what is a Micnopnoccasn ?

Mhee the data pnocestng bgle and tontnol i incuded

Jingle uintegrated einuit (Ie) vn a smal numben
1Cs . Jhe micnopnoces ton Contairuthe anithrti
to
and
lege, contrel cnitry tequined
kunctons a Computeri tentral praculiny unit (CPu).
Jhe IC u tapable o intonpne ing and er eaity ynge
istutions and anithmetic openations.
Jhe micaopnocA)DN 4 a muthinpose, clock- diven
nigistet- baud, digital integnael cineuit that axpt binany
data a input, procasy it atconding to instuctions gtord
in ib memony and ftovtdu puulu (aho in binay fonro ) as
Dutput. Micnopracessoh4 tontain both Combinutional logic and
4eq uen tial digital logie, and operte on nunbes ond ynbel
binay numben Jystens
 tvolution D{ Micxopnacssee
Ihe fnst miuopxocaon, ntel too4, a 4-bit
PMOS mivoproce) oM NaJ intoduceel in
tntel Coop oxatien U. s A fter this a 4-bit miuoproumon
Jntel AD4D an an en hanced
hancd Vens' er d htel toot was deulyl
Vension
othen born
com pania abo deeloped 4-bit mieropnocosona
yn 1912 tntel intoduced the fnst &-bit
micropaCu soN, tnJn tel Boor which abo wses PNDs
wene Slow an
She microproeutond unirg PMOS techrelogy
not Cormpat ble with TTL logic. Sno 1943, dotel istraducd
a more powerlul and faster &-bit NMOS miteprocenon ,
totel 80RO - Jhe michoprpcenjDJu ying NMOS Pcem
ptD CeM tehroly

are foten and compatible wit, TTA logic- Jhe NHOs

also pravides highen dnity os cornpaned b PMos
teholg
8-bit microproLensonu o other munyactwr aneiZilag
ZsD and zso0, National Serniconductorí NSCSDo,
 6500 Jen'es,etc, 8bitMinopnecenord
MoS Tehnolo)y'
and 8-bit mio0Contno lend e
mdutnial tontrol applicauond,ete some s bit mixopuN
eseel in Jmall ganenal punpose kompute'doneay , the
Memeng addreving apacity g- bit micarorentone ane
b4 KB . Ihe clock roquey n he most P-bit
mitoproetons lies in the tange 4 MA z to &MHz.
Jhe &-bit micro pnotesond ue LsI technology and tontain
lo 000 nans'stoi.

Jn the yean 1973, Sntel intnseued a lb-bit

MioophoceNdon ntel. So86. Dthr lb-bit mienynatetoru
ae: Intel &o16b ntel Sol86,
8o136 ntel oas6 ete.. and
So on a-bit micxopho cesdo)X4 wore alo developed Eanmyls
anei Toshibas T3190, Jntosils IM6lo0,ete. he lb-bi't
micxoproceMord havemoris poiveul instuction set tha that d
6-bit mictoproc eNor : Jhey wne VLSI technolegy. Ihey can
dinety addnes metor
l6-bit nichopMocentorJ wte designed to wonk in multipneceso)
envinonment and We
and eticient
 Jhey wes ued in tormpley
industnial contnol app li cations, Jenanad punpode and
pon table tompute, ete to 19805, peno nad Computony
Woe
widely ed.. hy wed b-bit mien ptotesorj
Aftor i9s0
198D many moruactners otrodueod
32- bit micnoþroceN4 the yoet 1135, Ynlel uintnoduad
a mone þowenhu
Joweul 32- bit micnaprocw1on, Intel 8o396 whieh
became vey populan nd was widely wcd ndetkdoy Crputad
n short it wu caled ntel 386 michoptoce 40M
Dhen 3a-bit
ntel's micvoproee)ors are ! the 4eo Pentiu Pro.
PentiumPentiug MMX ete 32- bit mic ro pho CeyoI8 au
widely wed fon dukbp, fontable and notebok Comm putens
wonkitations and denvend Sntel has ao ntrucluced 8oBo96o
%0,
a 32- blt RISC MBcopoCe4)6n fon embedded Contro|
a pplicationf 32-bit micopno cessory lontain a nurn
ben
B3entiad looponenti a Computen besida CPU, such as
MMU, FPU, on- chip cache meneny, ete
 5

A numben d b4 -bit micvoprocessoHS have abo been

dorelopd. Examplu SUNS SPARC and ULTRA SPARC
stariun is a b4- bit EPIC
Powen PCs@0 ete. otels Stanio

|(Explatiy Parellel tnstutiory

bonpting)
pro cesgo1.

