58

9440234404 2024 60
J UNIOR INTERMEDIATE
CHEMISTRY
FINAL TOUCH
SELF IMPROVED STUDY MATERIAL
WEIGHTAGE TO CONTENT - 2024
S.No CHAPTER 2M 4M 8M Total
1 Atomic Structure ---- ---- 1 8M
2 Classification of Elements ---- ---- 1 8M
3 Chemical Bonding 1 1 (1) 6or14
4 States of Matter (1) 1 ---- 4M
5 Stiochiometry 1 1 ---- 6M
6 Thermo Dynamics ---- 1 ---- 4M
7 Chemical Equiilibrium 1 1 ---- 6M
8 Hydrogen & Its Compounds ---- 1 ---- 4M
9 s-Block Elements 2 (1) ---- 4M
10 p-Block Elements Group-13 1 1 ---- 6M
11 p-Block Elements Group-14 1 ---- ---- 2M
12 Environmental Chemistry 2 ---- ---- 4M
13 Organic Chemistry 1 1 1 14M
Total Number of Questions 10 8 3 76
With Best Compliments from,
Printer and Publisher.
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Jr. INTERMEDIATE CHEMISTRY SPECIAL EDITION

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Important Long Answer Type Questions (8 Marks)

1. Atomic Structure

1. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of a hydrogen atom? Write its limitations.
Give any two differences between the emission and absorption spectrum.

A. Postulates of Bohr’s Atomic model:

1. Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in fixed circular paths called orbits
or shells.
2. Each orbit has a fixed amount of energy. These orbits are called stationary orbits.
3. Stationary orbits are denoted by the letters K, L, M, N.....
4. When an electron jumps from a lower energy state (ground state) to higher energy
state (excited state) it absorbs energy.
5. When the electron jumps from a higher energy state to a lower energy state it
emits energy. The energy difference between two orbits is, E = E2-E1=h

6. The angular momentum of a revolving electron is given by, mvr =

Where m = mass of the electron.

V = Velocity of the electron.
r = Radius of the orbit.
n = Principal quantum number.
h = Planks constant.
Limitations: 1. Bohr's model failed to explain the atomic spectra of atoms if more
than one electron.
2. Bohr's model failed to account for the splitting of line spectra.
3. Bohr failed to explain the Zeeman effect and the stark effect.
4. Bohr‟s theory could not explain the formation of chemical bonds.

Difference between Emission spectrum and Absorption Spectrum:

Emission spectrum Absorption Spectrum

1. An absorption spectrum is a spectrum 1. The spectrum of radiation emitted by a
obtained when the substances absorb substance from its excited state is an
energy. absorption spectrum.
2. It contains dark lines on a bright 2. It contains coloured lines in the
background. spectrum.

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2. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of a hydrogen atom? Discuss the
importance of this model to explain various series of line spectra in Hydrogen
atom?

A. Postulates of Bohr’s Atomic model:

1. Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in fixed circular paths called orbits or
shells.
2. Each orbit has a fixed amount of energy. These orbits are called stationary orbits.
3. Stationary orbits are denoted by the letters K, L, M, N.....
4. When an electron jumps from a lower energy state (ground state) to higher energy
state (excited state) it absorbs energy.
5. When the electron jumps from a higher energy state to a lower energy state it
emits energy. The energy difference between two orbits is, E = E2-E1=h
6. The angular momentum of a revolving electron is given by, mvr = .
Where m = mass of the electron.
V = Velocity of the electron.
r = Radius of the orbit.
n = Principal quantum number.
h = Planks constant.

Hydrogen spectrum-Bohr explanation:

1. When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous hydrogen, the electron in atoms
absorb energy.
2. They jump to higher energy orbits.
3. In higher orbits, the energy is more and stability is less.
4. When excited electron comes back to lower orbits in one or multiple steps.

5. Energy is released during this process and it appears in the form of spectral
lines of the hydrogen spectrum.
6. When an electron jumps from any higher orbit to,
i) n=1 produces spectral lines in the UV region. This is named as Lyman Series.
ii) n=2 produces a spectral line in the visible region. This is named as Balmar
Series.
iii) n=3,4 and 5 produce spectral lines in the IR region. These are named Paschen,
Brackett and p-fund region.
7. From the Rydberg equation wave number = = RH [ - ]

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3. How are the quantum numbers n, l, and ml arrived at? Explain the significance
of these quantum numbers?

A. The quantum numbers n, l and ml arrive,

i) To explain the position of an electron in the space around the nucleus.
ii) To explain the various types of orbitals that can be distinguished by their size, shape
and orientation.
iii) By solving the Schrodinger wave equation.

1. Principal Quantum Number (n): 1. It was introduced by Neil‟s Bohr.

2. It is denoted by the letter „n‟.
3. The number of electrons in a shell is limited to 2n2. Where n = 1, 2, 3, ….etc.
4. The shells are denoted by the letters K, L, M, N, …etc.

5. Significance: The principal quantum number gives the size and energy of the
main shell.

2. Angular-momentum Quantum Number (l): 1. It was introduced by Sommerfeld.

2. It is denoted by the letter „l‟.
3. The values of l are 0,1,2,…(n-1).

4. Significance: The values of ‘l’ indicate, i) the Shape of the subshell.

ii) Angular momentum of an electron.
5. The „l‟ values 0,1,2,3 correspond to the subshells s,p,d and f respectively.
6. The shape of s orbital is spherical, the shape of p-orbital is dumb-ell, the
shape of d –orbital is double dumb-bell and the shape of f-orbital is four-
fold dumb-bell.
3. Magnetic Quantum Number(ml): 1. It was introduced by Lande.
2. It is denoted by the letter „m‟ or „ml‟.
3. Magnetic Quantum number (ml) has integer values between –l to +l including
zero.
4. For a given „l‟ value the magnetic quantum number has (2l + 1) integer values
of ml.

5. Significance: It gives information about the orientation of orbitals in the

presence of a magnetic field.

4. Spin Quantum Number (ms): 1. It was introduced by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith.

2. It is denoted by the letter „ms‟.
3. The spin motion of the electrons is represented by + and - .
4. Significance: It signifies the spin(Clockwise or anti-clockwise) of the
revolving electron.

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2. Classification of Elements
1. Write an essay on s, p, d and f block elements?

A. Depending on the valency shell electronic configuration the elements are classified
into s, p, d and f blocks.

s-block elements: 1. The elements in which the last electron enters the
s-orbital are called s-block elements.
2. Its valence shell electronic configuration is ns1 and ns2.
3. The elements of group IA group are alkali metals and IIA elements are
alkaline earth metals.
4. They are placed on the left side of the periodic table.
p-block elements: 1. The elements in which the last electron enters the p-orbital is
called p-block elements.
2. Its valence shell electronic configuration is ns2 np1-6.
3. The elements of group IIIA to VIIIA belongs to the p-block.
4. p-block starts with the 13th group and ends with the 18th group.
i) 13th group or IIIA group is called the Boron family.
ii) 14th group or IVA group is called the Carbon family.
iii) 15th group or VA group is called the Nitrogen family.
iv) 16th group or VIA group is called the Chalcogen family.
v) 17th group or VIIA group is called the Halogen family.
vi) 18th group or VIIIA group is called the Noble gas family.
5. They are placed on the right side of the periodic table.

d-block elements: 1. The elements in which the last electron enters the (n-1)d-
orbital is called d-block elements.
2. Its valence shell electronic configuration ns1 or 2 (n-1)d1-10 are called d-block
elements.
3. The elements of group IB to VIIIB belongs to the d-block.
4. All the d-block elements are arranged in 10 groups. They are from3(IIIB) to
group 12(IIB).
5. d-block elements are further classified into 4 transition series. They are 3d, 4d,
5d and 6d series.
6. They are placed in the middle of the periodic table.
f-block elements: 1. The elements in which the last electron enters the(n-2) f-
orbital is called f-block elements.
2. Its valence shell electronic configuration is (n-2) f 1-14 (n-1) d 0-1 ns2.
3. All f-block elements are arranged in 14 columns.
4. f-block elements are further classified into 2 series. They are 4f-series known
as Lanthanoid series, 5f series is Actinoids series.
5. They are placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table.

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2. What is a periodic property? How do the following properties change in a group
and period? Explain?
a) Atomic radius b) Electron gain enthalpy(Electron affinity)
c) Electronegativity. d) Ionization potential(IP)

A. Periodic property: The property of an element which is related and repeated

according to the electronic configuration of the atoms of elements is known as
periodic property.

a) Atomic radius: The distance between the centre of the nucleus to the outermost
shell of an atom is called the atomic radius.

In a group: Atomic radius increases from top to bottom in a group.

Reason: Due to an increase in the number of orbits.

In a period: Atomic radius decreases from left to right in a period.

Reason: Due to effective nuclear charge increases.

b) Electron affinity: The electron affinity of an element is defined as the energy

liberated when an electron is added to its neutral gaseous atom.

In a group: Electron affinity decreases as we go down in a group.

Reason: Increase atomic size then decrease nuclear attraction on outer electrons.

In a period: Electron affinity increases along a period from left to right.

