Computer Programming Learning Material - Reviewer

1. Introduction to Computers

• Computer: An electronic device that processes data based on stored instructions.

• Functions: Input, processing, storage, output, control.

2. Computer Components

• Hardware: Physical components (CPU, RAM, storage, input/output devices).

• Software: Programs that control hardware and execute tasks.

3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.

• Parts of CPU:
o ALU: Performs arithmetic & logic operations.
o CU: Directs operations and data flow.
o Registers: Fast storage for immediate execution.

4. Memory & Storage

• Primary Memory (RAM & ROM): Temporary and permanent storage.

• Secondary Storage: Hard drives, flash drives, optical discs.

5. Input & Output Devices

• Input Devices: Convert user input to digital signals (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner).
• Output Devices: Display processed results (Monitor, Printer, Speakers).

6. Software Types

• System Software: Manages hardware & system operations (OS, utilities).

• Application Software: Performs user-specific tasks (Word processors, Browsers).
7. Computer Measurement Units

• Storage Units: Bit → Byte → KB → MB → GB → TB.

• Speed Units: Measured in Hertz (Hz, MHz, GHz).

8. Computer Classifications

• Personal Computer (PC), Workstation, Minicomputer, Mainframe,

Supercomputer.
• Mobile Devices: Laptops, Netbooks, Tablets, Smartphones.

9. Data, Information, Knowledge

• Data: Raw facts.

• Information: Processed data with meaning.
• Knowledge: Application of information.

10. Characteristics of Computers

• Speed, Accuracy, Diligence, Storage Capacity, Versatility.

11. Computer Viruses

• Types:
o Viruses: Attach to programs & replicate.
o Worms: Spread through networks.
o Trojan Horses: Appear harmless but cause damage.
• Prevention: Use antivirus, avoid suspicious downloads, update software regularly.
Microsoft Excel 101 - Reviewer

1. Introduction to Microsoft Excel

• Microsoft Excel: A spreadsheet program used for recording and analyzing

numerical & statistical data.
• Features: Calculations, pivot tables, charts, macro programming, etc.
• Cell Structure: Columns (letters) & Rows (numbers) intersect to form cells (e.g.,
A1, B2).

2. Importance of Learning Excel

• Helps in organizing, analyzing, and managing data effectively (e.g., budgeting,

reports).
• Widely used in businesses, finance, and research.

3. Accessing Microsoft Excel

• Windows: Start Menu → Microsoft Excel

• Shortcut: Search "Excel" on the start menu or use a desktop shortcut.

4. Understanding the Ribbon

• Ribbon: Provides shortcuts to commonly used commands.

• Components:
o Start Button: Access new, save, print options.
o Tabs: Groups related commands (e.g., Home, Insert, Formulas).
o Bars: Organizes commands (e.g., Alignment bar for text formatting).

5. Excel Worksheet & Workbook

• Worksheet: A single spreadsheet with rows & columns.

• Workbook: A collection of multiple worksheets.
• Sheets: Default names (Sheet1, Sheet2) can be renamed for clarity (e.g., "Budget
2024").
6. Important Excel Shortcuts

• Ctrl + P → Print
• Ctrl + N → New Workbook
• Ctrl + S → Save
• Ctrl + C / Ctrl + V → Copy & Paste
• Shift + F3 → Function Insert Dialog
• Shift + F11 → New Worksheet
• F2 → Edit Formula

7. Best Practices in Excel

1. Save with Compatibility: Use .xls for older Excel versions.

2. Use Descriptive Names: Label columns & sheets clearly.
3. Avoid Complex Formulas: Break down long formulas into smaller parts.
4. Utilize Built-in Functions: Instead of manual calculations, use SUM, AVERAGE, IF
functions.

8. Summary

• Excel is a powerful tool for data management.

