! He is on the side of the wretch who did
his best to wreck my life—who shortened my mother’s life and made
its last months to be months of misery instead of happiness—who
allowed that false report of his death to go about uncontradicted so
that I should run the chance of finding myself in the midst of the
trouble that has come to me now—my father takes the side of that
man against us, simply because of his superstition as to the sanctity
of the marriage service according to the Church of England! He does
not consider for a moment that the sacredness of marriage is to be
found only in the spirit in which the marriage is entered into. He
does not ask himself how there can be any element of a holy
ordinance in a fraud.”
Jack Wingfield was a man. He had been wise enough to refrain
from considering the question of marriage either from the standpoint
of a sacrament—the standpoint assumed by the Church of Rome—or
from the standpoint of a symbol of the mystical union of Christ and
the Church—the standpoint assumed by the Church of England. He
had, as a matter of fact, never thought about marriage as a mystery,
or the symbol of a mystery. It had only occurred to him that these
assumptions, though professed by the Church within the Church,
were ignored by the Church outside the Church. The Church of
Rome refused to recognize divorce; but had frequently permitted it.
It called marriage between an uncle and a niece incest, but
sanctified it in the case of a royal personage. The Church of England,
with its reiteration about every marriage being indissoluble by man,
having been made by God, smiled amiably at the Divorce Court and
petted divorces. The Church did not attempt to assign a mystic
symbolism to divorce; and though it had for years affirmed that the
marriage of a man with the sister of his deceased wife was incest,
yet Parliament and every sensible person had assured the Church
that this view was wrong, and the Church, after a little mumbling,
like giants Pope and Pagan at the mouth of their cave, had
submitted to be put in the wrong.
Jack Wingfield being a student—a newspaper student—of
contemporary history, was aware of the numerous standpoints from
which marriage is discussed, with well-assumed seriousness, by
people whom he suspected of having their tongues in their cheeks
all the time; but, as has just been stated, he had never himself given
a thought to the mysticism of marriage or the symbolism of a
wedding. He felt that it was enough for him to know that when his
time came to fall in love with a girl and to desire to make her his
wife, if the girl consented, he would marry her according to the law
of the land, and she would be his wife.
Well, this had all come about; he had fallen in love and he had
married the girl according to the law of the land; and was there
anyone to say that she was not his wife or that he was not her
husband? Of course he knew that there were quite a number of
people who would say so; but what was their opinion worth? If she
was the wife of someone else, she should, in the opinion of these
people, leave him and go to someone else—yes, go to live with that
swindling scoundrel—go to be the perpetual companion of a felon
and a trickster who had shown his indifference to her and to all that
she had suffered as his victim. What was the value of the opinion of
people who should, with eyes turned up, assert the doctrine of the
sacredness of marriage, and the necessity of acting in the case of
himself and Priscilla in sympathy with their doctrines? These were
the people who regard the conduct of Enoch Arden with abhorrence.
Was he not actually allowing his wife to “live in sin” with the man
who had supplanted him?
No; Priscilla and he had married in good faith, and they should be
regarded by all sensible and unprejudiced people as man and wife.
There was no man living, worthy of the name of a man, who would
not call him a cur if he took any other view of the matter than this.
The idea of his handing over that girl to be dealt with by a felon
according to his will, simply because the rascal had succeeded in
getting the better of her father and mother...
Jack Wingfield laughed.
“Let him come and take her,” he said to himself.
 CHAPTER XXX

T
hat was what he was longing for—for the claimant to come in
person and lay a hand upon her. He felt that he would have
given half his estate for the chance of answering the fellow as
he should be answered—not by any reference to the opinions of
those half-pagan patriarchs known as The Fathers; not by any
reference to the views promulgated in the Middle Ages by that
succession of thieving voluptuaries, murderers and
excommunicators, the heads of the Church of Rome; or by modern
sentimentalists struggling to reach the focus of the public eye—no,
but by the aid of a dog-whip.
That was what he was longing for in these days—the chance to
use his dog-whip upon the body of Marcus Blaydon. But Marcus
Blaydon did not seem particularly anxious to give him the chance,
and this fact caused his indignation against the man to increase. He
felt as indignant as the henwife when her favourite chicken had
shown some reluctance to come out of its coop to be killed.
It was the Reverend Osney Possnett, the vicar of Athalsdean, who
paid a visit to the Manor House. Mr. Possnett had not been able to
officiate at the marriage ceremony between Priscilla and Marcus
Blaydon; he had been in Italy at the time; it was his curate for the
time being, the Reverend Sylvanus Purview, who had married them.