Reason: Due to the decrease in size of the atom than an increase in the
nuclear attraction on outer electrons.

c) Electronegativity: The electronegativity of an element is defined as

the relative tendency of its atom to attract electrons towards it when it is
bounded to the atoms of another element.

In a group: Electronegativity decreases as we go down in a group.

Reason: Due to the increase in atomic size then decrease in nuclear attraction on
outer electrons.

In a period: Electronegativity increases along a period from left to right.

Reason: Due to the decrease in size of the atom than an increase in the
nuclear attraction on outer electrons.

d) Ionization energy: The energy required to remove an electron from the outermost
orbit of a neutral gaseous is called ionization energy.
In a group: Ionization energy decreases as we go, down in a group.
Reason: Due to the increase in the atomic size and increased screening effect
of inner electrons.
In a period: Ionization energy generally increases from left to right in a period.
Reason: Due to decrease in atomic size and an increase in effective
nuclear charge.
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3. Define IE1 and IE2. Why is IE2>IE1 for a given atom? Discuss the factors that
effect IE of an element?
A. First ionization enthalpy(IE1): The minimum energy required to remove an electron
from the outer most shell of neutral gaseous state atom is called first
ionization enthalpy.
M(g) + I.P1  M+(g) + e-
Second ionization enthalpy(IE2): The minimum energy required to remove an
electron from a uni positive gaseous ion is called second ionization enthalpy.
M+(g) + I.P2  M++(g) + e-
Reason for IE2>IE1: 1. In a neutral atom the number of electrons is equal to the number
of protons.
2. but in a uni positive ion, the number of protons is greater than the number of
electrons.
3. So the nucleus attracts more force to the uni-positive ions.
4. So the second ionization enthalpy is greater than the first ionization enthalpy.

Factors that influence Ionization energy: a) Nuclear Charge.

b) Screening Effect.
c) Penetrating power of the orbitals.
d) Stable electronic configuration.
e) Atomic Size.

1. Nuclear charge: If nuclear charge increases the ionization energy increases.

2. Screen effect: If the screening effect value increases ionization energy decreases.

3. Penetrating power of the orbitals: In the given shell the penetrating power of the
valence electrons decreases in the order of s>p>d>f.

4. Stable electronic configuration: Atoms with completely filled or half filed

subshells are more stable than others.

5. Atomic size: If the atomic size of an element increases the ionization energy
decreases.

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3. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
1. What do you understand by hybridisation? Explain different types of hybridization
involving s and p orbitals.

A. Hybridization: The process of mixing atomic orbitals of the nearly same energy to
Producing a set of entirely new orbitals of equivalent energy is known as hybridization.

There are three types of hybridizations involving s and p orbitals. They are sp, sp2
and sp3.

1. sp hybridization: The intermixing of one „s‟ orbital and one „p‟ orbital of the
outermost shell of an atom is called sp hybridization.

Ex: BeCl2, CO2 and C2H2 etc.

Formation of BeCl2: 1. The atomic number of Beryllium = 4.

2. Ground state electronic configuration of „Be‟ is,

3. Excited-state electronic configuration of „Be‟ is,

sp hybridisation
4. Now there is a hybridization between one „s‟ and p-orbital and forms two sp-
orbitals.
5. The overlap with the p-orbital of each two chlorine atoms with two sp-orbitals of
beryllium form two sigma () bonds.

6. The molecule formed is linear with a bond angle 1800.

2. sp2 hybridization: The intermixing of one „s‟ orbital and two „p‟ orbitals of the
outermost shell of an atom is called sp2 hybridization.
Ex: BCl3, BF3 and C2H4 etc.

Formation of Boron Trichloride (BF3):-

1. The atomic number of Boron is 5.
2. Ground state electronic configuration of „B‟ is,

3. Excited-state electronic configuration of „B‟ is,

sp2 hybridisation
4. Now in the excited state, the three unpaired orbitals undergo hybridisation
giving rise to three sp2 hybrid orbitals which are 1200 apart.

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5. The three hybrid orbitals overlap with three p-orbitals from three Fluorine
atoms forming three sigma bonds.
6. The molecule formed is a triangular planar.

sp3 hybridization: The intermixing of one „s‟ orbital and three „p‟ orbitals of the
outermost shell of an atom is called sp3 hybridization.
Ex: CH4 and H2O etc.
Formation of Methane(CH4) Molecule:- 1. The atomic number of carbon is 6
and its ground state electronic configuration is,

2. Excited-state electronic configuration of „carbon‟ is,

3. The four unpaired orbitals of carbon intermix with four s-orbitals of hydrogen
and reshuffle into four identical orbitals known as sp3 hybrid orbitals.
4. Thus, the carbon atom undergoes sp3 hybridisation which is oriented at an
angle of 109o28/.
5. Thus methane has four(sp3-s) -bonds.

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2. Give molecular orbital energy diagrams of (a) N2 and (b) O2.
Calculate the respective order. Write the magnetic nature of N2 and O2 molecules.

A. (a) MOED of N2 molecule: 1. The electronic configuration of N(7) is,1s2 2s2 2px1
2py1 2pz1.

2. Since the nitrogen has 7 electrons then molecular orbital of nitrogen contains
14 electrons.

MOED of N2 molecule

From the MOED diagram the electronic configuration of N2 is,

(1s2) (*1s2) (2s2) (*2s2) (π2px2 = π2py2)(2pz2)

The number of bonding electrons(Nb) = 10

The number of anti-bonding electrons(Na) = 4

Bond order = = = =3

N2 is diamagnetic due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

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(b) MOED of O2 molecule: 1. The electronic configuration of O(8) is,
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1.
2. Since the Oxygen atom has 8 electrons then molecular orbital of the Oxygen
molecule contains 16 electrons.

MOED of O2 molecule

From the MOED diagram, The electronic configuration of O2 is,

(1s2) (*1s2) (2s2) (*2s2) (π2px2 = π2py2) (π*2px1 = π*2py1)(2pz2)

Here, The number of bonding electrons(Nb) = 10

The number of anti-bonding electrons(Na) = 6

Bond order = = = =2

O2 is paramagnetic due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

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13. Organic Chemistry

1. How do you get benzene from Acetylene? Give the corresponding equations.
Explain the halogenation and alkylation of Benzene, acylation, Nitration and
sulphonation of benzene?

A. Preparation of benzene from acetylene: When acetylene is passed through a red hot
Cu and Fe tube, it polymerises and gives benzene.
3C2H2 → C6H6

1. Halogenation: In the presence of anhy. Benzene reacts with chlorine to form chloro
benzene.
H Cl

+ Cl2 → + HCl

2. Friedel-Craft’s alkylation: In the presence of any anhy.AlCl3 benzene reacts with

methyl chloride to form methyl benzene.

H CH3

+ CH3Cl → + HCl

3. Friedel-Craft’s acylation: Benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of

anhy.AlCl3 forms acetophenone.
COCH3

+ CH3COCl → + HCl

Acetophenone
4. Nitration: Benzene reacts with nitric acid in the presence of conc.H2SO4 at 60oC and
forms nitro benzene.
NO2

+ HONO2 → + H2O
Nitrobenzene
5. Sulphonation: Benzene reacts with fuming sulphuric acid to give benzene sulphonic
acid.

H SO3H

+ H2SO4 → + H2O

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2. a) Describe the methods of preparation of Ethane.
b) Explain the chemical properties of Ethane with equations.

A: a) Methods of preparation of ethane(C2H6):

1. Decarboxylation: Ethane is prepared by heating sodium propionate with soda lime.

(Soda lime is a mixture of NaOH &CaO)

C₂H5 COONa+ NaOH C₂H6+ Na2CO3



2. Wurtz reaction: Ethane is prepared by heating methyl iodide with sodium metal in
the presence of dry ether.

2CH3-I + 2Na → CH3-CH3 + 2 NaI

3. Kolbe's electrolysis: Ethane is obtained by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium

or potassium acetate solution.

2CH3COOK + 2H2O  C2H6 +2CO2 + 2KOH + H2

(At anode) (At cathode)

b) Chemical Properties of Ethane :

1. Chlorination: Ethane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight or UV light

and gives ethyl chloride sunlight.

C2H6 +Cl₂ →C₂H2Cl+HCl

2. Nitration: Ethane reacts with nitric acid vapours at 400°C and gives nitroethane.

C₂H6+HNO3 
→ C2H5NO₂ + H₂O
Nitroethane

3. Oxidation: Ethane on burning in air forms CO2 and H2O is combustion.

C2H6 + O2  2CO2 + 3H2O

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3. Give two methods of preparation of acetylene. How does it react with water and
Ozone?

A: Methods of preparation of Acetylene:

1. Dehydro halogenation: Dibromoethane on heating with alcoholic KOH undergoes

dehydrohalogenation and gives acetylene.

Br H Br H

H–C–C–H H – C = C-H HC CH
Vinyl bromide Acetylene
H Br
1,2-dibromoethane

2. From iodoform: lodoform on heating with silver powder gives acetylene.


CH3I + 6Ag + CHI3 → HC CH + 6Agl
lodoform Acetylene

Properties of Acetylene:

1. Action with water: When acetylene gas is passed through dil. H₂SO4 below 60°C in
presence of HgSO4, it undergoes addition with water forming acetaldehyde.

