A

MICROPROJECT REPORT ON

TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

FOR THE DIPLOMA IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AND MACHINE LEARNING

SUBMITTED BY
SUYASH G.KHEDKAR
MANGESH Y.KULKARNI
LAXMINARAYAN R.KUNDALWAL
UMESH V. KUSALKAR
AJAY S.MEHRA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. P. K. PATIL

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE

LEARNING
CSMSS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, CHH. SAMBHAJI NAGAR
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.

1
 ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Following Students of second semester of Diploma in
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING of Institute CSMSS
College of Polytechnic (code: 1152) have completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in
subject Basic Electronics for the academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Place: CHH.SAMBHAJI NAGAR

Date:

Sr. No. Name of Student Enrollment No.

SUYASH G. KHEDKAR
1 2211520338
MANGESH Y. KULKARNI
2 2211520339
LAXMINARAYAN R.KUNDALWAL
3 2211520340
UMESH V. KUSALKAR
4 2211520341
AJAY S. MEHRA
5 2211520342

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

Mrs. P.K. Patil Mrs. Borakhade Mr. G.B.Dongre

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us most throughout our
project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principal of CSMSS College of
Polytechnic Dr. G B Dongre for being always with us as a motivator. We are thankful to the
H.O.D. Mrs. S. R. Borakhade of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE
LEARNING Department for his kind support. We are grateful to our Project Guide Mrs. P.K.
Patil for nonstop support and continuous motivation for the project. His help made us possible
to complete our project with all accurate information. Special thanks go to our friends who
helped us in completing the project, where they all exchanged their own interesting ideas. We
wish to thanks our parents for their personal support or attention who inspired us to go our
own way. Finally, we would like to thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.

Sr. No. Name of Student Sign

1 SUYASH G. KHEDKAR

2 MANGESH Y. KULKARNI

3 LAXMINARAYAN R. KUNDALWAL

4 UMESH V. KUSALKAR

5 AJAY S. MEHRA

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 INDEX

Sr.No Content Page No.

1 Micro-project Proposal

2 Rationale 8

3 Abstract 8

4 Aims/Benefits of the micro-project 5

5 Course Outcome Achieved 5

6 Literature Review 10

7 Actual Procedure Followed 11-15

8 Output Of The Project 16

9 Skill developed/learning outcomes of micro-project 16

10 Application of microproject 16

Conclusion
11 17

12 References 17

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1. Micro-project Proposal

Title: ZENER DIODE

AIMS/ BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT–

AIM: Detailed study of Transistor as a switch

BENEFIT:

COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED –

• Identify electronic components in electronic circuits.

• Use diodes in different applications.
• Interpret the working of junction transistor in the electronic circuits.
• Interpret the working of unipolar devices in the electronic circuits.
• Use sensors and transducers.

1) PROPOSED METHODOLOGY–

 First of all we collect the title of the micro project from our teacher.
 After the title decision we move to the next step i.e. analysis and information gathering of the
project.
 We develop a blueprint of our project.

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 ACTION PLANS–

Sr. Details of Activities Planned Start Planned Name of

No. Date Finish Date Responsible
Team
Member

1 Decide subject for micro-project. All

2 Preparation and submission of Abstract. All

3 Collection of data. All

4 Discussion and outline of Content. All

5 Formulation of content. All

6 Editing of Content. All

7 Final submission of Micro-Project. All

RESOURCES REQUIRED–

Specifications Quantity Remarks

Sr. Name of Resource/
No. Material

1 Computer 1
RAMminimum2GB,
i3i5preferable

2 Operating System Windows 11 1

3 Software Microsoft Word 1

4 Internet Google -

6
 5 Book BL Theraja 1

NAMES OF TEAM MEMBER WITH ROLL NO:

Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No.

1 SUYASAH G. KHEDKAR
32

2 MANGESH Y. KULKARNI
33

3 LANMINARAYA R. KUNDALWAL
34

4 UMESH V. KUSALKAR
35

5 AJAY S. MEHRA
36

Mrs. P.K. PATIL

(Subject Teacher)

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 2. RATIONALE

In today's world most of the consumer appliances are based on electronic circuits and devices. The
foundation for working of computer or any of its peripherals are based on electronics. This course
has been designed to develop skills to understand and test simple electronic components and circuits.
After studying this course students will develop an insight to identify, build and troubleshoot simple
electronic circuits
.

