Inverse functions

Chapter 3. (exponential, logarithmic and

trigonometric functions)
3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
■ inverse sine function
 
     sin  ,   ≤  ≤ 
 
The inverse function of this restricted sine function  exists and is denoted

by sin  or arcsin .
It is called the inverse sine function or the arcsine function.

Definition  
sin       sin    and   ≤  ≤  .
3.3.1  
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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
■ inverse cosine function
    cos  ,  ≤  ≤ 
The inverse function of this restricted cosine function  exists and is denoted

by cos  or arccos .
It is called the inverse cosine function or the arccosine function.

Definition
cos       cos    and  ≤  ≤  .
3.3.2

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
■ inverse tangent function
 
    tan  ,      
 
The inverse function of this restricted tangent function exists and is

denoted by tan  or arctan .
It is called the inverse tangent function or the arctangent function.

Definition  
tan      tan    and       .
3.3.3  

Theorem    
lim tan     , lim
 →∞
tan   

.
3.3.4 → ∞

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions

  csc        ≥    csc   

   

and  ∈   ∪   .


  
Theorem
  sec        ≥    sec   
3.3.5
 

 
and  ∈    ∪    .
    
  cot      ∈    cot    and  ∈      .


EXAMPLE
3.3.6
Evaluate (a) cos

 
 

(b) sin arctan   .

EXAMPLE 
Simplify the expression sin cos    .
3.3.7

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions


(a) cos

  
 
 
(b) arctan    ⇒ tan    ⇒ sec    
EXAMPLE  
⇒ sec   ±   ⇒ cos   ± 
3.3.6 
Solution    
Since      is cos    ⇒ sin  
   
 
∴ sin arctan    sin 
 


EXAMPLE   cos    ⇒ cos    and  ≤  ≤ 

3.3.7 sin     cos       
Solution 
Since sin  ≥  is sin cos    sin      


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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
■ Table of Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
     
1.  sin   2.  cos 
 
    
  
Theorem      
3.  tan    4.  cosec 
3.3.8     
  
     
5.  sec    6.  cot    
  
      

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
■ Table of Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1.   sin  ⇒   sin 
    
   sin     cos ⋅  ⇒   
    cos 
   
Since   ≤  ≤  is cos  ≥  ⇒ cos      sin 
      
 
 
∴  
Proof  
  

3.   tan  ⇒   tan 
    
   tan       tan     ⇒   
      tan  
 
Since tan    is    .
   
Do the rest as exercises.
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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
■ Table of Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXAMPLE If     sin       , find (a) the domain of ,
3.1.9 (b)  ′    , and (c) the domain of  ′

EXAMPLE      
Prove the identity sin   cos    for ∈    .
3.1.10   

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
■ Table of Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(a)      
EXAMPLE
   
3.1.9 (b)  ′            .

     
   
       
Solution
(c)      
  ∪  
  

     sin     cos   
 
⇒ ′ 
   
 
  ⇒     
EXAMPLE        

3.1.10  
 
Solution   
    sin   cos  
   
 

∴ sin    cos     


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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 
   
  sin 



 
 
  tan 


 

  
 



tan  
 




EXAMPLE    
3.1.13
Find (a)  
   
 (b)  
  
 .

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Inverse Trigonometric Functions

    
(a)  
   
   
   
   
   
 이다.

 
 
   
         

       
      

 
 
   
   
    

EXAMPLE
   
3.1.13 
  
   
  

sin 
     

sin 
   
Solution
   
 
   
     
   
 

sin 
   .

(b)  

  
   

  

 


tan  

  


 

  
  tan   .
 
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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions

   
1. Hyperbolic sine function : sinh   

   
2. Hyperbolic cosine function : cosh   

sinh    
3. Hyperbolic tangent function : tanh     
cosh     
 
4. Hyperbolic cosecant function : csch       ≠  
sinh 
 
 
 
5. Hyperbolic secant function : sech 
   
cosh     
cosh     
6. Hyperbolic cotangent function : coth       ≠  
sinh    

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Outline of graph of General Exponential Functions

  sinh    cosh 

EXAMPLE Evaluate lim tanh  , lim tanh  .

→∞  → ∞
3.3.15

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Outline of graph of Hyperbolic Functions

  
sinh           
tanh       
cosh 
    
  
 
 

EXAMPLE Since lim   ∞ , lim    is

→ ∞  → ∞
3.3.15 
Solution
 
 
lim tanh   lim  

→∞  →∞
 
 
   
lim tanh   lim  

→ ∞ →  ∞  

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Hyperbolic Identities
1.  sinh   sinh    cosh   cosh   
2. cosh    sinh    
Theorem
3. tanh    sech     , coth    csch   
3.3.16
4. sinh      sinh  cosh   cosh  sinh 
cosh       cosh  cosh  sinh  sinh 

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Hyperbolic Identities
1. Check Outline of graph of Hyperbolic Functions.
 
       
 
2. cosh   sinh         
 
               
  
 
Proof sinh   
 
3. cosh   sinh    ⇒    
cosh   cosh  
⇒   tanh    sech  

4. is exercises.

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

1.  sinh   cosh 


2.  cosh   sinh 

 
3.  tanh   sech 
Theorem 
3.3.17 
4.  csch    cosech coth 


5.  sech    sech tanh 

 
6.  coth    csch 


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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1.   sinh  ⇔   sinh  ∞    ∞   ∞    ∞ 
Theorem 
2.   cosh   ⇔   cosh    ≥    ≥  
3.3.18 
3.   tanh   ⇔   tanh          ∞    ∞ 

   cosh   
  sinh 
Domain    ∞  Domain
Domain  , Range 
Range    ∞  Range

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Natural Logarithm Representation of Inverse Hyperbolic function

1. sinh    ln       


Theorem 
2. cosh    ln           ≥  


3.3.19
  
3. tanh     ln        
 

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Natural Logarithm Representation of Inverse Hyperbolic function
 
   
1.   sinh   ⇔   sinh  and   


Putting     get          ⇒    ±    

Proof Since    ,       is     

  
⇒   ln       
∴ sinh    ln        

2. and 3. are exercises.

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
  
1.   sinh   
 ∞    ∞ 
   


  
2.   cosh     
   
   


  
3.   tanh     
      
Theorem  
3.3.20   
4.   csch      
 ∞    ∞ 
     


  
5.   sech    
     
     

  
6.   coth     
 ∞      or     ∞ 
 

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1.   sinh  ⇒   sinh 
    
⇒   sinh 
   cosh  ⇒   
    cosh 
Since cosh    sinh     and cosh    ,
is cosh      sinh      
Proof  
∴   .
   



Another proof : Differentiate sinh    ln         .


Do some exercises.

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
EXAMPLE  
Find   cosh      .
3.3.21 

 
EXAMPLE
3.3.22
Evaluate 


   
.

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3.3. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
□ Hyperbolic Functions
■ Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
   
  cosh   
          
 
       
 

 
EXAMPLE
3.3.21

 cosh 
  
     

 
  

   

Solution


 
     
    

 
EXAMPLE
 

   
  sinh 
  
  sinh 
  sinh 


since sinh    ln    

3.3.22   , sinh      is
Solution  


   
 ln     


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