Doubtless if Mr. Purview had remained in the parish he would have
paid Priscilla a visit when still under her father’s roof, to offer her
official consolation upon the untoward incident which, happening at
the church porch immediately after the ceremony, had deprived her
(as it turned out) of the society of her husband; but the Reverend
Sylvanus Purview had found that the air of the Downs was too
bracing for him, and he had quitted the parish a few days after the
vicar’s return, leaving the vicar to pay for his month’s board and
lodging, which he himself had, by some inadvertence that was never
fully explained, omitted doing, although it was afterwards discovered
that he had borrowed from Churchwarden Wadhurst the money
necessary for this purpose.
Mr. Possnett had, however, made up for his curate’s official
deficiencies, as well as his monetary, and had spoken very seriously
to Priscilla, on his return from Siena, on the subject of what he
termed her trial—though it was really to Marcus Blaydon’s trial he
was alluding.
Priscilla had listened.
And now the Reverend Osney Possnett would not accept the
formal statement of the footman, that Mr. and Mrs. Wingfield were
not at home, but had written a few lines on the back of his card,
begging Priscilla to allow him to speak a few words to her.
“I wouldn’t bother with him, if I were you,” said Jack when she
showed him the card. “We have no use for your Reverend Osney
Possnett. But please yourself.”
“I don’t want to be rude,” said Priscilla.
“No, but he does,” said Jack.
“I don’t mind his rudeness,” she cried. “Perhaps—who can tell?—
he may have something important to communicate to me—
something material——”
“They scorn anything bordering on the material,” remarked Jack,
“except when they get hold of a fraudulent prospectus with a
promise of eighty per cent, dividends. But see him if you have any
feeling in the matter.”
“I think I should see him, Jack.”
“Then see him. I’m sure he won’t mind if I clear off.”
So Jack went out of the room by the one door and the Reverend
Osney Possnett was admitted by the other. The room was the large
drawing-room with the cabinets of Wedgwood; and the sofa on
which Priscilla sat was of the design of that in which Madame de
Pompadour was painted by Boucher. It is, however, scarcely
conceivable that the Reverend Osney Possnett became aware of any
sinister suggestiveness in this coincidence.
He shook hands with her, not warmly, not even socially, but strictly
officially.
“Priscilla,” he said—he had known her from her childhood
—“Priscilla, I have seen your father. He has told me all. I felt it to be
my duty to come to you—to take you away from here.”
She looked up and laughed—just in the way that Mrs. Patrick
Campbell laughs in “Magda” when the man makes the suggestion
about the child. Priscilla’s rendering of that laugh made her visitor
feel angry. He was not accustomed to be laughed at—certainly not
to his face. He took a step toward her in a way that suggested
scarcely curbed indignation.
“Priscilla,” he cried, “have you realized what you are doing? Have
you realized what you are—what you must be called so long as you
remain in this house?”
“Yes,” she replied. “I am Mr. Wingfield’s wife, and I am called Mrs.
Wingfield by all in this house, and I must be called so by everyone
who visits at this house!”
“You are not his wife—you know that you are not his wife,” said
Mr. Possnett, vehemently.
“I know that I am his wife, Mr. Possnett,” she replied with irritating
gentleness. “I married him in accordance with the law of the land.”
“But you were already married—that you have found out; so your
marriage was no marriage.”
“I agree with you—my marriage with Marcus Blaydon was no
marriage.”
“It was a marriage, celebrated in the house of God, by a priest of
God, that made it a marriage—sacred; and yet you——”
“Sacred? Sacred? Mr. Possnett, do not be so foolish, I beg of you.
Don’t be so—so profane. Surely the sacredness of marriage does not
begin and end with the form of words spoken in the church. Surely it
is on account of its spiritual impulses that a marriage, the foundation
of which is love, is sacred. A marriage is made sacred by the
existence of a mutual love, and by that only. Is not that the truth?”
“I have not come here to-day to discuss with you any quibble,
Priscilla. You know that you can legally have but one husband and
——”
“Ah! I had no idea that you would make such a sudden drop from
the question of the sacredness of marriage to the question of mere
legality. I understood that the Church’s first and only line of defence
was the spirituality of marriage—the sacred symbolism—the mystery.
Now you drop at once to the mundane level of the law—you talk of
the legal marriage. I thank God, Mr. Possnett, that I adopt a higher
tone. I elect to stand on a loftier level than yours. I do not talk of
legality, but of spirituality.”
“You cannot evade your responsibility by harping on words or
phrases, Priscilla. In any question of marriage one cannot express
too rigid an adherence to what is legal and what is illegal.”
“In that case, then, surely we shall be able to obtain a divorce in a
court of law——”
“There is no such thing as divorce.”
Mr. Possnett had unwittingly walked into the trap laid for his feet
by a young woman who had for years been acquainted with his
individual views respecting the dissolution by a court of law of a
marriage celebrated in a church of God.
“There is no such thing as divorce,” he said. “I refuse to recognize
the validity of a so-called decree of divorce. I would think it my duty
to refuse to perform the service of marriage between two persons
either of whom had been divorced. Having once said the words,
‘Whom God hath joined together, let no man put asunder!’”