HC CH + HOH [ CH2=CHOH] ⇔ CH3CHO

Acetylene Vinyl alcohol Acetaldehyde

2. Action with ozone: Acetylene reacts with ozone to form acetylene ozonide. Which
on hydrolysis in presence of Zn to form glyoxal.

O
HC CH CHO
CH CH + O3  + H2O2

O O CHO
Acetylene Acetylene ozonide glyoxal

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4. Describe two methods of preparation of ethylene. Give equation for
the reaction of ethylene with the following.
(i) Ozone (ii) Hypohalous acid (iii) Cold and dil.alk KMnO4
(iv) Heated with O2 at high pressure

A: a) Methods of Preparation of Ethylene:

i) Dehydration: Ethyl alcohol on heating with conc. sulphuric acid at 170°C gives
ethylene.
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O

ii) Dehydrohalogenation: Ethyl chloride on heating with alcoholic potassium

hydroxide gives ethylene.

CH3CH2Cl + KOH(alc) → H2C=CH2 + KCl + H2O

b) Chemical properties of Ethylene:

i. With Ozone: Ethylene reacts with ozone to form unstable ozonide. Which undergoes
hydrolysis in presence of Zine to give Formaldehyde.

O
H2C CH2
CH2 CH2 + O3  → 2HCHO + H2O2
O O
Ethylene Ethylene ozonide Formaldehyde

ii. With hypohalous acid: Ethylene reacts with hypochlorous acid to give Ethylene
chlorohydrin.
H2C=CH2 + HOCl  H2C CH2

HO Cl
Ethylene chlorohydrin

iii. With cold dil. alk. KMnO4: Ethylene reacts with cold dilute alkaline KMnO4
(Baeyer reagent) at 273K to form Ethylene glycol.

H2C=CH2 → CH2OH-CH2OH
Ethylene Ethylene glycol

In this reaction, Baeyer reagent loses its prime colour. This test is used to detect
carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds (Baeyer test).

iv. Heated with O2 at high pressure: Ethylene when heated with O2 at high pressure
gives Polythene. This process is called polymerisation.

n(CH2=CH2) (-CH2-CH2-)n
Ethylene Polythene

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Short Answer Type Questions (4 marks)

3. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

1. Explain sp3d hybridization with an example?
(OR) Explain the structure of PCl5 molecule with hybridisation?

A. sp3d hybridization: The intermixing of one s-orbital, three p-orbitals and one d-
orbital of the outermost shell of an atom is called sp3d hybridisation.
Formation of PCl5 molecule: 1. The central atom of PCl5 is Phosphorus.
2 The atomic number of Phosphorus is 15.
3. Ground state electronic configuration is,

4. Its excited-state electronic configuration is,

5. In its excited the central atom phosphorus atom undergoes sp3d hybridization.
6. The five sp3d hybrid orbitals of phosphorus overlap axially with the 3pz orbital
of five chlorine atoms and they form five strong sp3d sigma() bonds.
7. The shape of the PCl5 molecule is trigonal bipyramid with bond angles 120o and
90o.

2. Explain sp3d2 hybridisation with an example?

A. sp3d2 hybridisation: The intermixing of one s-orbital, three p-orbitals and two d-
orbitals of the outermost shell of an atom are called sp3d2hybridisation.
Formation of SF6 molecules: 1. The central atom of SF6 is Sulphur.
2. The atomic number of sulphur is 16.
3. Ground state electronic configuration is,

4. Excited-state electronic configuration is,

5. In the excited state of sulphur atom undergoes sp3d2 hybridisation.

6. hence it forms six sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.
7. The 6 sp3d2 hybrid orbitals of s overlap axially with p-orbitals of six F atoms
and they form six sp3d2 sigma() bonds.
8. The shape of the SF6 molecule is octahedral with bond angles 90o and 180o.

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3. Predict the shape of the following molecules, making use of valency shell
electron pair repulsion(VSEPR) theory?
1) XeF4 2) BrF5 3) CIF3 4) H2O

S.No Molecule Central atom Bond pair Loan pair Shape

1 XeF4 Xe 4 2 Planar
2 BrF5 Br 5 1 Pyramid
3 CIF3 Cl 3 2 T-shape
4 H2O O 2 2 V-shape

4. State Fajan’s rules with suitable examples?

A. Fajan's rules: Fajan‟s rules are useful to predict the nature of the bond formed
between two atoms.
1. Increase in cation size increases the ionic nature of the bond.
Ex: Among alkali metal ions the ionic nature of the bond is in the order
Li+<Na+<K+<Rb+
2. Smaller the size of the anion greater the ionic nature.
3. Cation or anion or both with smaller charges favour the formation of an ionic
bond.
4. Cations with inert gas configuration form ionic compounds while cations with
pseudo inert gas configuration favour covalent bond formation.

6. What is meant by the term bond order? Calculate the bond order of (a) N2 (b) O2.

A. Bond order: The number of bonds between two atoms of a molecule is called bond
order.
Bond order(B.O) = (Nb – Na)
Were Nb = No.of electrons in bonding orbitals.
Na = no. o electron in antibonding orbitals.

Bond order of N2 : 1. The electronic configuration of N(7) is,1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1.
2. Since the nitrogen has 7 electrons then the molecular orbital of nitrogen contains
14 electrons.
The number of bonding electrons(Nb) = 10
The number of anti-bonding electrons(Na) = 4
Bond order = = = =3
N2 is diamagnetic due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

Bond order of O2: 1. The electronic configuration of O(8) is,1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1
2pz1.
2. Since the Oxygen atom has 8 electrons then the molecular orbital of Oxygen
molecule contains 16 electrons.
The number of bonding electrons(Nb) = 10
The number of anti-bonding electrons(Na) = 6
Bond order = = = =2
O2 is paramagnetic due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

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4. States Of Matter

1. Give the important postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases?

A. The postulates of the kinetic gas theory:

1. Gases are made up of many small, tiny particles called molecules.
2. Gas molecules move randomly in all directions with high velocities.
3. There will be no attractive or repulsive forces among gas molecules
4. There will be no effect of gravitational force on the moment of gas molecules.
5. The total volume of gas molecules is negligible when compared to the entire
volume of the container.
6. The pressure of a gas is due to collisions of the gas molecules on the walls of
the container.
7. All collisions are perfectly elastic
8. The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature.
Kinetic energy ∝ absolute temperature.

2. State and Explain Graham’s law of diffusion?

A. Graham’s law of diffusion: 1. At constant temperature and pressure, the rate of

diffusion(r) of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density(d).
i.e r ∝  =√
√

2. Rate of diffusion, r = =  =  =

3. Also density, d = r∝  =√

√
4. Molecular weight = 2 × vapour density.
 M = 2 × VD
5. Also r ∝  =√
√
6. Hence for two gases if r1 and r2 are the rates of diffusion and d1 and d2 are
the densities. M1 and M2 are molecular weights.
7. VD1 and VD2 are the vapour densities, then  = =√ =√

3. Deduce (a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law from the kinetic gas equation?

A. (a) Boyle’s law: 1. From the kinetic gas equation, PV = mn

 PV = KE ---------(1) (∵ KE = mn )
2. According to kinetic gas theory, KE ∝ T  KE = kT ----------(2)
3. From (1) and (2), PV = kT
4. If the temperature(T) is kept constant then PV = Constant. Thus Boyle‟s law is
derived.

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b) Charle’s law: 1. From the kinetic gas equation, PV = mn
 PV = KE ---------(1) (∵ KE = mn

2. According to kinetic gas theory, KE ∝ T  KE = kT ----------(2)

3. From (1) and (2), PV = kT  = ×
4. If pressure(P) is kept constant then = Constant. Thus Charles's law is derived.

4. Deduce (a) Graham’s law and (b) Dalton’s law of partial pressure from the kinetic
gas equation?

A. Graham’s law of diffusion: 1. At constant temperature and pressure, the rate

of diffusion(r) of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
density(d).
i.e r ∝  =√
√

2. From the kinetic gas equation, PV= mn = M (∵ mn=M, the total

mass of the gas)
 =3 = (∵ d = )
 ∝
 urms ∝
√
3. But rms velocity urms ∝ r. hence r ∝
√
The Grahams law is derived from the kinetic gas equation.

Dalton’s law of Partial Pressure: 1. At constant temperature the total pressure

of a mixture of an ideal gas is the sum of individual pressures.
For n gases P = P1 + P2 + P3 +.....+ Pn

2. From the kinetic gas equation, pressure p1 =

3. If the gas is replaced by another gas then pressure p2 =

4. Suppose two gases are taken in the same vessel with pressure P.

Then P = +

P = P1 + P2

5. For n gases P = P1 + P2 + P3 +.....+ Pn

This is called Dalton‟s law of partial pressure.

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5. Derive the ideal gas equation from gas laws?

