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Biological Molecules

Biological molecules are organic compounds primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. They are classified into monomers and polymers, with carbohydrates serving as energy sources and proteins being essential for various cellular functions. The document also discusses the structure and tests for these biological molecules.

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11 views38 pages

Biological Molecules

Biological molecules are organic compounds primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. They are classified into monomers and polymers, with carbohydrates serving as energy sources and proteins being essential for various cellular functions. The document also discusses the structure and tests for these biological molecules.

Uploaded by

alina.amyns
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE

CONTENTS:
• WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES?
• CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES.
• COMPONENTS OF CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS , LIPID
AND NUCLEIC ACIDS.
• FOOD TESTS FOR BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES.
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES:

• Biological molecules are organic molecules made by living organisms


consist mainly of carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Sulphur etc.
• These macromolecules include Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats and Nucleic
acids.
• MONOMER AND POLYMER: A monomer is a single atom, small
molecule, or molecular fragment that, when bonded together with
identical and similar types of monomers, form a larger, macromolecule
known as a polymer.
• MACROMOLECULE: A very large molecule that contains thousands of
atoms or more. E.g Carbohydrates, Protein, fats etc.
• Polymer: ↑ A large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many
repeating units called monomers . E.g sucrose, cellulose etc
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES:
• Biological molecules include CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEIN,
FATS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS.
WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES?

• Carbohydrates are the hydrates of carbon.


• They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
• Carbohydrate molecules contain C,H,O.
• Their general formula is: (CH2O)n .
• They are the source of energy to our bodies.
• Made up of smaller molecules e.g Glucose and Fructose called simple
Sugars Or Monosaccharides.
• Two sugars bonded together are called Disaccharides. e.g maltose,
lactose and galactose.
• Many sugars bonded together called Polysaccharides e.g starch,
cellulose, glycogen, chitin etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES?
MONOSACCHARIDES:
• Monosaccharides are simple sugar consist only of one unit.
• Highly soluble in water.
• Crystalline solid.
• Most sweet taste.
• Cannot be hydrolyzed into simple sugars.
• They serve as a building blocks for more complex carbohydrates form.
• EXAMPLE: Glucose, galactose, fructose etc.
• Catagorized by the number of carbon (typically 3-8) and whether an
aldehyde and ketone.
OPEN CHAIN AND CYCLIC STRUCTURE OF
MONOSACCHARIDES:
Alpha and Beta
Glucose:
GLYCOGEN:
LARGE MOLECULES ARE MADE FROM SMALLER
MOLECULES. (Anabolism)
• Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose from Glucose:
• STARCH:
• Storage form in plants.
• Contain α- glucose(1-4 and 1-6)glycosidic bonding.
• GLYCOGEN:
• Similar to amylopectin but storage form in animals.
• Contain α-glucose( 1-4 and 1-6) glycosidic bonding.
• Cellulose:
• Main constituents of plant cell wall
• Contain beta( 1-4 glycosidic bond).
IODINE SOLUTION TEST FOR STARCH:
BENEDICT’S SOLUTION TEST FOR REDUCING
SUGARS:
WHAT ARE PROTEINS?
• Protein molecules contain elements C,H,O,N,S,P.
• Proteins are made up of smaller molecules called Amino acids.
• Two amino acids are bonded together called Dipeptides.
• Many amino acids are bonded together called Polypeptide.
• Proteins are constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids.
• Some proteins speed up chemical reactions.
• Protein make up more then 50% of dry mass of the cell.
• Proteins are needed to make enzymes, haemoglobin, muscle fibers, hair
and nails (keratin), cell membrane of cells.
• Act as a source of energy during starvation.
Structure of Amino acids and Peptide Bonds:
BIURET TEST FOR PROTEINS:
WHAT ARE FATS/ LIPIDS OR OILS?
• Fat molecules contain elements C,H,O.
• Each fat molecule contain one Glycerol and three Fatty acids.
• Glycerol is a three Carbon alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached
with each carbon.
• A fatty acids consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon
skeleton.
• They make easter linkages.
• Fats are needed to:
• Make cell membrane of cells.
• Good energy storage.
• Act as a heat insulator under the skin.
• Protect some organs.
STRUCTURE OF LIPIDS/FATS:
ETHANOL EMULSION TEST FOR FATS AND OIL:
STRUCTURE OF DNA MOLECULES:
• DNA is an acronym of Deoxyribonucleic acids.
• DNA molecule look like twisted ladder with two long strands parallel to one
another with bases in between called Double helix.
• There are four type of bases.
• A adenine always pair with T thymine , G guanine always pair with C cytosine.
• DNA is a made up of monomer called nucleotide.
• Hydrogen bonding is present between bases.
• A nucleotide consist of:
• a phosphate group
• Nitrogen containing base
• Deoxyribose sugar
• In 1953, Watson and Crick postulated a three dimensional model of DNA.
• DNA is found in chromososme, mitochondria and chloroplast.
• It carries genetic information.

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