• The Ribbon provides quick access to essential commands.
• Worksheets & Workbooks store and organize data efficiently.
• Shortcuts improve productivity.
• Best practices ensure ease of use and compatibility.
Microsoft Excel Arithmetic Operations - Reviewer

1. Performing Arithmetic Operations in Excel

• Excel allows Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), and Division (/) using
formulas.
• Formulas always start with an equal sign (=).
Operation Operator Example Formula Result
Addition + =C2+D2 Sum of C2 & D2
Subtraction - =C3-D3 Difference of C3 & D3
Division / =C4/D4 Quotient of C4 & D4
Multiplication * =C5*D5 Product of C5 & D5

2. Formatting Data in Excel

• Enhances readability & presentation.

• Steps to Format Data:
o Bold Column Names: Select cells → Click Bold (B).
o Align Data: Highlight cells → Click Align Left.
o Apply Borders: Select cells → Use All Borders from the Font menu.

3. Print Setup & Print Preview

• Setting Print Area: Select the part of the worksheet you want to print.
• Shortcut for Print Preview: Ctrl + P → View and adjust settings before printing.
• Page Layout Options: Adjust orientation, size, and margins before printing.

4. Summary

• Excel formulas simplify arithmetic calculations.

• Formatting tools make data clear and organized.
• Print setup & preview ensure proper page layout before printing.
HTML Introduction - Reviewer

1. What is HTML?

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web
pages.
• Key Features:
o Defines the structure of a webpage.
o Consists of elements that describe how content is displayed.
o Uses tags (e.g., <h1>, <p>, <a>) to format content.

2. Basic HTML Document Structure

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

• Explanation:
o <!DOCTYPE html> → Defines the document as HTML5.
o <html> → Root element.
o <head> → Contains metadata (e.g., <title> for page title).
o <body> → Contains visible webpage content.
o <h1> → Heading tag.
o <p> → Paragraph tag.

3. HTML Elements & Tags

• Elements: Defined by start tag, content, and end tag.

o Example: <h1>My First Heading</h1>
• Empty Elements: Do not require an end tag (e.g., <br> for line break).
4. Web Browsers & HTML

• Browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) interpret HTML tags to display content.
• Example: <h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>

5. HTML Page Structure Overview

<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Heading</h1>
<p>Paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

• Content inside <body> is displayed on the webpage.

• Content inside <title> appears in the browser tab.

6. History of HTML Versions

Year Version
1991 HTML invented by Tim Berners-Lee
1995 HTML 2.0
1997 HTML 3.2
1999 HTML 4.01
2000 XHTML 1.0
2008 HTML5 Draft
2014 HTML5 Recommendation
2017 HTML5.2 Recommendation

7. Summary

• HTML is the foundation of web pages.

• HTML uses tags to define structure and display content.
• Web browsers interpret HTML to render pages.
 • HTML has evolved through various versions, with HTML5 being the latest standard.

HTML Basics - Reviewer

1. HTML Document Structure

• Every HTML document starts with a document type declaration (<!DOCTYPE

html>).
• Basic structure: <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

• Key sections:
o <html> → Root element.
o <body> → Contains all visible content.

2. The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

• Specifies the HTML version used in the document.

• Must be at the top of the page.
• Example for HTML5: <!DOCTYPE html>

3. HTML Headings

• Defined using <h1> to <h6> tags.

• <h1> → Most important heading, <h6> → Least important.
• Example: <h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>

4. HTML Paragraphs

• Defined using the <p> tag.

 • Example: <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

5. HTML Links

• Defined using the <a> tag.

• The href attribute specifies the destination URL.
• Example: <a href="https://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

6. HTML Images

• Defined using the <img> tag.

• Attributes:
o src → Image file location.
o alt → Alternative text for accessibility.
o width and height → Image size.
• Example: <img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104"
height="142">

7. Viewing HTML Source Code

• To see a webpage’s HTML code:

o Right-click → "View Page Source" (Chrome, Edge).
• To inspect specific elements:
o Right-click → "Inspect" to view/edit HTML & CSS.

8. Summary

• HTML uses tags to structure web pages.

