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components hyd, pneu 2

The document outlines the basic components and functions of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, highlighting the roles of actuators, pumps, valves, and reservoirs in energy transmission. It also discusses electrical drives, including DC and AC motors, and introduces stepper motors and their types. Additionally, it compares hydraulic and pneumatic systems to electrical systems in terms of their components and operations.

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tohebax556
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23 views4 pages

components hyd, pneu 2

The document outlines the basic components and functions of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, highlighting the roles of actuators, pumps, valves, and reservoirs in energy transmission. It also discusses electrical drives, including DC and AC motors, and introduces stepper motors and their types. Additionally, it compares hydraulic and pneumatic systems to electrical systems in terms of their components and operations.

Uploaded by

tohebax556
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-II

Pre-requisite:

 To study the basic power sources and sensors.


OUTCOMES:
 Analyze the function of power drives and sensors in the robot.
 To relate and classify the electrical machines, special purpose motors and its applications.

Basic Components of a Hydraulic System


Hydraulic systems are power-transmitting assemblies employing pressurized liquid as a fluid for
transmitting energy from an energy-generating source to an energy-using point to accomplish useful work.
simple circuit of a hydraulic system with basic components.

Functions of the components


1. The hydraulic actuator is a device used to convert the fluid power into mechanical power to do useful
work. The actuator may be of the linear type (e.g., hydraulic cylinder) or rotary type(e.g., hydraulic motor)
to provide linear or rotary motion, respectively.
2. The hydraulic pump is used to force the fluid from the reservoir to rest of the hydraulic circuit by
converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
3. Valves are used to control the direction, pressure and flow rate of a fluid flowing through the circuit.
4. External power supply (motor) is required to drive the pump.
5. Reservoir is used to hold the hydraulic liquid, usually hydraulic oil.
6. Piping system carries the hydraulic oil from one place to another.
7. Filters are used to remove any foreign particles so as keep the fluid system clean and efficient, as well as
avoid damage to the actuator and valves.
8. Pressure regulator regulates (i.e., maintains) the required level of pressure in the hydraulic fluid.
The piping is of closed-loop type with fluid transferred from the storage tank to one side of the piston and
returned back from the other side of the piston to the tank. Fluid is drawn from the tank by a pump that
produces fluid flow at the required level of pressure. If the fluid pressure exceeds the required level, then
the excess fluid returns back to the reservoir and remains there until the pressure acquires the required level.
Cylinder movement is controlled by a three-position change over a control valve.
1. When the piston of the valve is changed to upper position, the pipe pressure line is connected to port A
and thus the load is raised.
2. When the position of the valve is changed to lower position, the pipe pressure line is connected to port
B and thus the load is lowered.
3. When the valve is at center position, it locks the fluid into the cylinder(thereby holding it in position) and
dead-ends the fluid line (causing all the pump output fluid to return to tank via the pressure relief).
In industry, a machine designer conveys the design of hydraulic systems using a circuit diagram. the
components of the hydraulic system using symbols. The working fluid, which is the hydraulic oil, is stored
in a reservoir. When the electric motor is switched ON, it runs a positive displacement pump that draws
hydraulic oil through a filter and delivers at high pressure. The pressurized oil passes through the regulating
valve and does work on actuator. Oil from the other end of the actuator goes back to the tank via return
line. To and fro motion of the cylinder is controlled using directional control valve.
The hydraulic system discussed above can be broken down into four main divisions that are analogous to
the four main divisions in an electrical system.
1. The power device parallels the electrical generating station.
2. The control valves parallel the switches, resistors, timers, pressure switches, relays, etc.
3. The lines in which the fluid power flows parallel the electrical lines.
4. The fluid power motor (whether it is a rotating or a non rotating cylinder or a fluid power motor) parallels
the solenoids and electrical motors.
Basic Components of a Pneumatic System
A pneumatic system carries power by employing compressed gas, generally air, as a fluid for transmitting
energy from an energy-generating source to an energy-using point to accomplish useful work. simple circuit
of a pneumatic system with basic components.

1. The pneumatic actuator converts the fluid power into mechanical power to perform useful work.
2. The compressor is used to compress the fresh air drawn from the atmosphere.
3. The storage reservoir is used to store a given volume of compressed air.
4. The valves are used to control the direction, flow rate and pressure of compressed air.
5. External power supply (motor) is used to drive the compressor.
6. The piping system carries the pressurized air from one location to another.
Air is drawn from the atmosphere through an air filter and raised to required pressure by an air compressor.
As the pressure rises, the temperature also rises; hence, an air cooler is provided to cool the air with some
preliminary treatment to remove the moisture. The treated pressurized air then needs to get stored to
maintain the pressure. With the storage reservoir, a pressure switch is fitted to start and stop the electric
motor when pressure falls and reaches the required level, respectively.
The three-position change over the valve delivering air to the cylinder operates in a way similar to its
hydraulic circuit.
Electrical drives

These are direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) servo motors. They are small in size and are easy
to control.

Electric drives are mostly used in position and speed control systems. The motors can be classified into two
groups namely DC motors and AC motors (Fig. 4.1.3). In this session we shall study the operation,
construction, advantages and limitations of DC and AC motors.

Stepper motor

A stepper motor is a pulse-driven motor that changes the angular position of the rotor in steps. Due to this
nature of a stepper motor, it is widely used in low cost, open loop position control systems.
Types of stepper motors:
• Permanent Magnet- Employ permanent magnet , Low speed, relatively high torque
• Variable Reluctance- Does not have permanent magnet, Low torque

Variable Reluctance Motor


the construction of Variable Reluctance motor. The cylindrical rotor is made of soft steel and has four poles
as shown in Fig.4.2.1. It has four rotor teeth, 90⁰ apart and six stator poles, 60⁰ apart. Electromagnetic field
is produced by activating the stator coils in sequence. It attracts the metal rotor. When the windings are
energized in a reoccurring sequence of 2, 3, 1, and so on, the motor will rotate in a 30⁰ step angle. In the
non-energized condition, there is no magnetic flux in the air gap, as the stator is an electromagnet and the
rotor is a piece of soft iron; hence, there is no detent torque. This type of stepper motor is called a variable
reluctance stepper.

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