VOCAB VIETNAMESE MEANING

International trade Thương mại quốc tế Purchase, sale, or exchange of goods and services across national borders
Exporting Xuất khẩu Sending goods to another country for sale/ trade
Importing Nhập khẩu Bringing goods from another country for sale/trade
Trade theory holding that nations should accumulate financial wealth, usually in the form of gold, by encouraging exports and
Mercantilism Chủ nghĩa trọng thương
discouraging imports (trọng thương)
Absolute advantage Lợi thế tuyệt đối Ability of a nation to produce a good the most efficiently than any other nation
Comparative advantage Lợi thế so sánh Ability to produce that good more efficiently than it does any other good (a.k.a least opportunity cost)
All nations will raise their living standards and real income if they specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have the highest
Comparative cost principle Nguyên tắc chi phí so sánh
productivity
Factor proportion theory Lí thuyết tỉ lệ nhân tố Export goods that require abundant resources (make use of the country's resources) and import goods that require resources in short supply
Terms of trade Tỉ lệ trao đổi Relative price of a country's export to import (=PE/PI)
Difference in value (of goods and services produced domestically) between imports and exports of goods (NX) over a particular period (sum of
Balance of trade Cán cân thương mại
the entries is conceptually 0)
Current account = Capital account + Financial account + Net errors/ ommissions (double entry)
Balance of payments Cán cân thanh toán
Difference between what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goods (economic transactions)
Protectionism Bảo hộ thương mại Restraining trade between nations through methods - tariffs, quotas, restrives government regulations, ..
Quota Hạn ngạch Protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of goods imported into a country in a given period of time
Tariff Thuế quan Tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary
Autarky Tự cung tự cấp A country is completely self-sufficient and has no foreign trade
Invisible imports and exports Xuất nhập khẩu vô hình/ dịch vụ Trade in services
Visible trade (GB) or merchandise
Thương mại hữu hình/ hàng hóa Trade in goods
trade (US)
Barter/ Counter-trade Hàng đổi hàng/ Thương mại đối lưu Direct exchanges of goods, without the use of money
Dumping Bán phá giá Selling goods abroad at/below cost price
Deficit Thâm hụt Negative balance of trade/ payments
Surplus Thặng dư Positive balance of trade/ payments
WTO Tổ chức thương mại thế giới World Trade Organization: symbol of Free Trade
MFN Tối huệ quốc Most Favoured Nation: must involve tariff fairly among member, no discrimination
NT Đối xử quốc gia National Treat: when a foreigner enters your country, you must treat them as equally as national ones
FTA Hiệp định thương mại tự do Free Trade Agreement: remove trade barriers among member nations, lower tariff rate below WTO level
An infant industry is a new or emerging industry in a nation that has the potential to become competitive globally but is not yet fully
Infant industry Ngành công nghiệp non trẻ
established.
Strategic industry Ngành công nghiệp chiến lược A strategic industry is an industry that a nation considers vital for its economic stability, national security, and overall strategic interests.
Economies of scale Kinh tế quy mô Upscale (mass production) to reduce fixed cost
Process of breaking down the production of goods or services into smaller, specialized tasks, each performed by different workers or groups
Division of labor Phân công lao động
of workers.
Factors of production Các yếu tố sản xuất Resources used in the creation of goods and services.
Non-tariff Phi thuế quan Can be quota, norms, licensing, customs procedures, ..
Import substitution/ Substitute Thay thế nhập khẩu Import substitution is an economic policy aimed at replacing foreign imports with domestically produced goods.
Liberalize Tự do hóa thương mại Remove government regulations and restrictions in an economy, typically with the aim of encouraging free trade and competition
Considered as a type of international trade restriction, it efers to the process of changing the agreed-upon dates for delivery, payment, shipment,
Reschedule Tái cơ cấu
or other trade-related activities.
Insurance costs Chi phí bảo hiểm Insurance costs refer to the premiums paid for insurance coverage
Freight refers to the transportation of goods, typically in bulk, by land, sea, or air. It also includes the charges or costs associated with
Freight Cước phí
transporting these goods.