Nouw a days multiora roce3orS hawe ben deuelaped.

on moe CPUs ae platedl on a

Exarnples mltitore procestorsu having QCPUS en a single

chip (iein an îc) ae: Intel lone d Duo 500, ntel lorea
Duo Eb650, fntel Cove d Extnere X6900, etc Kxample d
muli cou prote4o74 koving4 CPUs on a single chip(snge îc)
ane? htel Core 2 Ertrenme Qx9 770, htel i7 965 XE ete

Numben dtnaru'sto 74 wedweei 3o0 io fotel fo4

D000in înel g086 55 millibn in Petiun 4, 532 milli or
uim ntel loe 2 kxtneme @x6850, and &2o millivo in Sntel
Qx911D. fhoces technalegies wd
wed ae 65nm nd 45nm
is expreted in the nean futwe
32nm procas techno logy
 Lntel 8065 instuctiond
Come o tntel 8o85 stnutins ae
do me ocasfonally and dome seldoro wed the
pnogiaamen Jhe u dome the nstnuclonu

>Data Urana<en lpoup Mov 3, , aa

(Move data, Move the tontent of the one to
Mgista
anothen).

T4Jon example, the instucton MoV A, Bmoves the

Contont f Aegister 8to regsten A Ihe intuti'on
Mov B, A move the lontent negisten A to negiste B.
Mov I, H(Move the contnt of rmemony to negisten)
(H-. Stata: t. Flag none. Alianing' ugito intiak
 Jhe Content of the memp hu Locatn whos addren s in
H-L pain, y moved to Aegister
Mov M,(More thu tntent g giten to menay).
none. .indinet .

Hachinu tydla :
Jhe Contert registon is moved to he memary locatiby
addresd by H-b pain. for eraple, Mov MC moves the content
egiste C to thu meny location whose addns s in H-L paia
of
MVI , data (Hore igmediate data to egistn)
4 flagr none . Adaeating:
immediate.
[]e data Stata: t
Machine ycle i d
Ihe 1st byte the Inutructin iy ith opeoda. Jhe Qnd
the instrution is Hhe data which u moved to
byte odo

MyI M,data (Hove immediate dota to memoy )

H-) data Stakei lo . Flag: nune, Adasingi imzdide)
Tey indinect Machine cycly 3.
Jhe data u maved to memory locatin whole addres t in H-Lpaln
 LDA addr (dosd Acumulaten ditet)
CA] 4(add] Statui13. flagy: none todneting dinet
Hachine cyeles &4.
Jhe lontent od tre meiopy loction, whose addrew ss
spetted by he dnd ard Brd byte ot the intution s
loaded nto the accumudaton. the inutut'n LDA J4ooH
wil lond the tontent 400HHaint
te menoyy lanti en dt00
the act umulatoH.

$TA Addr. (tore accuulaton dinect)

(addr] e[AJ Statei13. none. dinet.

Machine ele: 4
Jhe tontent the acundaton iu Jtoned an hn munay
locatien whose adtes u speaiteel by the nd and 3rd byte
fhe instruetier
 Anith etie 4nou
ADDs (Add atgisten fo acurnulaton)
(AJ -(AJ +(*], ates: 4. fay? all. Addrening; Agilen.
Machine cycle :
Jhe Content o egiuhn s added to the contert the
accuulator and the Jun placedi in the aeugulatoh .

