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Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente
Oana M. Driha
Muhammad Shahbaz Editors

Strategies in
Sustainable
Tourism, Economic
Growth and Clean
Energy
Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic
Growth and Clean Energy
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente Oana M. Driha
• •

Muhammad Shahbaz
Editors

Strategies in Sustainable
Tourism, Economic Growth
and Clean Energy

123
Editors
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente Oana M. Driha
University of Castile-La Mancha University of Alicante
Cuenca, Cuenca, Spain Alicante, Spain

Muhammad Shahbaz
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China

ISBN 978-3-030-59674-3 ISBN 978-3-030-59675-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents

1 The Impact of Tourism and Renewable Energy Use Over

Economic Growth in Top 10 Tourism Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Nuno Carlos Leitão, Oana M. Driha,
and José María Cantos-Cantos
2 The Possible Influence of the Tourism Sector on Climate
Change in the US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Faik Bilgili, Yacouba Kassouri, Aweng Peter Majok Garang,
and H. Hilal Bağlıtaş
3 Tourism Sector and Environmental Quality: Evidence
from Top 20 Tourist Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Burcu Ozcan, Seref Bozoklu, and Danish Khan
4 The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable
Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Nuno Carlos Leitão and Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente
5 Clean India Mission and Its Impact on Cities of Tourist
Importance in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Perfecto G. Aquino Jr., Mercia Selva Malar Justin,
and Revenio C. Jalagat Jr.
6 The Effects of Globalization and Terrorism on Tourist Arrivals
to Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Zübeyde Şentürk Ulucak and Ali Gökhan Yücel
7 Testing the Dynamic Relationship Among CO2 Emissions,
Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Tourism
Development. Evidence for Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Juan Gabriel Brida, Bibiana Lanzilotta, and Fiorella Pizzolon

v
vi Contents

8 Analyzing the Tourism Development and Ecological Footprint

Nexus: Evidence From the Countries With Fastest-Growing Rate
of Tourism GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Ilyas Okumus and Sinan Erdogan
9 Investigating the Tourism Originating CO2 Emissions in Top 10
Tourism-Induced Countries: Evidence from Tourism Index . . . . . . 155
Asli Ozpolat, Ferda Nakipoglu Ozsoy, and Mehmet Akif Destek
10 Sustainable Tourism Production and Consumption
as Constituents of Sustainable Tourism GDP: Lessons
from a Typical Index of Sustainable Economic
Welfare (ISEW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Angeliki N. Menegaki
11 Developments and Challenges in the Greek Hospitality Sector
for Economic Tourism Growth: The Case of Boutique Hotels . . . . 197
Vlami Aimilia
12 Airbnb and Overtourism: An Approach to a Social Sustainable
Model Using Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
María Jesús Such-Devesa, Ana Ramón-Rodríguez,
Patricia Aranda-Cuéllar, and Adrián Cabrera
13 Determination of Standard of Living for People Involved
with Tourism in Digha by Ordinal Regression Analysis . . . . . . . . . 235
Subhankar Parbat, Payel Chatterjee, Sourav Sen,
and Adwitiraj Banerjee
14 The Validation of the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis
in the Next Leading Economies: Accounting for the Relevant
Role of Education on Carbon Emissions Reduction? . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Festus Victor Bekun, Festus Fatai Adedoyin,
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, and Oana M. Driha
About the Editors

Dr. Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University

of Castilla–La Mancha, where he is currently an Associate Professor. He has more
than ten years of experience as a Professor of Economic Growth, Public Economics
and Regional Sciences. His main research activities are focused on the energy
economy, energy innovation, economic growth and development economics. He
has co-authored several articles in various journals, including Energy Policy,
Cleaner Production Magazine and Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
as well as several book chapters. He regularly reviews articles for journals such as
Economic Modelling and the Journal of Cleaner Production.

Dr. Oana M. Driha holds an International Ph.D. in Economics from the

University of Alicante where she is currently an Assistant Professor of Applied
Economics. She has nine years of experience as a Professor of International
Economics and EU Economics. She has been involved as an expert in numerous
EU funded projects in the field of sustainable development (green energy, climate
change, sustainable tourism, etc.). Her main research activities are focused on
energy economics, energy innovation, economic growth and sustainable tourism.
She has co-authored several articles in various journals, including Resources Policy,
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Current Issues in Tourism or
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, as well as several
book chapters. She regularly reviews articles for journals such as Journal of Cleaner
Production or Technological Forecasting & Social Change.

Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz is a Full Professor at the School of Management and

Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, China. He is also an Affiliated Visiting
Scholar at the Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, UK, and an
Adjunct Professor at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore,
Pakistan. He previously served as a Chair Professor of Energy and Sustainable
Development at Montpellier Business School, France, and Principal Research
Officer at COMSATS. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from the National
College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan. His research

vii
viii About the Editors

focuses on financial economics, energy finance, energy economics, environmental

economics, development economics and tourism economics. He has published
more than 300 research papers in peer-reviewed international journals, is among the
world’s top 15 economics authors as ranked by IDEAS, and was selected as one
of the top 5 authors on economics in developing countries by David McKenzie,
Chief Economist of the World Bank. Dr. Shahbaz has published papers in various
journals, including Applied Economics, Social Indicators Research, Renewable
Energy and the Journal of Cleaner Production.
Chapter 1
The Impact of Tourism and Renewable
Energy Use Over Economic Growth
in Top 10 Tourism Destinations

Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Nuno Carlos Leitão, Oana M. Driha,

and José María Cantos-Cantos

Abstract During the last six decades, economic growth has been closely influenced
by tourism, energy use and environmental degradation. This connection has involved
several effects over energy mix, like, for example, a rising share of renewable energy
sources or more efficient management in the tourism industry, which has enhanced a
sustainable economic growth with lower carbon emissions. To explore these effects
over economic growth for a panel of Top 10 between 1995 and 2015, we explore the
role of international tourism, renewable energy use and carbon emissions. The aim
of this study is to validate the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis (TLGH) for selected
Top 10 tourism destinations. Furthermore, how structural changes impact the energy
mix and their effect over income levels is also tested via the driving mentioned
above forces (i.e. renewable energy use, international tourism and CO2 emissions).
Through FMOLS and DOLS econometric estimations, the TLGH is confirmed. The
same methodology endorses the existence of a dampening effect which raise the
moderation effect between renewable energy sources and carbon emissions over
economic growth. Thus, a moderating effect of the promotion of renewable sources
over economic growth, via scale effect, is also endorsed.

D. Balsalobre-Lorente (B) · J. M. Cantos-Cantos

Department of Political Economy and Public Finance, Economic and Business
Statistics and Economic Policy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
e-mail: [email protected]
J. M. Cantos-Cantos
e-mail: [email protected]
N. C. Leitão
Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics,
Évora University, Évora, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
Center for African and Development Studies, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
O. M. Driha
Department of Applied Economics, International Economy Institute, Institute of Tourism
Research, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 1

D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (eds.), Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic
Growth and Clean Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_1
2 D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al.

Keywords Tourism-led growth hypothesis · Renewable energy use · Carbon

emissions · Sustainable tourism

JEL Z32 · Q40 · Q20 · Q01 · C33 · Q53

1.1 Introduction

Since the middle of the last century, the tourism industry has emerged as an essen-
tial driving force in enhancing income levels for both developed and developing
economies. The tourism industry presents a pivotal role in the economic develop-
ment of countries with a tourism-related infrastructure. Hence, the present analysis
has Top 10 tourism destinations in the spotlight. In 2017, the World Travel and
Tourism Council quantified around 10.4% of the tourism sector’s overall contri-
bution to the global economy gross domestic product and 9.9% of total employ-
ment (WTTC 2018). This expansion of international tourism has boosted revenues
advanced in household spending, with encouraging long-run effects over economic
growth (Chou 2013).
Moreover, environmental regulations brought a restructured tourism sector,
improving sustainable practices (Govdeli and Direkci 2017). Under such a context,
the analysis of the main driving forces that have jammed the connection between
economic growth and international tourism seems relevant. For this purpose,
confirming the tourism-led growth hypothesis (hereafter TLGH) is the main objec-
tive. Additionally, to omit biased effects, other variables are considered for the ten
main touristic destinations between 1995 and 2015. In this line, additional explana-
tory variables are renewable energy use and environmental degradation. It is also
tested the dampening effect among the additional variables, under a TLGH scenario.
Traditionally, it has been assumed that in the early stages of economic develop-
ment, it has appeared to overexploitation of energy sources with low environmental
restrictions (Zuo and Huang 2017, 2018). Some studies have evidenced the direct
impact that energy use and ecological damage exert over economic growth (Aitken
et al. 1997; Turner and Witt 2001; Shahbaz et al. 2016; Balsalobre et al. 2020a, b).
Furthermore, additional empirical evidence has demonstrated that in the early stages
of economic growth, environmental damage has contributed positively to increase
income levels, due to industrialisation, modernisation, or urbanisation process (Azam
et al. 2016).
In our attempt to validate the TLGH, environmental damage and renewable energy
use over the economic growth process are also considered. In line with Zuo and Huang
(2017), we assume that the led growth process implies a long-run specialisation
process in the tourism sector, where the stimulation of this industry would contribute
reducing poverty as well as environmental damage, but also to increase more potent
effects over local economies (Lee and Chang 2008; Li et al. 2018).
The way tourism reacts to environmental challenges and energy advances, where
technical advances and environmental regulations foster a more efficient energy
1 The Impact of Tourism and Renewable Energy Use Over Economic … 3