3. ABSTRACT

A center tapped full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier that uses a center tapped transformer and two
diodes to convert the complete AC signal into DC signal.

4. AIMS/BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT

 Micro-Project aim

• Detailed assessment
• Great source of Information
• Increase knowledge

 Benefits of project:

The advantages of TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

There are some important advantages of transistor switch over other types of switches which are given
below,

 Transistor switch is economical than other switches.

 It gives trouble free service because of its solid state nature.

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 It has no moving parts and hence there is no tear and wear.

 It gives noiseless operation.

It works at a very low voltage

Its action is instantaneous

It has high longevity.

It has output voltage remains constant in spite of the change in temperature.

The output impedance is very low.

The power transistor can be operated at switching frequencies in the range of 10 to 15

It can be used to control power delivered to the load, in inverters and chopper

 switch has lesser in size and light in weight.

 It has a very fast speed of operation as compared to mechanical switches.
 Transistor switch requires little maintenance.

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5. COURSE OUTCOMES ACHIEVED

Detailed assessment:
• Aspiring for a job in a new industry can be daunting. An interview is one of the best
ways to find out how much you know about the industry. Interviews are beneficial for
both parties, the employer and the applicant. It allows an employer to assess all of the
applicant’s skills and knowledge to decide whether he or she is a good fit for the
company.

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that can be used as a switch or
amplifier. The transistor as a switch is used to turn ON or OFF a circuit. The transistor as
an amplifier is used to amplify the voltage or current. The transistor as a switch is used in
digital circuits.

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The transistor operates as a Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) solid state switch. When a zero
input signal applied to the base of the transistor, it acts as an open switch. If a positive signal
applied at the input terminal then it acts like a closed switch.

The symbolic representation of Transistor as a switch is shown in the figure

below.

CIRCUIT DIGRAM OF TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

transistor can be extensively used for switching operation either for opening or closing of a circuit.
Meanwhile, the basic concept behind the operation of a transistor as a switch relies on its mode of
operation. Generally, the low voltage DC is turned on or off by transistors in this mode.

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Working of TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

Transistors is a three-layer, three-terminal semiconductor device, which is often used in

signal amplification and switching operations. As one of the significant electronic devices,
transistor has found use in enormous range of applications such as embedded systems,
digital circuits and control systems.

You can find Transistors in both digital and analog domains as they are extensively used
for different application usage like switching circuits, amplifier circuits, power supply
circuits, digital logic circuits, voltage regulators, oscillator circuits and so on.

This article mainly concentrates on the switching action of the transistor and gives a brief
explanation of transistor as a switch
Characteristic of TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

the transistor acts as a switch in the saturation region and cutoff region. The emitter-base
junction and the collector-base junction are reverse biased in the cutoff region. Both the
junctions are forward biased in the saturation region..

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 
The transistor is used as an “open switch”
 The bases and input are grounded (0v)
 The base emission voltage is VBE > 0.7 V.
 The basic emitter is reversed.
 The full-OFF (cut-off area) transistor (“Collector Flow = 0”) • VOUT = VCC = “1′′”
 No collector current flows (IC = 0)

Applications of transistor as a switch

A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that can be used as a switch or amplifier. The
transistor as a switch is used to turn ON or OFF a circuit. The transistor as an amplifier is used to
amplify the voltage or current.

The transistor as a switch is used in digital circuits. The digital circuits are the ones that use
transistors to store the data in the form of bits (0 or

The main advantage of using a transistor as a switch is that it can control a large amount of current
with a small amount of current. This property is called gain.

The transistor as an amplifier is used in audio systems, radios, and televisions. The amplifiers
increase the strength of the signal. They are also used in computers to amplify the signals from the
keyboard and mous

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A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that can be used as a switch or amplifier. The
transistor as a switch is used to turn ON or OFF a circuit. The transistor as an amplifier is used to
amplify the voltage or current.

The transistor as a switch is used in digital circuits. The digital circuits are the ones that use
transistors to store the data in the form of bits (0 or

The main advantage of using a transistor as a switch is that it can control a large amount of current
with a small amount of current. This property is called gain.