 Multi-model transport Vận tải đa phương thức Involve many transportation methods in delivering goods
Structural unemployment Thất nghiệp cơ cấu Unemployment resulting from industrial reorganization, typically due to technological change, rather than fluctuations in supply or demand
Rollover Gia hạn Renew the loans
Primary commodity Hàng hóa cơ bản Food, fuel, raw materials
Durable goods Hàng hóa lâu bền Manufactured goods, intermediate input, machinery, petroleum, ..
Deregulation Bãi bỏ quy định The process of reducing or eliminating government regulations and restrictions in an industry to promote trade
Sự đóng container/Đóng gói hàng hóa trong
Containerisation
các container Use of standardized containers (usually made of steel) to transport goods efficiently across different modes of transportation (ship/ air/ ..)
Inter-modal transportation Vận tải liên phương thức Involves the use of multiple modes of transport to move goods from their origin to their destination
 VOCAB VIETNAMESE MEANING
Purchase of shares and long-term debt obligations from a foreign entity. Investors do not aim to take control of a corporation, they can
Foreign Portfolio Investment Đầu tư danh mục đầu tư nước ngoài
liquidate their investment at market value anytime.
Establishment of a plant/ distribution network abroad. Investors can acquire part/ all of the equity either to control or share control over sales,
Foreign Direct Investment Đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài
production, ..
Horizontal FDI Đầu tư trực tiếp ngang A firm duplicates its home country-based activities at the same value chain stage in a host country through FDI
A firm through FDi moves upstream (use new companies as inputs in the supply chain)/ downstream (new companies use firms as inputs in
Vertical FDI Đầu tư trực tiếp dọc
the supply chain) in different value chains, when firms perform value-adding activities stage by stage in a host country
Platform FDI Đầu tư trực tiếp nền tảng FDI from a source country into a destination country for the purpose of exporting to a third country
Resource seeking FDI Đầu tư trực tiếp tìm kiếm tài nguyên To access natural resources or raw materials
Market seeking FDI Đầu tư trực tiếp tìm kiếm thị trường To enter new markets and expand customer base
Efficiency seeking FDI Đầu tư trực tiếp tìm kiếm hiệu quả To enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs
Strategic asset/ capabilities seeking Đầu tư trực tiếp tìm kiếm tài sản/ khả năng
To acquire strategic assets or capabilities
FDI chiến lược
Strategic approach Cách tiếp cận chiến lược FDI decisions based on business strategies. MNC usually locates or creates market for it present and future products.
Know-how Bí quyết công nghệ Practical knowledge or skill, expertise, and experience in a certain sector
Cash flow Dòng tiền Total amount of cash that remains in the company after it has paid taxes and other cash expenses
Benefits (usually monetary nature) such as cash grants, tax credits, accelerated depreciation, low interest-bearing loans, which are
Investment incentives Khuyến khích đầu tư
sponsored by national or local authorities to attract foreign investment
Linear depreciation Khấu hao tuyến tính The asset's value is reduced by the same amount each year until it reaches its salvage value.
Accelerated depreciation Khấu hao nhanh An asset loses value more quickly in the earlier years of its useful life
Exclusive Distributor Nhà phân phối độc quyền Independent sales agent who is given the sole right to sell a foreign manufacturer's products
Multiple DIstributors Nhiều nhà phân phối A sale agent who represents more than onfe manufacturer
Royalty payments Phí bản quyền Payments made by a foreign manufacturer to a company that has licensed the manufacturer to produce its goods
Joint venture Liên doanh A subsidiary formed by 2/ more corportations (Two or more companies form a new entity)
Subsidiary Công ty con A business entity or corporation that is fully owned or partially controlled by another company, termed as the parent, or holding, company.
Franchising is a business model where a franchisor grants a franchisee the right to operate a business using the franchisor's brand,
Franchising Nhượng quyền thương mại
business model, and intellectual property. In exchange, the franchisee typically pays an initial fee and ongoing royalties.
Copyright Bản quyền Exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and display the work.
Registered Đã đăng ký Exclusive rights to use a design on products.
Trademark Nhãn hiệu Exclusive right to use a symbol, word, or design to identify goods/services.
Market entry refers to the strategies used by a company to introduce its products or services into a new geographical market or business
Market entry Gia nhập thị trường
environment.
Merge Sáp nhập Two companies combine to form a new entity
Acquisition Mua lại One company purchases another
Bond Trái phiếu A debt instrument issued to raise capital secured with collateral, where the issuer promises to pay back the principal along with interest.