“But surely divorce is perfectly legal, Mr. Possnett?” said Priscilla.
“I care nothing for that.”
“But you said just now that in all questions of marriage one must
be bound down by what is legal and what is illegal; and now you tell
me that you refuse to be bound down to a legal decree of divorce.
Oh, Mr. Possnett, you cannot blow both hot and cold in the same
breath.”
“In all matters but this—but our Church permits a priest to hold
his own opinion, if it be formed on conscientious grounds. It is not
like the Church of Rome; it recognizes the imperative nature of the
call of religious scruples on the part of an individual priest.”
“And the Church does well. Let the priest follow the example of his
Church, and recognize the spiritual exigencies of a poor woman who
loved a man and married him in all honesty of purpose and in all
good faith.”
“Talk not to me of such things; the fact remains—the terrible truth
—that man is not your husband. Priscilla, this is, I know, a great
trial; but you know whence it comes. I have taught you ill all these
years if you fail to acknowledge the Hand—the Hand—you know that
it comes from God.”
“That is the reflection which prevents me from being
overwhelmed, Mr. Possnett. I try to feel that it all comes from God—
that it is meant to try our faith, and I cannot doubt that its effect will
be to draw us closer together, my dear husband and myself—nay, I
have felt that it has done so already. Our faith in each other has
been strengthened—it has indeed.”
“That is not the object of the trial. Trial is sent to purify the soul,
as gold is tried by fire; the furnace of affliction is meant to cleanse,
not to strengthen one’s persistence in a course of sin.”
“I have never doubted it, Mr. Possnett, nor can I doubt that this
burden, though it is hard to bear, will but strengthen our characters
—strengthen all those qualities which go to build up into one life the
life of a man and a woman who love each other, and whose faith in
each other has been proved under the stress of adversity.”
The Reverend Osney Possnett felt that he was now being
subjected to a greater trial of patience than he could bear. Here was
this young woman, the daughter of his own churchwarden, facing
him and turning and twisting his words to suit her own pernicious
views! He could almost fancy that she was mocking him. He could
scarcely believe that such a trial should be included among those of
celestial origin.
“Priscilla, I, your priest, tell you that you are living in sin with this
man who is not your husband, and I command you to forsake this
life and to forsake that man who, I doubt not, has tempted you by
the allurements of a higher position in life than that for which you
were intended by God, to be false to your Church, false to the
teaching of its priest, false to your own better nature. Leave him,
Priscilla; leave him before it is too late!”
Again she laughed; but this time it was with a different
expression.
“I cannot say ‘Retro me? because I am not resisting any
temptation,” she said. “You have shown that you do not understand
in the least how I feel in regard to my position—you could not
possibly understand me if I were to refer to the church in which you
preach as a house of sin.”
“Priscilla, for God’s sake, pause—pause——”
“I have not called it a house of sin; God forbid that I should be so
foolish! but it was made the means of my committing the greatest
sin of my life—the abandonment of myself—myself—at the bidding
of my parents. All that has happened since, you have assured me as
a delegate, is to be part of a great trial sent for the purification of
my heart, my soul, whatever you please. Well, I told you that I
accepted that view and that I hoped I should come away from it
purified and strengthened. But I cannot get away altogether from
the thought that perhaps it may be a judgment on myself for being
untrue to myself when I entered your church at the bidding of my
father and my mother to say words that I knew to be false—that
they knew to be false—to make promises that I knew it would be a
crime to keep.”
“I care nothing about that, Priscilla. All that concerns me is that
you were joined to a man according to the rites of the Holy Church,
and that, he being still alive you are now wife to him and to no
other.”
 “And you would have me now go to him and live with him as his
wife according to God’s holy ordinance, and to keep those promises
which I made in your church?”
“I solemnly affirm that such is your duty.”
“You say that, knowing the man, and knowing that he is a criminal
—that he married me to save himself from the consequences of his
crime—you can tell me that I should worship him with my body, that
I should love, honour, and obey him till death us do part? Knowing
that I have never had any love for him, you tell me that my place is
by his side?”
“Your place is by his side. The words of the Prayer-book are there;
no Christian priest has any option in the matter. The mystic words
have been said. ‘The twain shall be one flesh.’”
“Ah, there is the difference between us—the flesh. You will insist
on looking at the fleshly side of marriage, whereas I look on the
spiritual. Don’t you think that there may be something to be said in
favour of the spiritual aspect of marriage—the marriage voice which
says, not, ‘The twain shall be one flesh,’ but ‘The twain shall be one
spirit’? What, Mr. Possnett, will you say that marriage is solely a
condition of the flesh?”
“I refuse to answer any question put to me in this spirit by a
woman who is living in sin with a man who is not her husband.”