A. Boyles law: At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure.
i.e V ∝ (n, T are constant)

Charles law: At constant pressure, the volume of the given mass of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature.
i.e V ∝ T (n, P are constant)

Avagadro’s law: At constant temperature and pressure the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of moles.
i.e V ∝ n (P, T are constant)

Ideal gas equation: Combine the above three equations, V ∝

V=R× , Where R = Universal gas constant.
 PV = nRT.
This is the ideal gas equation.

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5. Stoichiometry
1. Balance the following redox equation in an acidic medium by ion-electron method?
Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O7 2-(aq)  Fe3+(aq) + Cr3+(aq)

A. 1. Skelton ionic equation: Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O7 2-(aq)  Fe3+(aq) + Cr3+(aq)

2. Oxidation half-reaction Reduction half-reaction

Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+(aq) Cr2O7 2-(aq)  Cr3+(aq)

3. Balance other than „O‟ and „H‟ atoms.

Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+(aq) Cr2O7 2-(aq)  2Cr3+(aq)

4. Balancing oxygen atoms

Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+(aq) Cr2O7 2-(aq)  2Cr3+(aq) +7H2O

5. Balancing hydrogen atoms

Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+(aq) Cr2O7 2-(aq) + 14 H+ 2Cr3+(aq) +7H2O

6. Balancing charges
Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+(aq) + 1e- Cr2O7 2-(aq)+14H++6e-2Cr3+(aq)+7H2O

7. Equalizing of electrons
6Fe2+(aq)  6Fe3+(aq) + 6e----(1) Cr2O7 2-(aq)+14H++6e-2Cr3+(aq)+7H2O---(2)

8. Adding two half reactions.

6Fe2+(aq)  6Fe3+(aq) + 6e-

Cr2O7 2-(aq) + 14 H++ 6e-  2Cr3+(aq) +7H2O

6Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O7 2-(aq) + 14 H+  6Fe3+(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) +7H2O

This is the balancing equation.

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2. Balance the following redox reaction by the ion-electron method in the acid
medium?
MnO4- + SO2  Mn+2 + HSO4-

A. 1. Skelton ionic equation: MnO4 - + SO2  Mn+2 + HSO4–

2. Oxidation half-reaction Reduction half-reaction

SO2  HSO4- MnO4-  Mn+2

3. Balance the atoms other than O and H

SO2  HSO4- MnO4-  Mn+2

4. Balance of oxygen atoms.

SO2 + 2 H2O  HSO4- MnO4-  Mn+4H2O

5. Balance of hydrogen atoms

SO2 + 2 H2O  HSO4- + 3 H+ MnO4- + 8 H+  Mn+2 + 4 H2O

6. Balance of charges
SO2 +2H2OHSO4- +3H++2e- MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5e-  Mn+2 + 4 H2O

7. Equalizing of electrons.
5(SO2+2H2OHSO4 -+ 3H++2e-) 2(MnO4- +8H+ +5e-  Mn+2 +4H2O
5SO2+10H2O5HSO4 -+ 15H++10e- 2MnO4- +16H+ +10e-  2Mn+2+8H2O

8. Adding the two half-reactions.

5SO2 + 10 H2O  5HSO4 - + 15 H+ + 10e-
2MnO4- + 16 H+ + 10e-  2Mn+2 + 8 H2O
2 MnO4 - + 5 SO2 + 2 H2O + H+  2 Mn+2 + 5 HSO4-

This is a balanced equation.

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3. Balance the following equation in the basic medium by the ion-electron method?
MnO4- + I- MnO2 + I2

A. 1. Skelton equation: MnO4- + I- MnO2 + I2

2. Oxidation half-reaction Reduction half-reaction

I-  I2 MnO4- MnO2
3. Balance the atoms other than O and H
2I-  I2 MnO4- MnO2
4. Balance of oxygen atoms.
2I-  I2 MnO4- MnO2 +2H2O
5. Balance of hydrogen atoms
2I-  I2 MnO4- +2H2OMnO2 + 4OH-
6. Balance of charges
2I-  I2 + 2e- MnO4- +4H2O+3e-MnO2+4OH-
7. Equalizing of electrons.
6I-  3I2 + 6e- 2 MnO4- + 4H2O + 6e- 2MnO2 + 8OH-

8. Adding the two half-reactions.

6I-  3I2 + 6e-
2 MnO4 + 4H2O + 6e- 2MnO2 + 8OH-
-

2MnO4- + 6I- + 4H2O  2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8OH-

This is the balanced equation.

4. A carbon compound contains 12.8% carbon, 2.1% hydrogen and 85.1% bromine.
The molecule weight of a compound is 187.9. Calculate the molecular formula.

A. Step-1: Percentage composition of the elements present in the compound.

C H Br
12.8 2.1 85.1

Step-2: Dividing by the respective atomic weights of the elements.

= 1.067 = 2.1 = 1.067

Step-3: Dividing by the smallest number to get a simple atomic ratio.

=1 =2 =1

The empirical formula is CH2Br.

The empirical formula weight is = 12+(2×1) + 80 = 94

The molecular weight = 187.9(given)

n= = =2

The molecular formula = (Emperical formula)n = (CH2Br)2 = C2H4Br2.

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6. Thermodynamics

1. Give the mathematical formulation of the first law of thermodynamics?

A. First law of thermodynamics: 1. Law of conservation of energy is treated as the first

law of thermodynamics.
2. It states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be changed
from one form to another form.

Mathematical form of the first law of thermodynamics: 1. Let a system in state „A‟
of internal energy, EA absorbs a certain amount of heat(Q) from the surroundings and
changes its state to B.
2. Let the internal energy in the state „B‟ is EB.
3. If „W‟ is the work done by the system in the process the increase in internal
energy(E) of the system is given by the equation E = EB-EA
Net gain of energy =Q-W

4. From the first law of thermodynamics, a net gain of energy(Q-W) must be equal
to E.
Hence E = EB-EA
= Q-W
Q = E + W
This is the mathematical form of the first law of thermodynamics.

2. Define heat capacity? What are Cp and Cv? Show that Cp-Cv = R.

A. Heat capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the system
through 1oC is called heat capacity(C).

Heat capacity, C =  Where q = Amount of heat absorbed.

T = Raise in temperature.

For gases, heat capacity is two types. They are,

i) Heat capacity at constant volume(Cv)
ii) Heat capacity at constant pressure(Cp)

i) Heat capacity at constant volume(Cv): The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of the substance by 1oC at constant volume is called heat capacity at
constant volume(Cv).
Cv =( )v

ii) Heat capacity at constant pressure(Cp): The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of the substance by 1oC at constant pressure is called heat capacity at
constant pressure(Cp).
Cp =( )p

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Relation between Cp and Cv: 1. For ideal gas Cv =( )v and Cp =( )p

2. For 1 mole of a ideal gas, H = U+PV = U+RT (∵ PV = RT)

3. Differentiate w.r.t temperature(T), = +R

 Cp = Cv +R

 Cp-Cv = R

3. State and explain the Hess law of constant heat summation with an example?

A. Hess law of constant heat summation: “The total enthalpy change during the complete
course of a reaction is the same whether the reaction is made in one step or several steps”.

Method 1: Direct formation of the product in a single step. A  P ; H = Q

Method 2: The product is formed indirectly by proceeding in several steps.
A  B ; H = q1

B  C ; H = q2

C  P ; H = q3

According to Hess law, Q = q1 + q2 + q3

Ex: CO2 can be obtained from C(graphite) and O2(gas) in two different ways.

a) C+ O2  CO2; H = - 393.5 KJ

b) C + O2  CO; H1 = - 110.5 KJ

CO + O2  CO2; H2 = - 283.02 KJ

Total enthalpy change = H1 + H2

Total heat change in method-2 = -110.5-283.02 = -393.52 KJ

Enthalpy change in both the paths is almost the same. Hence it obeys the Hess law.

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7. Chemical Equilibrium

1. State and explain Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it to the following

equilibrium?
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) H = -189 KJ

A. Le Chatelier’s principle: It states that “If a chemical reaction at equilibrium is

subjected to any change in pressure or temperature or concentration then the equilibrium
position shifts in the direction in which the applied change is reduced”.

Synthesis of SO3 – Contact process: Sulphur dioxide and oxygen combine to form
SO3. This reaction is reversible and exothermic.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) H = -189 KJ

Effect of Temperature: 1. Low temperature favours a greater yield of SO3.

2. But at low temperatures, the reaction between SO2 and O2 is very slow.
3. Hence an optimum temperature of 673K is used.
4. To increase the rate of reaction, V2O3 or platinised asbestos is used as a
catalyst.

Effect of pressure: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) H = -189 KJ

1. No. of moles of reactants = 2+1 =3

No. of moles of products = 2.
2. The formation of SO3 is accompanied by a decrease in volume or more
number of moles.
3. Hence high pressure is favourable for the formation os SO3.
4. But due to the acidic nature of SO3, the towers used in the synthesis are
corroded at high pressure.
5. So an optimum pressure of 1.5 to 1.7 atm is used.

Optimum conditions: Concentration: High concentration of SO2 and O2.

Temperature: 673 K
Pressure: 1.5 – 1.7 atm.
Catalyst: V2O5 (or) Platnised asbestos.