A type of debt instrument, usually unsecured, issued by companies to raise capital, often relying on the company’s creditworthiness rather
Debenture Trái phiếu không đảm bảo
than specific assets.
Share Cổ phần A unit of ownership in a company, representing a claim on its profits and assets.
Assets employed Tài sản sử dụng Toal value of assets that a company uses to generate revenue
Rate of return Tỷ lệ hoàn vốn Often measured in terms of profits realized on assets employed
Non-viable project Dự án không khả thi Its ROR is lower than that of a comparable investment in the host country
Anti-trust legislation Luật chống độc quyền Prohibits corporations from dominating or monopolizing an industry
Government interference Can thiệp của chính phủ Prohibits corporations from dominating or monopolizing an industry
 VOCAB VIETNAMESE MEANING
Foreign exchange Ngoại hối Money/ currency of a foreign country
Mechanism through which foreign currencies are traded (not an actual marketplace but a system of telephone of telex
Foreign exchange market Thị trường ngoại hối
communications between banks, customers, and middlemen)
Gold standard Bản vị vàng A monetary system used in the 19th century whereby the value of currencies could be converted into gold at a country's central bank
Broker Môi giới People who trade on behalf of banks/ corporations
Central bank Ngân hàng trung ương A country's chief bank, government-owned. Regulates the comercial banks, holds gold and foreign currency reserves.
A system whereby central banks are required by international agreements to maintain their currency at a relatively fixed value.
Fixed exchange rate Tỷ giá hối đoái cố định
Achieved by buying the currency at its low point and selling when it reaches high point
A sytem in which currencies have no specific par value, which is normally determined by supply and demand. Central banks are not
Floating exchange rate Tỷ giá hối đoái thả nổi
required to intervene, but still avoid inflation.
Spot transaction Giao dịch giao ngay Currency bought/ sold today with delivery 2 business days later
Forward transaction Giao dịch kỳ hạn Buy/ sell currency in the future, with payment and delivery at that future date
Hedging Phòng ngừa rủi ro To offset a buy contract with a sell contract, vice versa, matching the amounts and time span exactly
Speculation Đầu cơ When dealers do not offset ... (left open)
Premium Phí bảo hiểm The additional amount it will cost to buy/ sell a currency at a given future date (relative to the spot price)
Discount Chiết khấu The lesser amount ..
Arbitrage Kinh doanh chênh lệch giá The transfer of funds from one currency to another to benefit from the differentials/ disparities
Long position Vị thế mua If they buy currency forward without selling forward at the same time.
Short position Vị thế bán If they sell currency forward without buying forward at the same time.
Long squeeze Siết vị thế mua Manipulate prices to do harm to long positions
Short squeeze Siết vị thế bán Manipulate prices to do harm to short positions
Spot price Giá giao ngay The current market price at which an asset, such as a commodity, currency, or security, can be bought or sold for immediate delivery.
Devaluation Phá giá A deliberate downward adjustment to the value of a country’s currency relative to another currency.
A specific exchange rate level at which a country's central bank intervenes in the foreign exchange market to stabilize or alter the
Intervention point Điểm can thiệp
value of its currency.
A system used in the European Economic Community (EEC) in the 1970s to manage exchange rate fluctuations by keeping member
Snake (system) Hệ thống rắn
currencies within narrow bands (a widening of the intervention points to within 2.25% of the par value) against each other.
Any active trade or investment that has not yet been closed with an opposing trade, representing exposure to market price
Open position Vị thế mở
movements.
Bid Giá mua The price a buyer is willing to pay for a security, asset, or service.
Offer Giá bán The price at which a seller is willing to sell a security, asset, or service; also known as the ask price.
The practice of capitalizing on the differences in interest rates between two or more markets by borrowing in a market with lower
Interest arbitrage Kinh doanh chênh lệch lãi suất
interest rates and investing in a market with higher interest rates.
The most recent price at which a security or commodity was traded, or the bid and offer prices provided by a market maker, usually
Quote Báo giá
commercial banks
Revalue Tăng giá An upward adjustment to the value of a country’s currency relative to another currency
Delivery Giao hàng The transfer of a commodity, currency, or security from the seller to the buyer, typically involving the settlement of a trade.