“You will admit that the trial to which I have been subjected has
influenced me for good—making me patient and forbearing in the
face of a repeated insult such as I would not have tolerated from
any human being a week ago. I have listened to you, and I have
even brought myself to pay you the compliment of discussing with
you a matter which concerns only my husband and myself, but you
have not even thought it worth your while to be polite to me—to
treat me as an erring sister. You come with open insults—with an
assumption of authority—to pronounce one thing sin and another
thing duty. But your authority is a mockery—as great a mockery as
the enquiry in the marriage service, ‘Who giveth this woman to be
married to this man?’ when you know that the pew-cleaner will be
accepted by the priest as the one who possesses that authority. Your
authority is a mockery, and your counsel is worth no more than that
of any other man of some education, of abilities which have the
lowest market value of those required for any profession, and
experiences of the most limited character.”
“Woman—Priscilla, you forget yourself!”
The Reverend Osney Possnett, who had never had a chance in his
life of reaching a point of declamation beyond what was necessary
for the adequate reproof of a ploughman for neglecting to attend
Divine service, and who had never been addressed except with
respect bordering upon awe since the days of his curacy, found
himself in a mental condition for which the word flabbergasted was
invented by a philologist in the lumber trade. When he had told
Priscilla that she was forgetting herself he forgot himself. He forgot
his part. He had come to the Manor House, on the invitation of his
churchwarden, Farmer Wadhurst, to administer a severe rebuke to
Farmer Wadhurst’s self-willed daughter, whose early religious
instruction he had superintended, and who, he saw no reason to
doubt, would be at once amenable to his ministration; but he found
himself forced not only to enter into something of an argument with
her—a course of action which was very distasteful to him—but also
to be reproved by her for a sensualist, looking at the fleshly side of
marriage instead of the spiritual—to be told by her that his opinion
was of no greater value than that of an ordinary man who had never
been granted the distinction of holy orders, which the whole world
recognizes as a proof of the possession of the highest culture, pagan
as well as Christian, the most virile human intellect, and an intuitive
knowledge of mankind, such as ordinary people can only gain by
experience!
He had come to be letter-perfect in the part which he had meant
to play in her presence, and with a good working knowledge of the
“business” of the part; but she had failed to act up to him. She had
disregarded the cues which he waited for from her, and the result
was naturally the confusion that now confronted him—that now
overwhelmed him. He had in his mind actually, if unconsciously, the
feeling that it was her failure in regard to her cues which had put
him out, when he cried:
“Priscilla, you forget yourself.”
“No, you do not quite mean that,” she said, with a disconcerting
readiness; “you do not quite mean that; you mean that I forget that
for years I sat Sunday after Sunday under your pulpit listening to
your preaching—that for years and years you gave your opinion,
which was followed without question, to my father and mother on
the subject of my bringing up; that until now I was submissive to
you, with all the members of the household. That is what you had
on your mind just now, and I do not wonder at it. I have amazed
you. I don’t doubt it; I have amazed myself. The troubles which I
have had during the past eighteen months—you call them trials, and
that is the right word—have been the means of showing me myself
—showing me what I am as an individual: that I am not merely as a
single grain of sand running down with a million other grains in the
hour-glass only to mark time till the whole are swallowed up. I thank
God for those trials which have made me what I am to-day. I can
even thank God for the present trial, terrible though it seems,
because I have faith in God’s way of working to bring out all that is
best in man and woman; and I know that we shall come out of it
with our love for each other strengthened and our belief in God
strengthened. That is what you forgot when you came here to-day,
Mr. Possnett; you forgot the power that there is in suffering to
develop the character, the nature, the individuality, the human
feeling and the Divine love of every one who experiences it. That
was your mistake: you did not make allowance for God’s purpose in
suffering. You thought that I should be the same to-day that I was
eighteen months ago. You have much to learn, both of God and
man, Mr. Possnett. So have I. I am learning daily.”
The Reverend Osney Possnett lifted up his hands—the attitude
was that of Moses blessing the congregation; but by a sudden
increase of emphasis and a tightening of the hands into fists it
became the attitude of Balak the son of Zippor reproving Balaam the
Prophet for having betrayed the confidence reposed in him as an
agent of commination. He was not a man of any intelligence worth
speaking of, and with so limited an experience of the world that the
least departure from the usual found him without resources for
meeting it. Such men are unwise if they make the attempt to play
the usual against the unusual. They are wisest in avoiding it.
The Reverend Osney Possnett showed that he was not without
wisdom by his retreat. Sorrow and not indignation was the lubricant
of his farewell. His prayer was that she might be brought to see in
what direction the truth lay before it should be too late.
And that was just the prayer to which Priscilla could say “Amen!”
with all her heart.
 CHAPTER XXXI

T
wo days later the papers were full of the news of the
reappearance of Marcus Blaydon.
Jack Wingfield had been very impatient of the delay. Every
morning that he opened the newspapers, and drew them blank, he
swore at the man. What the mischief was he waiting for? Was he
such an idiot as to fancy that he, Jack Wingfield, was likely to give a
more promising reply to his demands than he had already given
him? Did he hope to gain anything by merely menacing him in
regard to the publication of his story?