process, boosting a sustainable tourism sector (Scott 2011; Weaver 2011; Li et al.
2018; Balsalobre et al. 2020a) allows a better understanding of how sustainability
and competitiveness impact tourism. Tourism is related to local infrastructures and
services that distress the environment (Gössling 2002; Gössling et al. 2002, 2015;
Lee et al. 2018).
By contrast, some literature has revealed that tourism infrastructures can also
generate adverse effects over local economies as a consequence of inefficient, tradi-
tional tourism (Shan and Wilson 2001; Blake et al. 2003; Smorfitt et al. 2005; Zhang
and Lee 2007; Dwyer et al. 2006; Li et al. 2018, Balsalobre et al. 2020a, b). The
absence of progress in tourism can also generate harmful effects over local businesses
and the environment (Long et al. 1990). They are analysing the environmental results
and how the energy sector impacts on economic growth under a TLGH scenario might
bring some more light not just for academics, but also for practitioners.
Traditionally, empirical literature has assumed that the use of fossil fuels boosts
both economic growth and tourism. Still, recent studies assert that clean energy
sources can be considered as a necessary alternative to attract tourism (Balsalobre
et al. 2020a, b). When assuming that environmental degradation contributes to
expanding economic growth (though scale effect), it is also considering that dirty
energy sources appear in the first stage of economic growth. By contrast, energy effi-
ciency and renewable sources promotion in tourism support new services attraction
as well as sustainable economic growth, where the coherent utilisation of capital and
new capital investment should accompany energy-saving technology and is essential
for sustainable tourism (Becken and Cavanagh 2003; He et al. 2020).
The chapter is organised as follows. The second section is dedicated to the previous
empirical literature, and the third one describes the empirical methodology. The
estimation results are given in the fourth section, while their discussion is included in
the fifth section. The final section covers the conclusions and some recommendations.

1.2 Literature Review

Although the linkage between tourism and economic growth is not new in the
economic literature (Balaguer and Cantavella-Jordá 2002; Chen and Chiou-Wei
2009; Chang et al. 2009; Zhao and Mao 2013; Balsalobre et al. 2020a, b), our study
tries to shed some light by exploring how energy use, environmental degradation and
the interaction between them influences economic growth. Even if the main objec-
tive of our study is to explore the connection between economic growth and tourism
sector (though TLGH) for Top 10 tourism destinations, we also consider the effects
that environmental degradation exerts over economic growth, trained by inefficient
energy use (Lee and Brahmasrene 2013; Turner and Witt 2001). This detrimental
impact indirectly confirms the need to implement renewable energy strategies and
apply more efficient energy technologies (Álvarez et al. 2017).
The TLGH assumes that tourism sector is an essential economic engineering
strategy (Chen and Chiou-Wei 2009; Chang et al. 2012; Zhao and Mao 2013; Zuo
4 D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al.