The transistor as an amplifier is used in audio systems, radios, and televisions. The amplifiers
increase the strength of the signal. They are also used in computers to amplify the signals from the
keyboard and mous

PNP TRANSISTOR AS SWITCH

This bipolar PNP junction transistor is formed with three layers of semiconductor material, with two P-type
regions and one N-type region. It includes three terminals:

 Emitter
 Collector
 Base
Emitter – emitter part in a transistor lets it supply majority charge carriers. The emitter is always forward
biased with respect to the base. Hence the majority of charge carriers are supplied to the base. The emitter of a
transistor is heavily doped and moderate in size.
Collector – the majority of the charge carrier supplied by the emitter is collected by the collector. The
collector-base junction is always reverse biased. The collector area is moderately doped and has the capacity
to collect the charge carrier supplied by the emitter.
Base – The centre section of the transistor is known as the base. The base forms two circuits, the input circuit
with the emitter and the output circuit with the collector. The emitter-base is forward biased and offers low
resistance to the circuit. The collector-base junction is in reverse bias and offers higher resistance to the
circuit. The base of a transistor is lightly doped and very thin, due to which it offers the majority charge
carrier to the base.
Depletion region –The depletion regions are formed at the emitter-base junction and the base-collector
junction.

Construction of PNP Transistor

P-type semiconductors, which represent the emitter and collector, are doped heavily than N-type
semiconductors, which represent the base. Hence, the depletion region at both junctions penetrates towards
the N-type layer.
In PNP transistors, in this type of transistor, majority charge carriers are holes, and minority charge carriers
are electrons. The emitter emits holes and is collected at the collector.
In a PNP transistor, the base current which enters into the collector is amplified. The flow of current is
typically controlled by the base. Current flows in the opposite direction in the base. In a PNP transistor, the
emitter emits “holes”, and these holes are collected by the collector.
The base region features a large number of free electrons. But, the width of the middle layer is very small and
is lightly doped. So significantly less free electrons are present in the base region.

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NPN TRANSISTOR-The NPN transistor consists of two n-type semiconductors that sandwich a p-type
semiconductor. Here, electrons are the majority charge carriers, while holes are the minority charge carriers.
The NPN transistor is represented, as shown below.

NPN TRANSISTOR -The NPN transistor is made of semiconductor materials like silicon or germanium.
When a p-type semiconductor material is fused between two n-type semiconductor materials, an NPN
transistor is formed.
The NPN transistor features three terminals: emitter, base and collector. This transistor features two diodes
that are connected back to back. The diode seen between the emitter-base terminal is referred to as the
emitter-base diode. The diode between collector and base terminal is known as collector-base diodes. The
emitter is moderately doped, the base is lightly doped, and the collector is comparatively more doped.

Working of NPN Transistor

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 Advantages of TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
 Transistor switch is economical than other switches.
 It gives trouble free service because of its solid state nature.
 It has no moving parts and hence there is no tear and wear.
 It gives noiseless operation.
 transistor switch has lesser in size and light in weight.
 It has a very fast speed of operation as compared to mechanical switches.
 Transistor switch requires little mainten

Disadvantages of transistor of switch

 It has reverse blocking capacity is very low.

 It can be damaged due to the thermal runaway or second breakdown.
 Manufacturing techniques are very complex and require a clean room environment.
 Due to its small size, it is difficult to trace out faulty ones due to failure

8. Output Of The Project

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The transistor operates as a Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) solid state switch. When a
zero input signal applied to the base of the transistor, it acts as an open switch. If a positive
signal applied at the input terminal then it acts like a closed switch.

7. ACTUAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

• Selected the topic for microproject.

• Collect the information about microproject.
• Prepare the report on topic.

9. Skill developed/learning outcomes of micro-project

• The DC output voltage and DC load current values are twice than those of a
half wave rectifier.
• The ripple factor is much less than that of half wave rectifier.

10. Application of micro project

• The conversion between high AC to low DC can be done by using this

type of rectifiers.
• The efficiency is high in these circuits make it capable of using it as a
basic component in the power supply units.
• In the criteria of powering on the devices like LED’s or it may be motors
this type of rectifiers are preferred.

11. Conclusion

As we have seen, a transistor can be used as a switch in a circuit. When the base voltage is high,
the transistor is turned on and current can flow from the collector to the emitter. When the base
voltage is low, the transistor is turned off and no current can flow.

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 12. References

If the transistor is operated in the saturation region then it acts as closed switch and when it is
operated in the cut off region then it behaves as an open switch. The transistor operates as a
Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) solid state

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