Priscilla was clever enough to see that the man had hoped much
from the visit which her father had paid her, and perhaps even more
from that of the Vicar of Athalsdean. She felt sure that she saw what
was the sort of game he meant to play when he returned to
England. He had meant to try the familiar game of blackmail in the
first instance, being idiot enough to think that Priscilla would jump at
the chance of being allowed to pay over some thousands of pounds
for his promise to clear out of the country and tell no human being
that he was her husband. Failing, however, to convince her or
Wingfield that their position would be to any extent improved by the
acceptance of his terms, he had gone to her father, knowing that he
had a sheet-anchor in the enormous respectability of Farmer
Wadhurst. He did not want Priscilla—if he had wanted her he would
have hurried to her the moment he found himself free, if only to tell
her that he meant to start life afresh, in order that he might win her
love and redeem the past—no; he did not want her; but he was well
aware of the fact that her father was a moderately wealthy man, and
that Priscilla was his only child. These were the possibilities that
appealed to him. Perhaps the father might show his readiness to pay
a respectable price for the preservation untarnished of the
respectability of the family; but failing that, he might still be able to
make a good thing out of the connection, for his father-in-law would
stand by him, could he be made to see that it would be for the good
of the family to stand by him. But her father’s mission and the
mission of the Reverend Osney Possnett having failed, the man had
no further reason for delay in making public the romantic incidents
in which he had taken a prominent part.
These represented the surmises of Priscilla and Jack, and they
were not erroneous in substance, though in some particulars not
absolutely accurate, as they afterwards found out.
What Jack confessed his inability to account for was the flight of
the man across the Atlantic, when he had such good prospects
opening before him as the husband of Priscilla, the daughter of that
prosperous agriculturist, Mr. Wadhurst. To be sure, it was just on this
point that he had allowed his imagination some play when he had
that conversation with Marcus Blaydon. He had suggested that the
fellow had gone across the Atlantic in order to be with some woman
whom he had known before; but Jack was scarcely inclined to give
the man credit for a disinterested attachment such as this, when he
had such good prospects at home as the lawful husband of a
beautiful young woman, whose society (post-nuptial) he had had but
a very restricted opportunity of enjoying.
That was a matter which, he saw, required some explanation; but
he felt sure that the explanation would come in good time; and it
would be his, Jack Wingfield’s, aim to expedite its arrival; and he
knew that the success of the nullity suit depended on his finding out
all about that unaccountable attachment which had forced a
mercenary trickster into an unaccountable position.
But here were the newspapers at last containing the information
that Marcus Blaydon, who had been placed in the early part of the
summer in the forefront of the rank of maritime heroes—by far the
most picturesque of all heroic phalanxes—had returned to England,
none the less a hero because he had by a miracle (described in
detail) escaped the consequences of his heroism; and engaged—also
without prejudice to the claims made on his behalf when his name
was last before the eyes of the public—in the discharge of a duty so
painful as to cause him to feel that it would have been better if he
had perished among the rocks where he had lain insensible for many
hours after doing his best to rescue his messmates from a watery
grave, than to have survived that terrible night.
That is what the announcements in some of the newspapers came
to. But they had the tone of the preliminary announcements of a
matter which is supposed to contain certain elements of interest to
the public later on, if the public will only have the kindness to keep
an eye upon the papers. Some of the phrases—including that
important one about the “watery grave,” appeared in all the
accounts of the matter; but in a few cases the news did not occupy
a greater space than an ordinary paragraph, while in others the
attention of casual readers was drawn to it by the adventitious aid of
some startling headlines—two of these introducing the name of
Enoch Arden. Not once, however, in any newspaper, was the name
of Mr. Wingfield introduced.
“They read like a rangefinder,” remarked Mr. Wingfield, when he
had gone through every line of the paragraphs. “That is what the
fellow is doing—he is trying to find out our position.”
But there was no need for the invention of such a theory to
account for the guarded omissions in the paragraphs, the truth being
simply that the professional correspondent of the Press agency who
had handled the item understood his business. He had no wish to
drag the name of a member of Parliament into a piece of news
offered to him by a man whose trial for embezzlement he had
attended professionally the previous year. In addition, he perceived
how it was possible for him to nurse the information, if it stood the
test of enquiry, until it should yield to him a small fortune. He
understood his business, and his business was to understand the
palate of newspaper readers.
And that was how it came that Mr. Wingfield was waited on by a
well-dressed and very polite literary gentleman that same day, and
invited to make any statement which he would have no objection to
read in print the next morning on the subject of the return of the
heroic Marcus Blaydon.
 “The man told you, I suppose, that his trying mission to England
was to claim the lady from whom he was parted at the church door
after their marriage, and whom I married a short time ago,” said Mr.
Wingfield, M.P.