• Headings, paragraphs, links, and images are common elements.
• <!DOCTYPE> declaration ensures browser compatibility.
• Webpage source code can be viewed & modified in browsers.
CSS Basics - Reviewer

1. What is CSS?

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and format web pages.
• Controls: Colors, fonts, spacing, layout, backgrounds, and responsiveness.
• Cascading Effect: Styles applied to a parent element also affect child elements
unless overridden.

2. Ways to Add CSS to HTML

1. Inline CSS (for single elements)

html
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<h1 style="color:blue;">A Blue Heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">A Red Paragraph</p>

2. Internal CSS (for a single HTML page)

html
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<style>
body { background-color: powderblue; }
h1 { color: blue; }
p { color: red; }
</style>

3. External CSS (for multiple pages)

a. In HTML File
html
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

b. In styles.css File
css
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body { background-color: powderblue; }
h1 { color: blue; }
p { color: red; }
3. CSS Colors, Fonts, and Sizes

• Color: color: blue; (sets text color).

• Font Family: font-family: Verdana; (sets font style).
• Font Size: font-size: 20px; (sets text size).
• Example:
css
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h1 {
color: blue;
font-family: Verdana;
font-size: 300%;
}
p {
color: red;
font-family: Courier;
font-size: 160%;
}

4. CSS Box Model (Border, Padding, Margin)

• Border: Defines a border around an element.

css
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p { border: 2px solid powderblue; }

• Padding: Space between content and border.

css
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p { padding: 30px; }

• Margin: Space outside the border.

css
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p { margin: 50px; }
5. Linking External CSS

• Full URL:
html
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.example.com/styles.css">

• Relative Path (Same Folder):

html
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

6. Summary

• Inline CSS: Directly in an HTML element (style attribute).

• Internal CSS: Inside <style> in the <head> section.
• External CSS: Uses a .css file for multiple pages.
• Box Model: border, padding, and margin for spacing & layout.
PROGRAM-DEVELOPMENT-LIFE-CYCLE.pdf
PDF
THIS ALSO

Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC) - Reviewer

1. What is PDLC?

• Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC) is the process of developing a

successful software program.
• Five Steps of PDLC:
o Analysis
o Design
o Implementation (Coding)
o Testing (Debugging)
o Maintenance

2. Steps in PDLC

Step 1: Analysis

• Objective: Identify program requirements (inputs, process, and output).

• Example: Calculating BMI
o Input: Weight, Height
o Process: BMI = weight / (height^2)
o Output: BMI Value

Step 2: Design

• Goal: Create a structured solution using algorithms (pseudocode & flowcharts).

• Types of Control Structures:
o Sequence – Executes in order.
o Selection (Decision) – Uses conditions (if-else).
o Iteration (Looping) – Repeats until a condition is met (while, for).
• Example Pseudocode (BMI Calculation):
plaintext
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BEGIN
DECLARE double bmi, weight, height
READ weight, height
CALCULATE bmi = weight / (height^2)
DISPLAY bmi
END

Step 3: Implementation (Coding)

• Translating Pseudocode & Flowcharts into a Programming Language.

• Programming Languages: C, C++, Java, Python, etc.
• Syntax: The set of rules that a programming language follows.
• Compilation: Source code is translated into machine code using a compiler or
interpreter.

Step 4: Testing & Debugging

• Goal: Identify and fix errors (bugs) in the program.

• Types of Errors:
o Syntax Errors – Incorrect language structure.
o Logical Errors – Incorrect calculations or logic.
o Runtime Errors – Program crashes due to unexpected input.
• Debugging: The process of finding and fixing errors before finalizing the program.

Step 5: Maintenance

• Ensures the program remains useful over time.

• Includes: Bug fixes, updates, platform migration, feature improvements.
• Costly but essential for long-term functionality.
3. Summary

• PDLC ensures systematic software development.

• Analysis → Design → Implementation → Testing → Maintenance.
• Algorithms (pseudocode & flowcharts) guide coding.
• Debugging ensures error-free execution.
• Maintenance keeps software functional & up-to-date.