ADO M. (Add mernony to actunulaton)

a]a] H-L]. State: 7. flagsi al. Adanening i g indined,
Hachine aycles : 2
Jhe lontent o the memoy loccton addrencel by H-L pain
it added lo th content the qccmato Jhe bum
placed in the atcumulato
ADc (Add negisten olth tany to accungulaton.)
rA1 4 (A]+ (*]+Cc(cs].
[AJ sJ Slata: 4, flagial, Abranig: neg'ste
Hachine yeles
Jhe conient o rgiston hn and Cay ltua ane addel to the
Condent o the acumulaton Jhe Jum is placeel in te
acculaton.
 ADC M (Add menry witth carvy to acurmulatoh)
A
(AJ-[AJ + [CH-Lj] (c. Statu: 4. Flysial
iodineet. Hachine
Jhe conteont of the memoy localion adtuned by H-L pain ond
Canny slatu ane added ko the tontent of the accurnulatd Jhe
Sum iu placed in the accunulat
ADI data (Add imediate dat to aunuaton)
(eAtdata.Statu: 7. thgy al. Adewing iimmudinte .Hachine eyde2
Jhe inmediate data s adled to re content of he atcumulaton.
byte of the
Jhe 1rt byte of the Iutuction u itt opcade Jhu gnd accumuloton.
the
nstruetion is data, and ib u added to content of
Jhe sum is plaed in the accunulaton
ACl data (Addwtty cany immediate data to acuulaton)
(AJ LAJ tdala +(CSJ Statu: 7.tlgi. all. Mdrewingi inmediate. Machine yelei 2
Jhe Jnd byte of the iutructiorn (uwhich assdata) ard the Carvny stots
a ndded to the Content of the acumulator Jh Sum is plaed in Ac

DAD Tp_(Add registen paid to H-L pain)

(H-LJe (H-L] +(r]. Statei lo. flys : cs. AddndingiNgiton Hahire la: s
Jhe Content1 of Negistun pain Tp ne added to the content of
H-L pain and thu Nent u placedin H-k paih . Only caoy9 Rag
J affected.
 SUB(Subtzact rgiste fhom aceurnulaton)

Jhe Content of neq'sten is subtacted froro thn cortent of the Ac

io te AC.
and the neult is placed in
SUB M: (Subtract meinony frorm occumalaton )
CAJ[AJ -(1-1). States; 4. Flaga all Addnesng: ey indihet Machine yeler: 2
Ihe content of e memory location addresed by H-t paln is subtracted
fror the lontent of
SUT data. (Sabtnact immediate data fhora ateumdaton)
CAJeag - data. Statu:7 flay:al. Aadaenhg, inmediate Hahinu eyla: 2
data Tt as subtracted from thu lortent
Jhe Qrd byte of the insthuction is
byte
of the acumulator, Jhe nesult u
placed n the accurmulaton.
immedate data from accunlat wita borow)
SBL data (Subtast lmadi'at Hosttregut1i4
fay. al. Aadreniny:
CAJ AJ- data -(cs]. Jtateu:7. Subtracted from the cantet ot
Jhe data and cary Status an the ale un ulatet
neult d plated
he aeumulator Jhe
INR(Toomard rgjster cmtat) Hachine

xeept Cs
Jhe Cortert of registen 7n ir incnemertd ty one. An flags
Me affected
INR M(2ncremert memagy Gontnt)
ndineet
Hachine yeley i 3
 Jhu Content oftu memary locetion addrened by H-L pain
by one. AM
Al Plays evcet Co ane affect ed
DCR o.Jecnarment negistor contnt)

Jhe conknt of ei sten n is decnemented by one. Al flay except c5 ane

DCR M-(Deenurment mutoy conden)
(C-L] (h-j] 4- utu. o. Pag' all except cany ftag. Adtbaingi nq innedk.
Hachine yeles ' 3
Ihe content of the memey loction aderened by H-L pain ss derernted
Dne. Al except cs au affeted

Zogial Goup
Jhe inafuctiord of hi's 9oup Porforr AND, DR EXCLUSIVE-OR
oPeorations ; Compe, otate on take complenent of data in
negisten on merrtohy
ANAT(AND Negistu widh aceumulaton)
(AJ e(AJ A). State ' 4. flags iall. Adduingingiten. Mg ine oylei1
dhe content of egiste a y ANDed with thu content of the
are
AC, and the teswt is placed in he Ac- Au satw tlag
affected Jhe flagcS is cleared,i-e. it is st to D. Ausi lany
ACis Set to 4