2. State and explain Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it to the following

equilibrium?
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g) H = -92 KJ
(OR) State and explain Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it to the synthesis of
ammonia by Haber’s process?

A. Le Chatelier’s principle: It states that “If a chemical reaction at equilibrium is

subjected to any change in pressure or temperature or concentration then the equilibrium
position shifts in the direction in which the applied change is reduced”.

Synthesis of ammonia- Haber’s process: Nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form

Ammonia. This reaction is reversible and exothermic.

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N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g) H = -92 KJ

Effect of Temperature: 1. At low temperature the reaction between N2 and H2 is very

slow.
2. Therefore an optimum temperature of 725-775 K is used.
3. To speed up the reaction finely divided iron is used as a catalyst and
molybdenum is used as a promoter.

Effect of pressure: N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g) H = -92 KJ

1. No. of moles of reactants = 4
No. of moles of products = 2
2. The formation of ammonia is accompanied by a decrease in volume or
the number of moles.
3. So high pressure is favourable for the higher yield of NH3.
4. Hence a pressure of 200-300 atm is used.

Optimum conditions:
Concentration: Pure N2 and H2 should be mixed in high concentrations.
Temperature: 725-775 K
Pressure: 200-300 atm.
Catalyst: Finely divided iron.
Promoter: Mo.

3. Derive the relation between Kp and Kc for the equilibrium reactions?

(a) N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g)
(b) 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)

A. (a) Relation between Kp and Kc is Kp = Kc (RT)n

Given equation is N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g)

n = nP-nR = 2-(1+3) = 2-4 = -2

Kp =Kc (RT)-2

Kp < Kc

(b) Relation between Kp and Kc is Kp = Kc (RT)n

Given equation is 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)

n = nP-nR = 2-3 = -1

Kp =Kc (RT)-1

Kp < Kc

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4. Explain the Bronsted-Lowry-base theory with examples?

A. Bronsted-Lowry-base theory: A chemical substance which can lose proton or

protons are called an acid.
Ex: HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH etc.

Bronsted Base: A chemical substance which can gain or accept a proton or protons are
called a Base.
Ex: NH3, H2O, OH- etc.

Neutralization: In an acid-base reaction, a proton is transferred from acid to base. This

is called a neutralization reaction.
Ex: HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl-

In the above reaction, HCl donates one proton to water. So it is a Bronsted acid.
H2O gains one proton. So it is a Bronsted base.

Conjugate acid-base pair: In all reversible acid-base reactions at equilibrium two acids
and two bases are involved and acid is converted to the corresponding base and
converted into acid. A pair of Bronsted acid-base differ by one proton is known as
conjugate acid-base pair.

Ex: HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl-

In this example, HCl, Cl-, H3O+ and H2O are conjugate acid-base pairs.

5. Explain Lewis's acid-base theory with examples?

A. Lewis Acid: It is a substance that can accept an electron pair to form a coordinate
covalent bond with the donor.

Types of Lewis acids: 1. Simple cations: Ag+, CO+3, Cu2+, Fe3+ etc.
2. Compounds in which the central atoms have an incomplete octet.
Ex: BF3, BCl3, AlCl3, FeCl3 etc.

3. Compounds in which central atoms have available d-orbital and can expand their
configuration beyond octet.
Ex: SiF4, SnCl4, SF4, TeF4 etc.

4. Molecules having multiple bonds between atoms of dissimilar electro negatives.

Ex: CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2, etc.

5. Elements with electron sexet.

Ex: O, S etc.

Lewis base: Lewis base is a substance that can donate an electron pair to form a dative
bond with electron pair acceptor acid.
Ex: NH3, H2O, F–, Cl–, I–,

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Types of Lewis base:
1. Simple anions: Cl-, OH-, CN-, NH2- etc.

2. Molecules with one or more lone pair of electrons on the central atoms.
Ex: H2O, NH3, ROH, RNH2, ROR etc.

3. Molecules with multiple bonds.

Ex: CO, NO, C2H2, C2H4 etc.

Neutralisation: Formation of co-ordinate covalent bond between acid and base.

Ex: Formation of hydronium ion.
H2O + H+  H3O+

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8. Hydrogen and Its Compounds

1. Write a few lines on the utility of hydrogen as a fuel?

A. 1. Hydrogen is used as rocket fuel.

2. Hydrogen is used in fuel cells for generating electrical energy.
3. The energy released by the combination of dihydrogen is three times more than
petrol.
4. 4% of hydrogen is used in CNG for running four-wheel vehicles.
5. hydrogen is a major constituent in fuel gas is like coal gas and water gas.
6. The heat of combustion of dihydrogen is about 242 kg per mole. Hence hydrogen
is used as an industrial fuel.

2. Explain the terms of hard water and soft water. Write notes on,
i) ion-exchange method and
ii) Calgon method for the removal of hardness of the water.

A. Soft water: A sample of water which gives good lather with soap is known as soft
water.

Hard water: A sample of water which does not give good lather with soap is known as
hard water.

The hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble compounds of

magnesium and calcium such as Mg(HCO3)2, Ca(HCO3)2, MgCl2, CaCl2, MgSO4
and CaSO4.

Ion exchange method:

1. This method is useful to remove the permanent hardness
of the water.
2. It is also named as zeolite process or permutit process.
3. Permutit is the artificial zeolite that is sodium aluminium
orthosilicate
(Na2Al2Si2O8. XH2O or NaAlSiO4)
4. Permutit in short form is written as Naz.
5. When hard water is passed through permitted the following ion exchange
reaction takes place.
2NaZ + Ca2+ CaZ2 + 2Na+
2NaZ + Mg2+  MgZ2 + 2Na+

6. CaZ2 and MgZ2 are called exhausted permutit. These are generated to
permutit by the treatment with brine solution(NaCl).
CaZ2 + Na+  2NaZ + Ca2+

ii. Calgon Method: sodium hexametaphosphate is commercially called as Calgon.

2. When Calgon is added to hard water it reacts with calcium and magnesium ions
forming complex anions.

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Na6P6O18  2Na + [Na4P6O18]
+ 2-

[Na4P6O18]2- + M2+ [Na2MP6O18]2- + 2Na+ (M = Mg, Ca)

The complex anion keeps the Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in solution.

3. Write any two oxidizing and reducing properties of hydrogen peroxide?

A. Oxidizing properties: 1. H2O2 oxidises block lead sulphide(PbS) to white lead

shlphate(PbSO4)
PbS + 4 H2O2  PbSO4 + 4H2O

2. H2O2 oxidise chloride to chlorine.

2HCl + H2O2  Cl2 + 2 H2O

Reducing properties: H2O2 reduces silver oxide to silver.

Ag2O + H2O2  2Ag + H2O + O2

2. H2O2 reduces acidified KMNO4 to colour less manganese sulphate.

2KMNO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 5H2O  K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8 H2O + 5 O2

4. Explain with suitable examples the following.

a) Electron deficient.
b) Electron-precise.
c) Electron-rich hybrids.

A. a) Electron deficient compound of hydrogen: 1. They have less number of electrons

then required for conventional Levi structure.
Ex: B2H6(Diborane)
2. Elements of group-13 form electron deficient compounds.

b) Electron precise compounds of hydrogen: 1. Electron precise compounds have the

required number of electrons to write their conventional Levi structures.
2. All elements of group-14 form compounds which are tetrahedral in geometry.

c) Electron rich hydride: 1. They have an excess of electrons which are present as
loan pairs.
2. Elements of groups 15 to 17 from such compounds.
Ex: NH3 has 1-loan pair, H2O has 2-loan pairs, HF has 3-loan pairs.

They will behave as Lewis bases that are electron-pair donors. The presence of lone
pairs of highly electronegative atoms like N, O and F in hydrates results in hydrogen
bond formation between the molecules. This leads to the association of molecules.

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10. P-Block Elements (Group-13)

1. Explain the borax bead test with a suitable example?

A. Borax bead test: 1. This test is useful for the identification of bases radicals in
qualitative analysis.
2. On heating, borax swells into a white effective mass of anhydrous sodium
tetraborate. When it is fused borax glass is obtained.
3. This contains sodium metaborate and B2O3.
4. The boric anhydride combines with metal oxides to form metal metaborates as
coloured beads.
5. the reactions are as follows.
Na2B4O7.10H2O  Na2B4O7 → 2 NaBO2 + B2O3
B2O3 + Co.O  Co(BO2)2

2. How is diborane(B2H6) prepared to explain its structure?

A. Industrial method of preparation: Boron trifluoride is reduced by lithium hydride

at 450 k.
2BF3 + LiH  B2H6 + 6LiF

Structure of diborane(B2H6): 1. According to electron diffraction theory, di borane

has two coplanar BH2 groups.
2. The four hydrogen atoms present in BH2 groups are known as terminal hydrogen
atoms(H1).
3. The remaining two hydrogen atoms are called bridge hydrogens.
4. These two bridge hydrogens live in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the BH2
groups.
5. One of the bridge hydrogen lies about the plane and the other lies below the plane.
6. In diborane, boron undergoes sp3 hybridization to form 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals.
7. Out of orbitals, three orbitals contain one electron each and the fourth orbital is
vacant.
8. The two sp3 hybrid orbitals of each boron atom form Sigma() bonds with two
hydrogen atoms.
9. The bridge between two boron atoms is formed due to the overlap of vacant SP3
orbital of one boron „s‟ orbital of hydrogen and SP3 orbital of another boron-
containing one electron.
10. Hence this hydrogen bridge is considered as three centres two-electron bonds are
banana bord or Tau bond.