“That is the substance of the statement which he made to me
yesterday, sir,” said his visitor. “I hesitated to transmit it to my
agency at London, not wishing, on the authority of a man of his
antecedents, even though endorsed by Mr. Wadhurst, to publish a
single line that might possibly—possibly——”
“Be made the subject of a libel action—is that what is on your
mind?” said Mr. Wingfield.
“Of course—but in the back of my mind, Mr. Wingfield,” replied the
other. “What I was really anxious to avoid was saying anything
calculated to give pain to——”
“I appreciate your consideration,” said Jack pleasantly; “but I
know that omelettes cannot be made without breaking eggs.”
“Yes, sir; but I should like to avoid a bad egg.”
“Then you would do well to avoid Marcus Blaydon.”
The gentleman laughed, and shook his head.
“A bad egg, beyond doubt, Mr. Wingfield; but good enough for
some culinary operations,” said the skilful paragraphist. “It is true,
then, that he was really married to the lady whom you subsequently
—” Jack saw the word “espoused” trembling on his lips, and he
hastened to save him from the remorse which he would be certain to
feel when he should awaken at nights, and remember that he had
employed that word solely to save his repeating the word “married.”
“I believe that to be the truth,” he said at once. “The man came
here and claimed the lady as his wife, but she declined to admit his
claim, pending the result of her appeal to the proper quarter for the
annulment of her marriage with him.”
The gentleman whipped out his note-book in a moment, and
made with the rapidity of lightning some hundreds of outline
drawings of gulls flying, and miniature arches, and many-toed crabs,
and trophies of antlers, interspersed with dots and monkeys’ tails,
variously twisted, and Imperial moustaches similarly treated.
“Mrs.—Wingfield—” the gentleman had infinite tact and taste
—“Mrs. Wingfield is making such an application? Messrs. Liscomb
and Liscomb, I suppose?”
“Messrs. Liscomb and Liscomb.”
“With Sir Edward retained, of course?”
“With Sir Edward. You seem pretty well acquainted with the
procedure.”
The gentleman smiled.
“I have been connected with the Press for fifteen years, sir,” he
said. “May I ask one more question, Mr. Wingfield? Is it the intention
of the—of Mrs. Wingfield to remain at the Manor House pending the
result of the litigation?”
“You may take it from me that she will run no risks,” said Jack.
“She will not change her present domicile for any other, so long as
Marcus Blaydon remains out of gaol.”
The visitor made some more lightning drawings in outline, and
then became thoughtful.
“May I venture to express the hope that Mrs. Wingfield is in good
health, sir?” he said—“in good health, and confident of the result of
her application for a pronouncement of nullity?” he added, after a
hesitating moment.
“She is in excellent health and spirits, thank you,” replied Jack. “Of
course, in matters of law one must always expect delay, and in such
a point as that upon which we await a decision, it is natural that one
should become impatient. However, we know that there is nothing
for it but to sit tight for a month or two.”
“I’m extremely obliged to you for this interview, Mr. Wingfield,”
said the gentleman, turning over a new leaf of his note-book, and
looking up with his pencil ready. “Now, if there is anything whatever
that you would like to be made public in this connection——”
 “I don’t know that I have anything in my mind beyond what I
have just told you,” said Mr. Wingfield. “Of course, you can easily
understand that we would greatly prefer that nothing should appear
in the newspapers about us or our lawsuits until they are actually
before the courts, but we know that that would be to expect too
much.”
“If I am not taking too great a liberty, sir, I would say that,
unpleasant though it may appear from some standpoints to have the
particulars published, you will find that in the long run it will be
advantageous to you. Public sympathy is better to have with one
than against one.”
“I suppose it is second only to having the law on one’s side.”
“Public sympathy is superior to the law, Mr. Wingfield; and they
are beginning to find that out on the other side of the Atlantic. This
case is certain to attract a large amount of attention. You see, we
are just entering on the month of August. Upon my word, I shouldn’t
wonder if it became the Topic of the Autumn—I shouldn’t indeed, Mr.
Wingfield. Well, I’m extremely obliged to you, sir; and I won’t take
up any more of your time. Good morning.”
“Good morning. Any time that you want any information that you
think I can give you, don’t hesitate to come to me.”
“You are very kind, sir. I should be sorry to intrude.”
So the representative of the Press went his ways, congratulating
himself on having, after a Diogenes-search lasting, for several years,
come upon a sensible man and a straightforward man, devoid of
frills. Most men who had attained, by the exertions of their
forefathers, to the position of landed proprietors, he had found to be
not easy to approach on matters which they called private matters,
but which newspaper men called public matters. Mr. Wingfield,
however, so far from resenting an interview on a subject which
required to be handled with extreme delicacy, had actually given him
encouragement to repeat his visit.
He was determined that Mr. Wingfield and the cause which he had
at heart should not suffer by his display of a most unusual courtesy.