ANA M. CAND Menory with accumaton)

Machine ydes; 2
 Jhe Content of the memony Cocatien addnemd y H-l pain d ANDed
AN
Loith the accumulat, Ju neut is placed in he attumulat.
affected Jhe csflaa is set to D and Ac to 11..
ae
ORA T (0R negiste noith acumulator
(AJ eCAJv(0 stute:4. flayi atl. Addheing:nstor Machine yelai1
of he ACIh
Ihe content of r u oRed withthe Content
placed n thu AC. Au stats
afcted. Caxy ond
texlt Ue Set to o.
ae cleared ie the CS and AC tlag
DRA M. (OR memey ith accumulton)
ra1eA]vdita Statui K-L paih
painy
iy oRed
ORed
Jhu content of hu memeny lo caton addnend hy H-l
with the (ontent of the Ac J eut iu plated in thu Ac. he
Set to o.
cs and AC lag
XRAT(EX CLUSIVE- DR Negisten with AC)
(A) e (A]v(] Siatu:4. flag1: all. Addbuin nagito. Machine uydesi 1.
is EXCLUSIVE-0Red with the conendt of
dhe tontent s registen stadus flagn ane
flag
Jhe neut is plaled un the Ac. AU
the AC.
A
D.
aftted The Cs ad Ac flags we set to
XRA M(EXCL USIVE -DR memoy nith Ac)
CAJ
Jhe Content of he menoy locátin addreued by h-L puin is ExcLUSIVE
ORed wit% the Content of tu accunulaton Thu Neult is placed in th
actunuleton Au satus tlag ane affeetd. The CS and AC Flap
Set to D
 14

CMA (lomplmet tu atcunuatn)

lAJ-]. Stateit Flagsi nene. Hahine ycleu: 1. Addrengi inplicat
Mel is
omplerent of tu content ot the aumulatbn is obtainnd, and thu
Placed un he AC. To obtaio the 11s compleert of aa binnty nusben Ds
heplad by 1, and 4 y o. fo ehample, ond Complmn of ti00 is o011.
CMC (lomplernt the cay statu)
i1
Lcs] &CcsJ Statul 4 flag1 :Cs Hathiru yleenot affected
The Cs lag is complenented othen flag
CHP.(lompae negislen with atiuuladon)
CAJ-(J.Steles i t fagi al. Addnasing:gskr Madhine gylat 1Acard stdshg
The content of niste is subtracted froro thu cortent of the
rastinn.
ane set aclordig to the nealt of the sabt
CMP M(ompare mun eny oith acumulaton)
CAJ-(H-) Statu:?.flozy: all. Addaeig: vaq indinut · Mache glai a
Jhe ontent of e memory Loction addiested by H-L pain is sebbated
Halu fluy
dnom the contnt Dd the c, and tu status u st ao ndiy Lo the
subbuetion Rt ihe heelt is discanded the wtent ot
henult the
AC Jemain unchangd
RLC (Rotate acurs ulaten lett )

Stakui 4 Flagsi cs
CS Machin yde: i. Addrerin:impliat
he Content of the Ac is notated left by one bit. The sevent bit a
t Ac:
the Ac s moved to caothy bit as well a to the zeno bit of
s affectd
 RRC (Rotale acun ulaton Might)

Sate:4.flagr: CSi Machine ydai4 Mdnening mytiait

movd to t
7u content ot tu AC 1s Notatet night bu d bt he terwbit of the AC ii
bit au well u to cavty bt.
RAL(Rotate acumnalatbn left trouh wy)
Statai 4 Flags CS. Machine cylui1. Addhesing i inplit
oru ht thoough Cay.
not,td let oht
The content of the AC i notated hu ghbit of tc
to bit t AC.
MOved to the
and the bit
RAR.( Rotate ocunlato ight fiaong cry)
Statu i 4.flag: CS. Mahine yelei 1 Aldnaing ingpliat y
The zoo brit ofto kc
Jhe Contnd of the AL is otated night or brtHthuougl coy.
torny, and tho Coy bit to th gth bit of he AC.
9 moved to

The instutons thu group change the nonml Jeguen h re pregram.