 VOCAB VIETNAMESE MEANING
A payment method where goods are shipped before payment is due.
Open account Tài khoản mở
=> Exporter chỉ chấp nhận phương thức này khi hai bên tin tưởng lẫn nhau. Mức độ risk cao nhất.
Revocable letter of credit Thư tín dụng có thể hủy ngang A letter of credit that can be changed or canceled by the issuing bank at any moment.
Irrevocable letter of credit Thư tín dụng không thể hủy ngang A letter of credit that can't be changed without consent of all parties.
Usance draft (time draft) Hối phiếu trả sau A bill of exchange payable at a future date.
A time draft accepted and guaranteed by a bank (bank's obligation to pay). Used to finance specified short-term,
Banker's acceptance Hối phiếu được ngân hàng chấp nhận
self-liquidating transaction.
A document used in international trade to certify that the goods being exported originated in a specific country.
Certificate of Origin Giấy chứng nhận xuất xứ hàng hóa
It's like a passport for your goods, declaring their "nationality."
A process where a bank collects payment on behalf of the seller. K yêu cầu đảm bảo như LC nên có risk cho seller, hai
Bills for collection Nhờ thu hối phiếu
bên phải tin tưởng nhau. => Gồm 2 loại là Clean và Documentary
Clean collection Nhờ thu trơn Payment by bill of exchange, payment without accompanying commercial documents.
Documentary collection Nhờ thu kèm chứng từ Payment by bill of exchange, payment with commercial documents as security. The documents are D/A and D/P.
Document against payment Chứng từ trả tiền ngay Documents are released only after payment.
Document against acceptance Chứng từ trả chấp nhận Documents are released when there is acceptance of a draft or B/E.
Advance payment Thanh toán trước Payment made before receiving goods or services. => Exporter không gặp phải risk.
Invoice Hóa đơn A document showing details of a transaction and amount owed.
A document issued by a carrier acknowledging receipt of goods for shipment, entitle the receiver to collect goods
Bill of lading Vận đơn
on arrival.
Document of title Chứng từ sở hữu A document that allows someone to claim ownership of goods.
A document issued by a bank guaranteeing payment to the seller.
Documentary credit (letter of credit) Thư tín dụng
=> Bank là bên đại diện của importer và bank đảm bảo trả tiền cho exporter.
Issuing bank Ngân hàng phát hành The bank that issues a letter of credit.
Bill of exchange Hối phiếu A document that order/require a person to pay a specific amount.
Remitting bank Ngân hàng chuyển chứng từ The bank that sends documents to the collecting bank.
Collecting bank Ngân hàng thu hộ The bank that collects payment from the buyer and pays it to seller
Confirming bank (advising bank) Ngân hàng xác nhận (ngân hàng thông báo) The bank that confirms the letter of credit and ensure payment when goods are shipped.
Collection Nhờ thu The process of collecting payment for goods or services/ Load of goods sent to a customer
Intermediary Trung gian A third party facilitating a transaction.
Maturity Đáo hạn The date when bill of exchange for payment is due.
Undertake Cam kết A formal promise to perform a specific action.
Intriplicates 3 bản gốc
Copies Bản sao
 NAME KEY TERMS STAKEHOLDERS ISSUER PROCESS NOTES
1. The seller usually prepares the goods for shipment, including packaging and labeling
Port of discharge/ destination: Buyer's country
them correctly. They then arrange for a carrier (like a shipping company or freight
Port of loading: Seller's country
forwarder) to pick up the goods.
Clean/Unclean: whether the carrier makes any
bad comments on the description of goods Consigner/ Shipper: Seller
2. Once the carrier receives the goods, they inspect them and issue a Bill of Lading Documents against Payment: buyer
Bill of lading Prepaid: freight-out is already paid by seller Consignee: Buyer Carrier
(BOL). pays first, then receives the documents
Collect: freight-out will be paid later by buyer
Shipping company/ forwarder and the goods
3. By remitting a full set of Bills of Lading through the banking system, the exporter
Shipped on board: goods have been collected
retains control over the goods. This means the importer cannot access the goods Documents against Acceptance: buyer
and on the way to the port of loading
until they fulfill the payment or acceptance terms. receives the documents and the goods first
1. Seller issues the B/E, then remits it along with other commercial documents (in the then pays later -> Risk for sellers that
case of documentary collection) to the Remitting Bank. buyers may dishonour an accepted bill
upon maturity.