 The next day all England was discussing the case of the new
Enoch Arden. They would have discussed the case throughout the
length and breadth of the land simply on account of the romantic
elements that it contained, even if the lady who played so important
a part in it had been an ordinary young person; but as she was a
lady whose achievements during the last byelection had been
directly under the eye of the public, the interest in the romance was
immeasurably increased. The representative of the Press agency
who had the handling of the story from the first, had not found it
necessary to embellish in any way the account of his interview with
Marcus Blaydon in the morning or with Mr. Wingfield in the
afternoon. After alluding to the mystery suggested by Mr. Blaydon’s
remark, published in connection with his reappearance in the land of
the living the previous day, he described how he had waited upon
Mr. Blaydon to try to convince him that the painful matters which
had necessitated his making a voyage to England could scarcely fail
to be of interest to newspaper readers; and how he had succeeded
in convincing Mr. Blaydon of the correctness of his contention. Mr.
Blaydon had then described the incidents associated with his escape
from destruction; how he had been cast upon the rocks in his
attempt to carry a line ashore, and how he had lain there for some
days, with practically nothing to eat, and apparently suffering from
such internal injuries as prevented him from reaching the house
where those of his messmates who had survived the terrible night
were being so hospitably treated.
Then, according to his own account, it occurred to Mr. Blaydon
that the chance of his life had come—such a chance as comes but
too rarely to an unfortunate man who has acted foolishly, but is
anxious to redeem the past—the chance of beginning life over again.
He was well aware, he said, that he would be reported as dead, and
that was just what he wished for: to be dead to all the world, so that
he might have another chance of succeeding in life without being
handicapped by his unhappy past.
So Mr. Blaydon’s story went on, telling how he had just made a
start in this new life of his, when by chance he came upon an
English newspaper, referring to the fact that the gentleman who had
agreed to contest the Nuttingford division of Nethershire at the by-
election had just married the daughter of Mr. Wadhurst of
Athalsdean Farm. Then, and only then, did he, the narrator, perceive
that he would have acted more wisely if he had written to the lady
who believed herself to be his widow, apprising her of the fact of his
being alive, and endeavouring to make for himself a name that she
might bear without a blush. (Mr. Blaydon was well acquainted, it
appeared, with the phraseology of the repentant sinner of the Drury
Lane autumn drama.)
“What was my duty when I heard that my wife had gone through
the ceremony of marriage with another man?” That was the
question which perplexed Mr. Blaydon, as a conscientious man
anxious not to diverge a hair’s breadth from the line of Duty—strict
duty. Well, perhaps some people might blame him; but he confessed
that the thought of his dear wife—the girl whom he had wooed and
won very little more than a year before—going to another man and
living with him believing herself to be his wife, was too much for
him. He made up his mind that so shocking a situation could not be
allowed to continue, and he had made his way back to her side,
only, alas! to be repulsed and turned out of her house with
contempt, though the fact that her father had received him with the
open arms of a father in welcoming the return of the prodigal,
proved that even in these days, etc., etc.
Stripped of all emotional verbiage, Mr. Blaydon’s statements simply
amounted to a declaration of his intention to apply to the court to
make an order to restore to him his conjugal rights in respect of the
lady who was incontestably his lawful wife.
Following this was the account of an interview with Mr. Wingfield,
M.P., who, it appeared, had already taken action in the matter on
behalf of the lady referred to by Mr. Blaydon. The interviewer
succeeded in conveying to a reader something of what he termed
the “breezy colloquial style” of Mr. Wingfield, in the latter’s
references to the Enoch Ardenism of Mr. Blaydon; but very little
appeared in the account of the interview that had not actually taken
place at the interview itself. Readers of the newspapers were made
fully acquainted with the fact that Messrs. Liscomb and Liscomb had
already made a move in the case, and that the invaluable services of
Sir Edward had been retained for the lady, and also that the lady
was living at Overdean Manor House, which chanced to be the
residence of Mr. Wingfield, M.P., and that it was her intention to
remain there for a period that was not defined by the writer. He
refrained from even the suggestion that the period might be “till the
case is decided by the court.”
The remainder of the column was occupied by a pleasant
description of Overdean Manor Park in early August, with a quotation
from the “Highways and Byways” series, and a brief account of the
Wingfield family.
Of course, in addition to these particulars which appeared in most
of the newspapers, the illustrated dailies contained a reproduction of
the recently-used “blocks” of Mr. and Mrs. Wingfield on their now
celebrated election campaign, as well as some entirely new
photographs of the Manor House, and Athalsdean Farm, the
birthplace of “Mrs. Wingfield”—nearly all the newspapers referred to
Priscilla as Mrs. Wingfield, inside quotation marks; but three or four
omitted the quotation marks, and an equal number, who were
sticklers for strict accuracy, called her Mrs. Blaydon, though one of
them half apologised for its accuracy by adding “as we suppose we
must call the unfortunate lady.”