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3. What are electron deficient compounds? Is BCl3 an electron deficient species?
Explain?

A. Electron deficient compounds: The compounds which the central atom has
incomplete octet o electron in its outermost orbit are called electron deficient
compounds.
Ex: 1. BCl3 molecule is an electron deficient molecule.
2. In BCl3 the central atom Boran has only six electrons in the outermost shell.
3. Therefore BCl3 molecule accepts an electron pair to get a stable electron
configuration and behave as Lewis acid.

Cl NH3

B – Cl + NH3 B

Cl Cl Cl Cl

4. BCl3 molecule easily accepts one pair o electrons from ammonia to form
BCl3 .NH3

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13. Organic Chemistry

1. Explain Wurtz reaction and Friedel-Craft alkylation and Kolbe's electrolytic

method with one example for each?
A. a). Wurtz reaction: Ethane is prepared by heating methyl iodide with sodium metal in
the presence of dry ether.
2CH3-I + 2Na → CH3-CH3 + 2 NaI

Friedel-Craft’s alkylation: In the presence of any anhy.AlCl3 benzene reacts with

methyl chloride to form methyl benzene.

H CH3

+ CH3Cl → + HCl

Kolbe’s electrolysis: Ethane is obtained by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium or

potassium acetate solution.
2CH3COOK + 2H2O  C2H6 +2CO2 + 2KOH + H2

2. Write the corresponding equations for the following reaction and name the
products A, B and C?
i. CaC2 + → A→ B→ C
ii. C2H4 → A→ B→ C

A. i. CaC2 + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

3C2H2 → C6H6
C6H6 → C6H5CH3 + HCl
A = C2H2(Acetylene)
B = C6H6 (Benzene)
C = C6H5CH3 (Methyl benzene)

ii. C2H4 → BrH2C- CH2Br → HC CH → Br2HC - CHBr2

Ethylene 1,2-dibromo ethane Actylene 1,1,2,2-tetra bromo ethane

A = 1,2-dibromo ethane.
B = Actylene.
C = 1,1,2,2-tetra bromo ethane.

3. Explain a) Position isomerism b) Functional isomerism with one example.

A. a) Position isomerism: Compounds which are having the same molecular formula but
different structures are called isomers. This phenomenon is called position
isomerism.
Ex: C3H7 Cl has two position isomers.

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CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl CH3 – CH – CH3

Cl
1-chloro propane 2-chloro propane

b) Functional isomerism: The compounds having the same molecular formula but
differ in a functional group are called functional isomerism. This phenomenon is
called functional isomerism.
Ex: Alcohols and ethers are functional isomers.
C2H6O has two functional isomers.
i) C2H5OH ii) CH3OCH3

4. How does ethylene react with the following. a) Cl2 b) HBr c) H2SO4 d) O3

A. a) Ethylene reacts with chlorine in the presence of CCl4 at room temperature gives
1,2-chloro butane.
Cl Cl

H2C = CH2 + Cl2  H2C - CH2

b) Ethylene reacts with hydrogen bromide to give ethyl bromide.
H2C = CH2 + HBr  H3C – CH2 – Br
c) Ethylene reacts with cold conc.H2SO4 to form ethyl hydrogen sulphate.
H2C = CH2 + H2SO4  H3C- CH2-HSO4
d) Ethylene reacts with ozone to form an unstable ethylene ozonide. This ozonide on
hydrolysis in presence of Zn-H2O gives formaldehyde.
O
H2C = CH2 + O3  H2C CH2 → 2HCHO + H2O2

O O

3. How is acetylene prepared from the following compounds?

a) Calcium carbide b) 1,2-dibromomethane.

A. a) Calcium carbide: Ethylene is prepared by the hydrolysis of calcium carbide.

CaC2 + 2 H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 

b) 1,2-dibromomethane: Acetylene is prepared by the dehydrohalogenation of

1,2-dibromo ethane with alcoholic KOH.
Br H H Br

a) H- C - C - H + KOH → H – C = C - H + KBr + H2O

H Br

H Br

b) H – C = C – H + KOH → HC  CH + H2O

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Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks)
4. STATES OF MATTER(Gases and Liquids)
1. Which gas diffuses faster among N2, O2, CH4 gases? Why?

A. 1. The molecular weight of the given gases are N2(28), O2(32) and CH4(16).
2. CH4 diffuses faster as its molecular weight is lower than reaming two gases.

2. State and explain Graham’s law of diffusion?

A. Graham’s law of diffusion: Graham‟s law is stated as, at constant temperature and
pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
density.
i.e r  r
√ √

3. State and explain Dalton’s law of Partial Pressures?

A. Dalton’s Law Of Partial Pressures:- At a given temperature, the total pressure exerted
by two or more non reacting gases occupying a definite volume is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of the component gases.
Mathematically P = P1 + P2 +P3 (T, V constant)

4. What is isotherm?

A. Isotherm: The curves obtained by plotting volume(V) verses pressure(P) of a gas at

constant temperature are called isotherms.

5. What is absolute temperature?

A. Absolute temperature: The temperature measured on the Kelvin scale is called

absolute temperature.
Temperature in kelvinscale = 273.15 + Temperature in degree celcius.

6. What are isobars?

A. Isobars: The line obtained by plotting temperature(T) verses volume(V) at constant

pressure are called isobars.

7. What is absolute zero?

A. Absolute zero: The lowest hypothetical temperature at which gases are supposed to
occupy zero volume is called absolute zero.

8. What are STP conditions?

A. STP conditions: i. Standard temperature = 273.15 K = 0oC

ii. standard pressure = 1 bar.

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9. What is an ideal gas?

A. Ideal gas: Any gas which obeys all gas laws at all temperatures and pressure in called
ideal gas.

10. What is gram molar volume?

A. Gram molar volume: The volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP
conditions are called gram molar volume.
At STP, one mole of any gas occupies 22.4 lit. of volume.

11. What is the most probable speed?

A. The speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules present in the gas is
called the most probable speed.
Ump = √

12. How many times does the machine diffuse faster than sulphur dioxide?

A. According to Graham's law of diffusion,

=√ =√ =√ =2
Hence methane gas diffuses two times faster than SO2.

13. What is Boltzman’s constant? Give its value?

A. Boltzman's constant is the gas constant per molecule.

Boltzman's constant, K = =1.38 x 10-16 erg/K.molecule =1.38 x 10-23 J/K.molecule

14. Find the kinetic energy of 5 moles of an idea gas in calories at 27o C?

A: Given data: n = 5 moles

T=27°C=27+273=300K
R = 2 calories/mol
Formula: Kinetic energy, KE = nRT = × 5 × 2 × 300 = 4500 cal.

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5. STOICHIOMETRY

1. What are the disproportionation reactions? Give an example.

A. Disproportionation reaction: The redox reactions in which an element in one

oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

Ex: 3 Cl2 + 6 OH-  ClO3- + 5 Cl- +3H2O

In this reaction, Cl2 undergoes both oxidation and reduction reactions.

2. Calculate the oxidation number of oxygen in (i) O2F2 (ii) OF2

A. (i) O2F2 : Let oxidation number of O = x

Oxidation number of F = -1
Now 2(x) + 2(-1) = 0
 2x-2 = 0
 2x = 2
 x = = +1
The oxidation number of O in O2F2 is +1.

(ii) OF2 : Let oxidation number of O = x

Oxidation number of F = -1
Now x + 2(-1) = 0
 x-2 =0
 x= +2
The oxidation number of O in OF2 is +2.

3. Calculate the oxidation number of Mn in (i) KMnO4, (ii) MnO4-2

A. (i) KMnO4: Let oxidation number of Mn = x

Oxidation number of K = -1
Oxidation number of O = -2
Now 1+(x) + 4(-2) = 0
 1+x-8 =0
 x-7= 0
 x = +7
Oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is +7.

(ii) MnO4-2: Let oxidation number of Mn = x

Oxidation number of K = -1
Oxidation number of O = -2
Now x + 4(-2) = -2
 x-8 =-2
 x-8= 0
 x = +8-2
 x = +6
Oxidation number of Mn in MnO4-2 is +6.

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4. How many moles of glucose are present in 540 grams of glucose?

A. Given: Weight of glucose = 540 gm

Molecular weight of glucose(C6H12O6) = 180

Number of moles = = = 3.

5. Calculate the weight of 0.1 moles of sodium carbonate?

A. Given: Number of moles of Na2CO3,n = 0.1

gm. Molecular weight of Na2CO3 = 106

Weight of Na2CO3 = n× Molecular weight of Na2CO3

= 0.1 × 106
= 10.6 gm

6. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O. Its molecular weight is 90.

Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.