Jheu ane tws typu branch intrutiordi Conditio nal and wnconditionel.
JMP add1(label) (Unionditonal juni juap to thu inatrucioo speakied by
the addieas )
(P] Label StateiLD. flags: none. hdcbasing: mediae kahine cydai 3
Byte and and byte 3rd uinstaatin gra tne addrn thelabel
where th
bocation for nt inatrubso to be eestd- Ihe

Unuonditioraly
Conditional dump addr( label)
i) Jz addy (label). (Junp if te fenlt is zero)
[Pc] adds abel),jump if Z-1. State :afo. Fla inone - Adbaetin inmediate
Machine ydle: a/3
Ihe Progran junp to he inatruti speahed bu the addral label)f the heult
y zeno Cie the Zoso shatw 2e 4). Hou thu laut afte the eceton e
Precedinq nstrutio iy under consderatm.
(i) JNz adds (label ). (Tumy if the Heult u not zer)
iromadiate
[PC] e addrasl labei),jump it Z=o. Staleii a/o. flagi. none ddresningi
Hachine ydu i a/3
Uh fnogram humps to the inatruuton speifed by te addhes lebel )ifhe ent
non-Zr0 ethe 2ono status Ze o
CALL addy(lasa) (nondi ti'onad CALU: call the subroutine indotified by
dhe addrs)
((SJ- 4] [rc, Save he adtsoy he nest instution , the
in the 3tack. Pragrons
(Gr-<[P],
(sP]eSP
[P] adte (ubel)
Statai|s. Fap inone, Addnesing: irnmediate |reg -indiet. Mahir cuplai 5
Corditonad CAL adds (label)

Pe adds (label), [SPle s]-2

Shata: 9/1e .flag) i nona. ddnasingi
Aidraingiirnaiute)rg.
irmadiate) indireet.
Hachine yde i /5
 -> Stack /o and Machine Control yroup
PUsH p- (Push the Content of teqistes poin to stack)
((Se]- 1]<e[zh],

States: 2Flag: none. Addretingiegiste(Gounce)/neg indinat(destinutin),

Hachinu cycla ! 3
Jhe content of the Aegisten toin np ir pshed into the stack.
PUSH PSW (PusH procusot status wonld)
SAJ
SP] PSW(Proq1an Status Wavd)
[sP] < [s-a
Statu:la, Flagi none. Akdboing : xegsko(Jounce) rq: (indiet (detinaten)),
Machine eyes: 3.
Uhe content o th AC is tuhed into the Stazk. Jhe tontey of stetw
au also pushed into thu Stalk Jh contenb the eastey SP A
deremente by a to indicate new stack top
Pop Tp Copy tuso byta fronn the to, the Stack intothu speahcd negisten)

|Stata lo.flag' none Adaresirg' suto(dutinabion)/a inliet( outu).

Mashine yeleu' 3
Jhe contunt of the negiste uin, ohlch wau Javed eanlien y movd frong
tha stack to he rgisten pais
 SN( opy tw bytes fnor the toy of thu stack into PSW and A)
Psw e((s PJ
CA]e(Se]
Statu: o all Addleainy'2eg indiet. Hauhine qle'3 t ) t;U
hocuton Stu word whieh wa tow ed ele
Bowed eatler duing he eneuuton , the
|Prognm
w movl
d mored from sack to PSw. the content o AC whics was so taved
om Stack to AC
hLT (Halt)
Statesi 5-flaginone. Machine cyclei1
Jhe micYDprOCUtoh emaind in Halt stute Anintovpt o nyet
t ent fnom the Halt state.

EI. (Enable intonpt)

Stateyi4.flass i non, Hahine yole ;
When ths intuction s eneuted the untotyta ane enabled.
DI (Disable ieoup)
Statyi t. Flags i noney Machne g
when thu itutin u exeuted intonuyta au cisabed.
NoP (No Dper ation)
Statu: 4. flags non, Machine ele i 1
No oPenatien js Perprmed when thw nvhution ia eseuoted- Jhe
ond slag Mernain unaffectel.