The comments on the romantic features of the case which were to
be read in different type in the columns devoted to the leading
articles, were all of that character which is usually described as
“guarded.” The writers excused their want of definiteness on the
ground that it would be grossly improper for anyone to offer such a
comment as might tend to prejudice a judge or jury in the suits
which would occupy the attention of the law courts during the
Michaelmas sittings. It was quite enough for the writers to point out
some of the remarkable features of the whole romance, beginning
with the arrest of Marcus Blaydon when in the act of leaving the
church where the wedding had taken place—most of the articles
dealt very tenderly with this episode—and going on to refer to the
impression produced on the court by the appeal for mercy to the
judge made by Marcus Blay-don’s counsel on the ground of his
recent marriage to a charming and accomplished girl to whom he
was devoted, and who would certainly suffer far more than the
prisoner himself by his incarceration—an appeal which the judge
admitted had influenced him in pronouncing his very mild sentence
of imprisonment.
These were some of the nasty bits of publicity which Jack
Wingfield had foreseen. Priscilla had reddened a good deal reading
them, but she had not shrunk from their perusal. She accepted
everything as part of the ordeal which she had to face. She even
smiled when, a few days later, there appeared in one of the papers a
letter signed “A Dissatisfied Elector,” affirming that, as the election
for the Nuttingford division had to all intents and purposes been won
for Mr. John Wingfield by a lady who was not his lawful wife, the
seat should be declared vacant.
Jack also smiled—after an interval—and threw the paper into the
basket reserved for such rubbish.
 CHAPTER XXXII

A
nd then began the persecution which everyone must expect
who is unfortunate enough to attain to a position of fame or
its modern equivalent, notoriety.
The month was August, and no war worth the salary of a special
correspondent was going on, so the newspapers were only too
pleased to open their columns to the communications of the usual
autumnal faddists, and the greatest of these is the marriage faddist.
“The Curious Case” formed the comprehensive heading to a daily
page in one paper, containing letter after letter, from “A Spinster,”
“One Who Was Deceived,” “Once Bitten Twice Shy,” “True Marriage,”
“I Forbid the Banns,” and the rest of them. Without actually
commenting on the case, these distinguished writers pointed out day
by day how the various points in the curious case of Marcus Blaydon
and Priscilla Wadhurst bore out the various contentions of the
various faddists. Now this would not have mattered so much but for
the fact that it was the most ridiculous of these letters which, after a
column’s advocacy of the principles of free love or some other form
of profligacy, such as the “Spiritual Union,” or the “Soul to Soul”
wedding, invariably wound up by a declaration that “all honour
should be given to that brave little woman, who has thrown in her
lot with the man she loves, to stand or fall by the principles which
she has so fearlessly advocated”—these principles being, of course,
the very principles whose enunciation formed the foundation of the
ridiculous letter.
The most senseless of all these letters was signed “Two Souls with
but a Single Thought;” and the superscription seemed an
appropriate one, for the writers did not seem to have more than a
single thought between them, and this one was erroneous.
Of course, after a time Priscilla became almost reconciled to the
position of being the Topic of the holiday season, though earlier she
found it very hard to bear. At first she had boldly faced the
newspapers; but soon she found that the thought of what she had
read during the day was interfering with her rest at night. She
quickly became aware of the fact that persecution is hydra-headed,
and every heading is in large capitals. She made up her mind that
she would never open another newspaper, and it was as well that
she adhered to this resolution; for after some days the American
organs, as yellow as jaundice and as nasty, began to arrive, and Jack
saw that they were quite dreadful. They commented freely upon the
“case,” being outside the jurisdiction of the English courts, and they
commented largely upon incidents which they themselves had
invented to bear out their own very frankly expressed views
regarding the shameless profligacy of the landed gentry of England,
and the steadily increasing immorality of the English House of
Commons. On the showing of these newspapers, Mr. John Wingfield
was typical of both; he had succeeded in combining the profligacy of
the one with the immorality of the other; and he certainly could not
but admit that the stories of his life which they invented and offered
to their readers, fully bore out their contention, that, if the public life
of the States was a whirlpool, that of England was a cesspool.
It was only natural that the accredited representative of so much
old-world iniquity should feel rather acutely the responsibilities of the
position to which he was assigned; but he had been through the
States more than once and he had also been in the Malay
Archipelago, and had found how closely assimilated were the
offensive elements in the weapons of the two countries. The stinkpot
of the Malays had its equivalent in the Yellow Press of the United
States; but neither of the two did much actual harm to the person
against whom they were directed. If a man has only enough
strength of mind to disregard the stinkpot he does not find himself
greatly demoralised by his experience of its nastiness, and if he only
ignores the “pus” of the Yellow Press no one else will pay any
attention to its discharges.
He burned the papers, having taken care that Priscilla never had a
chance of looking at any one of the batch. He was in no way
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