Pay to the order of (negotiable)/ Pay to (non- 2. The Remitting Bank receives the documents and sends it to the Collecting Bank. The
negotiable) Beneficiary buyer's bank presents the documents to the buyer. The buyer has control over the release of
Bill of exchange/ Draft Drawer/ Issuer (Drawn under): Seller's Bank the shipping documents and can inspect
Seller them before paying. If the buyer does not
Drawee (Drawn to): Buyer's Bank Seller/ Remitting 3. The buyer can choose between two payment methods:
Remitting Bank: Seller's Bank pay, the seller might have to either ship the
belong to the Financial At sight: D/P (sight draft) Bank Sight Draft (D/P): The buyer pays immediately upon receiving the documents.
Collecting Bank: Buyer's Bank goods back to their country or find another
Document At 30 days' sight: D/A (time draft/ defferal) Time Draft (D/A): The buyer agrees to pay at a specified future date.
buyer.
4. Once the buyer makes the payment (either immediately or at the agreed-upon time),
the buyer's bank releases the shipping documents to the buyer.

5. The buyer uses the shipping documents to claim the goods from the carrier.
Document against Seller/ Exporter
Payment Buyer/ Importer Identified in the
Document against Remitting Bank & Collecting Bank: sales contract
Acceptance intermediaries
1. Buyer's bank issues the L/C at the buyer's application.

2. Buyer's bank sends L/C to the Advising Bank. The seller's bank authenticates the
L/C and notifies seller about the L/C.

3. Seller compare the L/C terms with the contract terms, then ships the goods to the buyer
as per the LC terms. The seller prepares the required commercial documents, such as the
Seller/ Exporter
Bill of Lading (BL), invoice, and packing list, thend sends to the Advising Bank. The Issuing Bank can only check the
Buyer/ Importer Buyer's Bank/
Letter of Credit documents on surface, if those are not
Issuing Bank & Advising Bank: Issuing Bank
4. The Advising Bank examines these documents against the details of the L/C and authentic, the bank is not responsible for
intermediaries
the International Chamber of commerce rules, then sends all the documents to the the possible consequences. Then, the
Issuing Bank. buyer and seller might have to deal with
each other on legal terms.
5. The Issuing Bank check compliance of the documents, if all the documents match
100% on surface (in order) with the criteria, the buyer's bank makes payments Irrevocable Confirming L/C: there is a 3rd
immediately. If not match, the bank notifies the buyer and waits for their authorization. party Confirming Bank to guarantee the
payment to seller.
Certificate of Origin
 VOCAB VIETNAMESE MEANING
Societal process by which individuals or groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, exchanging
Marketing Tiếp cận thị trường (tiếp thị)
products and services of value freely with others
Marketplace Mô hình thương mại truyền thống The marketplace is physical, such as offline store
Marketspace Mô hình thương mại điện tử The marketspace is digital, as when you shop on the Internet
Market research Nghiên cứu thị trường Collect, analyze, and report data relevant to a specific market situation, or use a questionnaire to carry out a survey
Needs Nhu cầu cơ bản Needs are the basic human requirements
Wants Mong muốn Needs become wants when they are directed to specific objects that might satisfy the need
Demands Nhu cầu sản phẩm cụ thể Demands are wants for specific products backed by an ability to pay
Market segmentation Phân khúc thị trường Divide a market into instinct group of buyers who have different requirements/ habits
Brand Thương hiệu A name, symbol or design that identify a product
Trademark Nhãn hiệu A name/ symbol that cannot be used by another producer
Reflects the sum of the perceived tangible and intangible benefits and costs to customers. A combination of quality, service,
Value Giá trị
and price "customer value triad"
Satisfaction Sự hài lòng Reflects a person's judgements of a products's perceived performance in relationship to expectations
Communication channels Kênh truyền thông Devliver and receive messages from target buyers: newspapers, magazines, radio, ..
Distribution channels Kênh phân phối Display, sell, or deliver the physical products/ service to customer: distributors, wholesalers, retailers, agents, ..