A. Given: Empirical formula(CH2O) weight = 12+2+16=30 gm

Molucular weight = 90

Now n = = =3

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n = (CH2O)3 = C3H6O3

7. How many number of CaCO3 moles are present in 200 g of CaCO3?

A. Given: Gram molecular weight of CaCO3 = 100

Weight of the substance = 200 g

Number of moles = = =2

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7. Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Basis

1. What is the homogeneous equilibrium? Write two homogenous reactions.

A. Homogeneous equilibrium: The equilibrium reaction in which all the reactants and
products are in the same physical state is called homogeneous equilibrium.
Ex: 1. N2 + 3H2 ⇌2NH3
2. H2 + I2 ⇌ 2HI

2. What is heterogeneous equilibrium? Write two heterogeneous reactions.

A. Heterogeneous equilibrium: When the reactants and products are in different

physical states the equilibrium is said to be heterogeneous equilibrium.
Ex-1: CO2 + C  2 CO
Ex-2: CaCO3  CaO + CO2

3. Give two chemical equilibrium reactions for which Kp>Kc.

A. 1. PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2 n = (2-1)

2. N2O4  2NO2 n = (2-1)
Kp = Kc (RT)n = Kc (RT)2-1 = Kc (RT)
Concluision: Kp>Kc

4. What is a Bronsted base? Give one example.

A. Bronsted Base: Chemical substance whose molecules or ions tend to gain protons from
a donor is called a Bronsted base.
Ex: H2O, NH3 and Cl- etc.

5. What is Lewis acid? Give one example.

A. Lewis acid: A chemical substance whose molecules or ions tend to accept an electron
pair to form a coordinate covalent bond with the donor is called Lewis acid.
Ex: BF3, BCl3, H+

6. What is meant by the ionic product of water?

A. Ionic Product of Water: The product of concentration of H+ and OH- ions in

water at a given temperature is called ionic product of water.
Ionic product of waster, Kw = [H+] [OH-]

7. Define the Basicity of acid n acidity of the base?

A. Basicity of acid: The number of replaceable H+ ions of acid as the basicity of acid.

Acidity of Base: The number of replaceable OH- ions of a base is called as the acidity
of base.

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8. What is a conjugate acid-base pair? Give example.

A. Conjugate acid-base pair: A pair of acid and base that differs by one proton is known
as conjugate acid-base pair.

Ex: NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

In this chemical reaction, NH4+ and NH3 are a conjugate acid-base pair and H2O and
OH- is another conjugate acid-base pair.

9. Define the pH of a solution? Write its significance.

A. pH: PH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ions[H+] concentration.

PH = -
Significance: 1. It is used to distinguish acidic, basic and neutral solutions.
2. When dealing with some biological and cosmetic applications, the
determination of the pH of the solution is very essential.
3. Pkw = pH + POH is a very important quality for aqueous solutions.
4. It controls the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.

10. Calculate the pH of 10-3 M HCl?

A. HCl is a strong and monobasic acid.

[H+] = Molarity × Basicity = 10-3 × 1 = 10-3

PH = - = - log = - (-3) × log 10 = 3 × 1 = 3

11. Calculate the pH of 0.001 M NaOH?

A. NaOH is a strong and monoacidic basic.

[OH-] = Molarity × Acidity = 0.001 × 1 = 10-3

PH = - = - log = - (-3) × log 10 = 3 × 1 = 3

But pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 - pOH = 14-3 = 11

12. Calculate the pH of 0.05 M H2SO4?

A. H2SO4 is a strong and dibasic acid.

[H+] = Molarity × Basicity = 0.05 × 2 = 0.1 = 10-1

PH = - = - log = - (-1) × log 10 = 1 × 1 = 1

13. The concentration of Hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 × 10-3 M.
What is its pH?
A. PH = - = - log = -[ log 3.8 + log ] = - [0.58-3]
= -(-2.42) = 2.42
The pH of a soft drink is 2.42 and it can be inferred as an acidic.

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14. Write the relation between Kp and KC.

A. Kp = Kc(RT)n Where, Kp = equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures

Kc = equilibrium constant in terms of molar concentrations
R = gas constant
T=Temperature in kelvin
n = Difference in number of moles of gaseous products
and a number of moles of gaseous reactants.

15. All Bronsted bases are Lewis bases. Explain.

A. 1. Bronsted base is a proton acceptor. Lewis base is an electron pair donor.

2. Ex: Bromide (Br-) is a base.
H++ :Br:  HBr
3. Here bromide is a proton acceptor. Hence it is a Bronsted base.
:Br:+AlBr3  [AlBr4]-
4. Here bromide is an electron pair donor. Hence it is a Lewis base.

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9. S-block elements(Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

1. Describe the important uses of quicklime?

A. Uses of a quick lime: It is used in the manufacture of dyestuffs.

2. It is used in the manufacture of sodium carbonate from caustic soda.

2. Describe the important uses of caustic soda or sodium hydroxide?

A. Uses of caustic soda: 1. Sodium hydroxide used in soap and paper industries.
2. It is used in petroleum refining.
3. It is used in mercerising cotton.
4. It is used as a laboratory reagent.

3. Describe the important uses of sodium carbonate?

A. Uses of sodium carbonate: Sodium carbonate is used,

1. to remove the hardness of the water.
2. in the preparation of glass, caustic soda.
3. in laundries as washing soda in paper paints and petroleum industries.

4. What is the importance of Ca+2 in the functioning of the cell?

A. 1. Ca+2 is present in bones and teeth.

2. Ca+2 ions regulate heart beating.
3. Ca+2 ions are necessary for blood clotting.
4. Ca+2 ions are necessary for muscle contraction.

5. What is baking soda? Give its uses?

A. Baking Soda: Sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3) is called baking soda.

Uses of baking soda(NaHCO3):
1. It is used to prepare baking powder. (Sodium bicarbonate + Tartaric acid)
2. It is used as an antacid to neutralize the acidity in the stomach.
3. It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
4. It is used as a mild antiseptic.

6. What is the plaster of Paris? Mention its uses.

A. Plaster of Paris: The calcium sulphate hemihydrate(CaSO4. H2O) is called plaster of

Paris.
Uses of plaster of Paris: 1. Surgical bandages for bone fracture.
2. Making white chalks.
3. Making casts for statues, roots and toys etc.

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7. Why gypsum is added to cement?

A. Gypsum(Calcium sulphate dehydrate) is added to cement to regulate the setting time.

8. Why are alkali metals not found in the free state in nature?

A. Alkali metals are not found in the free state in nature because they readily lose their
valence electrons to form an M+ ion(a monovalent ion).

9. What happens when manganese metal is burnt in the air?

A. When magnesium is burnt in the air, it burns with dazzling brilliance and gives MgO
and Mg3N2.
2 Mg + O2  2MgO
3 Mg + N2  Mg3N2.

10. Write the average composition of Portland cement?

A. Composition Percentage
CaO 50-60%
SiO2 20-25%
Al2O3 5-10%
MgO 2-3%
Fe2O3 1-2%
SO2 1-2%

11. Why are 1A group elements are called alkali metals?

A. 1. IA group elements (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium

are called alkali metals.
2. Because they form hydroxide on reaction with the water which is strongly alkaline in
nature.

12. Lithium iodide is the most covalent among the alkali metal halides. Give the
reasons?

A. Lithium iodide is the most covalent among the alkali metal halides.
Reason: 1. The polarizing capacity of lithium ion is height.
2. Lithium ion has a very small size.
3. Lithium ion has a high tendency to destroy electron clouds around the iodide ion.

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11. P-Block elements(Group-14)

1. How does graphite function as a lubricant?

A. 1. Graphite has a two-dimensional layer structure and these layers can easily slide one
over the other because of weak Vanderwall forces.
2. Hence graphite is used as a lubricant.

2. Graphite is a good conductor. Explain?

A. 1. In graphite, each carbon atom is in an sp2 hybridization state.

2. Each carbon atom has one electron in future „p‟ orbital.
3. Due to the presence of these free electrons graphite acts as a good conductor of
electricity.

3. Why is diamond hard?

A. 1. In a diamond, every carbon atoms are in sp3 hybridization.

2. Each carbon atom is arranged in a tetrahedral shape and has a rigid three
dimensional network of carbon atoms.
3. In this structure, covalent bonds are present and very high energy is required to break
such covalent bonds.
4. Therefore diamond is the very hardest substance and thus can be used as an abrasive.

4. What is allotropy? Give crystalline allotropes of carbon.

A. Allotropy: The occurrence of the same element in two or more different forms is known
as allotropy.
Crystalline forms of allotrophs: Diamond and graphite etc.

5. What are silicones? Give the use of silicones.

A. Silicones: The organic silicone polymer in which silicon is strongly linked with
oxygen and carbon.
Uses: Silicones are used in,
1. In the preparation of silicon rubber.
2. To prepare waterproof clothes and paper.
3. To prepare grease and lubricants that are used in aeroplanes.
4. In paints and enamels.

6. Name any two man-made silicates?

A. Glass and cement.

7. Give the uses of CO2 in photosynthesis?

A. 1. The process of converting atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates by green plants are
known as photosynthesis.
2. In photosynthesis, CO2 changes into carbohydrates such as glucose.
6 CO2 + 12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O

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8. Why is Co poisonous?

