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Transfer function+Bode Rule+Miller's Theorem

The document outlines the course structure for Analog Electronics-II (EC-210), detailing course outcomes, syllabus, and evaluation schemes. Key topics include frequency response analysis, feedback circuits, amplifier design, and the fabrication process of devices. It also lists recommended textbooks and provides examples related to transfer functions and Bode plots.

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aditkumar2320
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11 views40 pages

Transfer function+Bode Rule+Miller's Theorem

The document outlines the course structure for Analog Electronics-II (EC-210), detailing course outcomes, syllabus, and evaluation schemes. Key topics include frequency response analysis, feedback circuits, amplifier design, and the fabrication process of devices. It also lists recommended textbooks and provides examples related to transfer functions and Bode plots.

Uploaded by

aditkumar2320
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Electronics-II (EC-210)

th
(4 semester)

Sumit Khandelwal,
Assistant Professor, ECE
Course outcomes
CO1: Identify the high frequency limitations of BJTs and MOSFETs and determine
frequency response of single and multistage amplifiers.
CO2: Explain the concept of and analyze the performance of negative feedback
circuits.
CO3: Describe the concept of positive feedback and criterion for oscillations,
analyses and design different BJT oscillators and Crystal oscillator.
CO4: Differentiate between the voltage, current and power amplifier and design the
power amplifiers for required applications.
CO5: Describe the fabrication process of devices
CO6: Design, construct and take measurement of various analog circuits and compare
experimental results in the laboratory with theoretical analysis.
Syllabus
Books
S. No Name of Books/Authors/Publisher
1 Microelectronics circuits by Sedra and Smith; Oxford university press, 1982, 5th edition
2 Fundamentals of Microelectronics circuits by B. Razavi, 2012, 3rd edition
3 Microelectronics by Millman and Grabel; Tata McGraw Hill, 1987, 2nd edition
4 Electronic Devices and Circuits by B Kumar and Shail Bala Jain, PHI, 2007, 2nd edition
5 Microelectronics circuits by Rashid, PWS Publishing Company, 2000, 2nd edition
Evaluation scheme
Unit-1
Syllabus

Frequency Response:
➢ s-Domain analysis: Poles, Zeros, and
➢ Bode plots,
➢ the amplifier transfer function,
➢ Low-frequency/ high-frequency response of:
common-source/common emitter amplifiers,
common base/ common-gate amplifier,
➢ frequency-response of emitter and source follower.
Frequency response
Frequency response of a circuit is the response of the circuit at different
frequencies of input signal
Frequency response
Example 1:

Determine:
1. Transfer function of the system
2. Poles and zeros of the system
3. Order and type of the system
4. Frequency response of the system
5. Determine the bandwidth
Frequency response
1. Transfer function of the system

2. Poles and zeros of the system

3. Order and type of the system


Frequency response
4. Frequency response of the system

5. Bandwidth:
Frequency response
Example 2:

Determine:
1. Transfer function of the system
2. Poles and zeros of the system
3. Order and type of the system
4. Frequency response of the system
5. Determine the bandwidth
Frequency response
Example 2:

Determine:
1. Transfer function of the system
2. Poles and zeros of the system
3. Order and type of the system
4. Frequency response of the system
5. Determine the bandwidth
Relationship Between Transfer Function and Frequency Response

The transfer function of a circuit can be written as

Where, 𝐴0 denotes the low frequency gain because H(s)→A0 as s→0.


The frequencies 𝝎𝒑𝒋 and 𝝎𝒛𝒋 represent the poles and zeros of the
transfer function, respectively.

𝐻(𝑗𝜔)is obtained by making the substitution s = 𝑗𝜔.


∣H(jω)∣ v/s ω → Magnitude response
∠H(jω) v/s ω → Phase response
Frequency response
Example 3:

Determine the transfer function and frequency response of the CS stage.


Frequency response
Step 1: Draw small-signal model of the circuit

Step 2: Determine transfer function of the given circuit


Frequency response
Step 3: Draw frequency response
Bode Plot
• Frequency response of a system can be done manually by solving equations for
magnitude and phase across a range of frequencies.
• However, the task of obtaining |𝐻 𝑗𝜔 | from H(s) and plotting the result is
somewhat tedious. For this reason, we often utilize Bode’s rules (approximations)
to construct |𝐻 𝑗𝜔 | rapidly.
Bode’s rules for |𝑯 𝒋𝝎 | are as follows:
• As 𝝎 passes each pole frequency, the slope of |𝑯 𝒋𝝎 | decreases by 20 dB/dec; (A
slope of 20 dB/dec simply means a tenfold change in H for a tenfold increase in
frequency.)
• As 𝝎 passes each zero frequency, the slope of |𝑯 𝒋𝝎 | increases by 20 dB/dec.
Bode Plot
Question: Construct the Bode plot of |𝑯 𝒋𝝎 | for the CS stage
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒔
𝑯 𝒔 =
𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Bode Plot
Answer:
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒔
𝑯 𝒔 =
𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Rewriting in time constant form:


𝟎. 𝟏𝒔
𝑯 𝒔 = 𝒔 𝒔
𝟏+( ) 𝟏+( )
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
There are two pole frequency
𝝎𝒑𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔, 𝝎𝒑𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
• A zero at s=0, introducing a slope of
+20 dB/decade
• A pole at 𝑠=−10, introducing a slope of
−20 dB/decade after ω=10 rad/s
• A pole at 𝑠=−100, introducing a slope of
−20 dB/decade after ω=100rad/s.
Gain and phase crossover frequency
Gain and Phase Margin
Bode Plot
Question: Construct the Bode plot of |𝑯 𝒋𝝎 | for the CS stage
Bode Plot

Thus, Pole frequency,

The magnitude thus begins at 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐷 at low frequencies and remains


flat up to 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑝1
At this point, the slope changes from zero to -20 dB/dec.
Bode Plot

Thus, Pole frequency,

The magnitude thus begins at 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐷 at low frequencies and remains


flat up to 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑝1
At this point, the slope changes from zero to -20 dB/dec.
Association of Poles with Nodes
if node j in the signal path exhibits a small-signal resistance
of Rj to ground and a capacitance of Cj to ground, then it
contributes a pole of magnitude 1/(RjCj) to the transfer
function.
Association of Poles with Nodes
Determine the poles of the circuit shown in Fig.
Association of Poles with Nodes
Determine the poles of the circuit shown in Fig.
Association of Poles with Nodes
Determine the poles of the circuit shown in Fig.
Association of Poles with Nodes
Determine the poles of the circuit shown in Fig.

Solution: There are two capacitors in the circuit, it will introduce two
pole corner frequency in the transfer function

Effect of 𝑪𝒊𝒏 :
With Vin = 0, the small-signal resistance seen at the source of
1
M1 is given by 𝑅𝑠 // , yielding a pole corner frequency at
𝑔𝑚

Effect of 𝑪𝑳 :
1
The output pole frequency is given by 𝜔𝑝2 =
𝑅 𝐷 𝐶𝐿
Miller’s Theorem
• This circuit consists of floating capacitor
• An approximation given by “Miller’s Theorem”
can simplify the task in these cases.

Miller’s theorem: If an impedance 𝑍𝑓 connects


two nodes in a circuit, the impedance 𝑍𝑓 can be
replaced by two separate grounded impedances,
𝑍1 and 𝑍2 , connected to the respective nodes,
while ensuring all of the currents and voltages in
the circuit remain unchanged
Miller’s Theorem
• To determine Z1 and Z2, we make two
observations:
(1) the current drawn by 𝑍𝐹 from node 1 in Fig.(a)
must be equal to that drawn by Z1 in Fig.(b);
(2) The current injected to node 2 in Fig. (a) must
Fig. (a)
be equal to that injected by Z2 in Fig.(b)

Thus,

Fig. (b)
Miller’s Theorem

Fig. (a)

• It suggests that the floating impedance is reduced by a factor of


(𝟏 − 𝑨𝒗) when “seen” at node 1, and increased by factor of (𝟏 −
𝟏
) when “seen” at node 2.
𝑨𝒗 Fig. (b)
Miller’s Theorem
• Numerical: Let us assume 𝑍𝐹 is a single capacitor, 𝐶𝐹 , tied between the input and
output of an inverting amplifier. Use Miller’s Theorem and replace floating
capacitor into two grounded capacitors. Let gain of amplifier is −𝐴0
Miller’s Theorem
• Solution:

• Thus, 𝑍1 𝑖𝑠 a capacitor of value 1 + 𝐴0 𝐶𝐹

• This, it raises the input capacitance by an amount equal to 1 + 𝐴0 𝐶𝐹 .We say


such a circuit suffers from “Miller multiplication” of the capacitor
Miller’s Theorem
• Solution:
Miller’s Theorem
Determine the poles of the circuit shown in Fig.
Miller’s Theorem
Solution:
• Noting that 𝑀1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝐷 constitute an inverting
amplifier having a gain of −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐷
Miller’s Theorem
Solution:
Effect of 𝑪𝒊𝒏 :
With 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0, small resistance seen at input node is
𝑅𝑠 . Thus, input pole corner frequency

Effect of 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒕 :
Typical frequency response of an amplifier

• We call 𝜔𝐿 as the lower corner or lower “cut-off” frequency and 𝜔𝐻 the upper corner or
upper cut-off frequency.
• Chosen to accommodate the signal frequencies of interest, the band between 𝜔𝐿 and
𝜔𝐻 is called the “midband range” and the corresponding gain the “midband gain.”

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