Carry out transactions with potential buyers: warehouse, transportation companies, banks, insurance companies that
Service channels Kênh dịch vụ
facilitate transactions
Launch a product Ra mắt sản phẩm Introduce a new product into the market
Market opportunities Cơ hội thị trường Possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods/ services
Packaging Bao bì Wrappers and containers in which main product is sold
Points of sale Điểm bán Places where goods are sold to the public
Product concept Mô tả về sản phẩm An idea for a new product, tested with target consumer before actually being developed
Product feature Tính năng sản phẩm Attributes or characteristics of a product: quality, price, reliability
Additional feature Tính năng bổ sung Extra/ Value-adding attributes ..
Sales representative Đại diện bán hàng Someone who contacts exisiting/ potential customers and persuade them to buy
Industrial goods Hàng hóa công nghiệp Components and equipment for producers of other goods
After-sale service Dịch vụ hậu mãi Support and services provided by a company to customers after they have purchased a product
Line-filling Lấp đầy/ Bổ sung dòng sản phẩm Adding more items to an existing product line to address any gaps in the market or to reach more customers.
Guarantees are promises made by a seller to a buyer that the product will perform as described or the buyer will be entitled to
Guarantees Bảo hành/ bảo đảm
a refund, replacement, or repair.
Credit terms define the conditions under which a seller will extend credit to a buyer, including the time period allowed for
Credit terms Điều khoản tín dụng
payment and any discounts for early payment.
A strategy aimed at increasing the market share of an existing product through tactics such as price reductions, increased
Market penetration Thâm nhập thị trường
advertising, or promotions.
List-price Giá niêm yết The manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) or the initial selling price of a product before any discounts or promotions.
A company sets a high initial price for a new product to maximize profits from the early adopters before gradually
Market skimming Chiến lược giá hớt váng
lowering the price
Payment period Thời gian thanh toán The payment period is the timeframe within which a buyer must pay for goods or services received on credit.
Acompany sets its product prices based on the prices of competitors in the market, rather than on its own cost structure
Going-rate Phương pháp định giá theo mức giá hiện hành
or demand.
Định giá khuếch trương thanh thế/ Chiến lược định Setting a high price for a product to create an image of high quality and exclusivity, appealing to status-conscious
Prestige pricing
giá cao cấp/ uy tín consumers.
Public relations Quan hệ công chúng Managing the spread of information between an organization and the public to build a positive image
Market coverage Bao phủ thị trường How a company chooses to distribute its products, ranging from intensive (widely available) to exclusive (limited outlets)
Inventory Hàng tồn kho All the goods and materials a business holds for the purpose of resale, production, or utilization in its operations.
 Retailing Bán lẻ Selling goods or services directly to the end consumers through various sales
Sales technique involving direct interaction between a sales representative and a potential customer to persuade them to
Personal selling Bán hàng cá nhân
purchase a product or service
Conversional marketing Tiếp thị chuyển đổi Reversing negative demand. Find out why people dislike the prodct, and redesign it, lower price with more promotions
Stimulational marketing Tiếp thị kích cầu Marketing when there is no demand
Develop a product for which there is clearly talent demand. Measure the size of potential market and develop the goods that
Developmental marketing Tiếp thị phát triển thị trường
can satisfy it.
Remarketing Tiếp thị lại Revitalizing falling demand. Find new target, change product features, develop more efficient communication.
Synchromarketing Tiếp thị đồng bộ Alter the time patterns of irregular demand (alter through flexible pricing, promotion, incentives)
Maintenance marketing Tiếp thị bảo trì Retain a current (full) level of demand. Keep up/ improve quality and continually meausre consumer satisfaction
Attempt by governments (rather than businesses) to reduce overfull demand, permanently or temporarily. Raise price, reduce
Demarketing Tiếp thị giảm cầu
promotion and service
Countermarketing Tiếp thị phản cạnh tranh Attempt to destroy unwholesome demand for products that are considered undesirable
Advertising budgets Ngân sách quảng cáo Allocated funds that a company plans to spend on promotional activities and campaigns to market its products
Early adopters are the first group of customers who are willing to try new products or technologies before the majority of the
Early adopters Nhóm khách hàng thích nghi nhanh
population.
Saturation in a market occurs when a product has been maximized in terms of sales and market penetration, leading to a
Saturation Bão hòa
slowdown in growth
Boston matrix A strategic tool used to evaluate a company’s product portfolio based on market growth rate and market share