A. 1. When we inhale excess of CO, it reacts with the haemoglobin and forms carboxy
haemoglobin.
2. This prevents haemoglobin from carrying oxygen around the body and ultimately
resulting in death.

9. What is meant by dry ice? Give its applications?

A. 1. Solid carbon dioxide(CO2) is called dry ice.

2. It is used as a refrigerant for ice cream and frozen food.

10. What is producer gas? How is producer gas prepared?

A. Producer gas: 1. The mixture of Co and N2 is called producer gas.

2. Producer gas is prepared by passing air over red hot coke.
2C + O2 + 4N2 → 2 CO +4N2

11. How is water gas prepared?

A. 1. The mixture of CO and H2 is called water gas.

2. Water-gas is prepared by passing steam over red hot cake.
C + H2O → CO + H2

12. What is synthesis gas?

A. 1. Water is gas is also called synthesis gas. It is a mixture of CO and H2.

2. Water-gas is prepared by passing steam over red hot cake.
C + H2O → CO + H2
3. It is used for the synthesis of methanol and several hydrocarbons. Hence it is
called synthesis gas.

13. Give the hybridization of carbon in a) CO3-2 b) Diamond c) Graphite

d) Fullerene
Compound Hybridization
CO3-2 sp2
Diamond sp3
Graphite sp2
Fullerene sp2

14. What is a banana bond?

A. The 3-centred 2 electron bond present in the B-H-B bridge of dipole is called the banana
bond.

15. Why does BF3 behave as a Lewis acid?

A. BF3 is an electron deficient compound because it contains a sextet configuration(6

electrons) in the valence shell of boron. Hence BF3 behaves as Lewis acid.
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16. Explain the inert pair effect?

A. The occurrence of oxidation States two units less than the group oxidation state is called
the inductive effect.
Example: In group 13 Tl exhibits +1 oxidation State instead of +3 oxidation States
due to the inert pair effect.

17. Give the formula of borazine? What is its common name?

A. 1. The formula of borazine is B3N3H6

2. Its common name is inorganic benzene. Because it is isostructural with benzene.

18. Give the formula of borax and colemanite?

A. 1. Formula of borax is Na2B4O7.10 H2O

2. Formula of Colemanite is CaB3O4. (OH)3 H2O

19. The C-C bond length in graphite is shorter than the C-C bond length in a
diamond. Explain?

A. 1. In graphite each carbon atom undergoes sp2-hybridisation and hence bond length is
1.42 Ao.
2. Graphite has a hexagonal layer like lattice. It has two dimensional structure.
3. In a diamond each carbon atom undergoes sp3-hybridisation and hence the bond
length is 1.54Ao.
4. Diamond has a regular tetrahedral giant polymeric structure. It has 3-dimensional
structure.
5. Hence, the C-C bond length in graphite is shorter than the C-C bond length in a
diamond.

20. Write the uses of ZSM-5?

A. ZSM-5 is one type of zeolite. It is used to convert alcohol directly into gasoline.

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12. Environmental Chemistry

1. What is chemical oxygen demand(COD)?

A. Chemical oxygen demand(COD): The amount of oxygen required to oxidise

organic substances present in polluted water is called chemical oxygen demand.

2. What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?

A. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen used by the suitable
microorganisms present in water for 5 days at 20oC are called BOD.

3. Which oxides cause acid rain? What is its PH value?

A. 1. Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Carbon are dissolved in rainwater and cause acid
rain.
2. Its PH value is less than 5.6.

4. Define receptor sink and speciation?

A. Receptor: The medium which is affected by the pollutant is called a receptor.

Sink: The medium which interacts with the pollutants and reduces its effect is
called sink.
Speciation: The chemical form of the pollutants is called speciation.

5. What happens when holes are formed in the ozone layer?

A. 1. The ozone layer prevents the UV rays coming from the sun.
2. When holes are formed in the ozone layer, the UV rays will pass through these
holes and reaches the earth.
3. These UV rays cause skin cancer, cataract in the eyes, decrease moisture content
of the soil and a decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants.

6. What happens when carbon monoxide is increased in the air?

A. 1. If we inhale a large amount of carbon monoxide then it reacts with the haemoglobin
and form carboxyhemoglobin.
2. This prevents carrying oxygen around the body which causes dizziness or coma
ultimately resulting in death.

7. Name two important sinks for carbon dioxide?

A. Sea water and trees.

8. Define the greenhouse effect which gases are the cause of it?

A. Green House Effect: The surface of the earth and atmosphere gets heated up due to the
absorption of radiation from the sun by greenhouse gases, namely Carbon dioxide,
Methane, Nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons etc. This is known as greenhouse effect.
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9. Acid rains are harmful. Why?
(OR)Name two adverse effects caused by the acid rains.

A. 1. Acid rains reduce the life of buildings and historical monuments.

2. Acid rains decrease the fertility of the soil by reducing its pH values of the soil.
3. Acid rains decrease the quality of drinking water.
4. Acid rains decrease the productivity of fish in water.

10. What happens when fluorides are present in water?

A. Excess of chlorides in water causes fluorosis in the concentration of fluoride to succeed

it's more than 3 ppm. in drinking water it becomes harmful the fluoride reacts with
calcium present in the body to form CaF2.
Ca + F2 CAF2
The colour of the teeth turns yellow and bones become weak this disease is called
fluorosis.

11. What is the harm caused by CFCs?

A. 1. When CFCs reach the atmosphere they decomposed to give chlorine free radicals.
2. This causes the deflection of the ozone layer then the UV radiations from the sun fall
directly on the earth which causes skin cancer and damage to the eyes.

12. Define pollutant and contaminant?

A. Pollutant: A substance released into the environment due to natural or human activity
and effects adversely the environment is called a pollutant.
Example: Plastic materials DDT, SO2, Co, Pb and Hg etc.
Contaminant: A substance which is not present in nature but released during human
natural activity and harms the environment is called a contaminant.
Example: industrial affiliates pesticides.

13. Mention the harmful effects caused due to reflection of the ozone layer?

A. 1. CFCs absorb UV radiation and decomposers to liberate chlorine free radicals

which catalyzed the decomposition of ozone causing deflection of the ozone layer.

2. Effects of ozone holes: The ozone layer prevents the UV rays from coming from the
sun.
3. When holes are formed in the ozone layer then UV rays will pass through these holes
and reaches the earth.
4. These UV rays cause skin cancer, cataract of the eyes, decrease the moisture content
of the soil and decreased the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants.

14. What is PAN? What effect is caused by it?

A. PAN: Peroxy acetyl nitrate is called PAN. It causes photochemical smog.

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15. What are smoke and mist?

A. Smoke: Very small soot particles produced by burning and a combination of organic
matter is called smoke.
Mist: The particles that are produced by spray liquids and formed by condensation of
vapours in the air are called mists.

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13. Organic Chemistry

1. Write the IUPAC names of the following?

CH3 CH3

(a) CH2 – CH–CH–CH–CH3 (b) CH3 – CH–CH2–CH2–CH3

CH3 CH3 OH

A. (a) 3,3,4,4-tetramethyl pentane

(b) 2-pentanol

2. Write the IUPAC names of the following?

CH3 CH3

(a) CH3 – C – CH–CH2–CH3 (b) CH3 – C –CH2–CH2–COOH

CH3 CH3 CH3

A. (a) 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane

(b) 4,4- dimethyl pentanoic acid

3. Write the structural formula of the following compounds?

(a) Trichloroethanoic acid (b) Neo-pentane (c) p-nitrobenzaldehyde

A. (a) CCl3COOH

CH3

(b) CH3– C – CH3

CH3

CHO

(c)

NO2

4. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds?

A. a) b)

a) 3-ethyl-2-methyl pentane.
b) 3- ethyl -4-methyl hexane.

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5. Describe one method of preparation of Ethylene?
(OR) Write the dehydration method to prepare ethylene.

A. Methods of preparation of Ethylene:

Dehydration: Ethyl alcohol on heating with sulphuric acid at 170oC gives ethylene.

CH3CH2OH → CH2+CH2 + H2O

7. Describe the Dehydrohalogenation method for preparing ethylene?

A. Dehydrohalogenation: Ethyl chloride on heating with alcoholic potassium hydroxide

gives ethylene.


CH3CH2Cl + KOH → H2C=CH2 + KCl +H2O

8. How do we get Benzene from Acetylene?

A. Preparation of Benzene from Acetylene: When acetylene is passed through red hot Cu
or Fe tube it polymerises and gives benzene.

3C2H2 → C6H6

9. Explain the method of halogenation?

A. Halogenation: In the presence of anhy. AlCl3, benzene reacts with chlorine to form
chloro benzene.

H Cl

+ Cl2 → + HCl

10. Explain Friedel-Craft’s alkylation?

A. Friedel-Craft’s alkylation: In the presence of anhy.AlCl3, benzene reacts with

methyl chloride to form methyl benzene.

H CH3

+ Cl2 → + HCl

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Jr. INTERMEDIATE CHEMISTRY SPECIAL EDITION

SREEKAR PUBLICATIONS 56 FINAL TOUCH