and Huang 2017), where its dynamics contribute generating numerous macroeco-
nomic effects, drafting valuable policy recommendations (Dogru and Bulut 2018;
Brida and Pereyra 2009; Brida et al. 2016). Some studies have predicted the exis-
tence of the TLGH, through the presence of energy shocks or environmental factors,
which have inferred over economic growth (Dunn and Dunn 2002; Smorfitt et al.
2005; Zhang and Lee 2007; Pham et al. 2010; Agarwal 2012; Groizard and Santana-
Gallego 2018). Additional literature argued that implementing energy strategies is
required for sustainable tourism. It helps to correct the pernicious effects that the
expansion of a traditional and inefficient tourism sector can exert over economic
growth (Sequeira and Campos 2007; Balsalobre et al. 2020a, b). When tourism
industry generates diminishing returns (e.g. reduction in income levels for hosting
countries, or dirty overexploitation of natural resources), the linkage between tourism
and economic growth becomes negative (Essletzbichler and Rigby 2007; Po and
Huang 2008), causing a crowding-out effect, which reflects the damaging impact
of external corporations over local economies (Zuo and Huang 2017). Governments
should urge regulations related to energy innovation strategies and clean energy
source in the host tourism industry (Zuo and Huang 2017), avoiding or at least miti-
gating damaging effects of the tourism industry over economic growth. Katircioglu
(2014) showed that tourism development increases energy capability and pollution
levels, given the expansion of tourism-related activities. This study confirms the
existence of an interaction between tourism and the energy sector, environment, or
economic growth. Liu et al. (2011) demonstrated that energy use impacts directly
over economic growth. More recent studies have shown that international tourism
boosts economic growth and increases energy consumption and carbon emissions
(Scott et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2018). Therefore, the promotion of a cleaner energy mix
and putdowns of fossil sources will, at first, reduce income levels via scale effect.
This extra cost would be due to modifications in the energy mix and the promotion
of energy innovation processes (Álvarez et al. 2017).

1.3 Empirical Methodology

As already mentioned previously, the main objective is to test the connection

between international tourism and economic growth, validating the tourism-led
growth hypothesis (TLGH) for Top 10 tourism destinations between 1995 and 2015.
As a complementary effect, we also assume the existence of a direct connection
between environmental degradation and economic growth and renewable energy use
and economic growth. By considering environmental regulatory, we measure the
presence of a dampening effect between environmental degradation and renewable
energy use, contributing this way to empirical literature and EKC methodology. The
result aims at confirming the impact of the promotion of renewable sources on envi-
ronmental degradation and the effect over economic growth. To do so, Fully Modified
Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) econometric
1 The Impact of Tourism and Renewable Energy Use Over Economic … 5

methods are used. This way, endogeneity and serial correlation problem are tackled
(Narayan and Narayan 2005).
We propose (Eq. 1.1), as follows (Table 1.1):

LGDPit = α0 + α1 LITit + α3 LRNWit

+ α4 LCO2it + α5 LRNWit ∗ LCO2it + εit (1.1)

Equation 1.1 considers LGDPit (logarithm of per capita gross domestic product)
and its relationship with LITit (logarithm of the international tourism) for testing the
TLGH for selected top 10 tourism destinations, during the period 1995–2015. Some
additional explanatory variables are also included: the share of renewable energy
consumption LRNWit , per capita carbon emissions LCO2it , as a proxy of environ-
mental damage. Aiming to test also environmental energy regulations and their effect
on the interaction between renewable energy and carbon emissions LCO2it ∗ LRNWit

Table 1.1 Expected relationships between independent and dependent variables

Dependent variable
LGDPit (gross domestic product, per capita current USD)
Independent variables Measure Notation Expected relationship
LIT The logarithm of LITit Positive: confirming
International tourism, TLGH
passengers
LRNW The logarithm of LRNWit Positive
renewable energy
consumption (% total
final energy
consumption)
LCO2 The logarithm of carbon LCO2it Positive
emissions per capita, as
a proxy of
environmental damage
LCO2 * LRNW Logarithm interaction LCO2it ∗ LRNWit Negative
between renewable
energy and
environmental damage
(a proxy of energy
regulations)
Correlation matrix
LGDP LIT LCO2 LRNW
LGDP 1.000000
LIT 0.716638 1.000000
LCO2 0.799409 0.761618 1.000000
LRNW −0.648637 −0.377188 −0.627902 1.000000
Sources WDI (2020)
6 D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al.

is also included (Abrell and Weigt 2008). This variable will allow exploring the
dampening effect that the promotion of renewable energy sources exerts over envi-
ronmental damage and its impact over economic growth. A negative connection
is expected, i.e. a reduction in income levels, due to energy transition efforts in
encouraging renewable energy use as it would mitigate accumulative environmental
degradation, via scale effect.
First, a traditional LLC (Levin et al. 2002), ADF-Fisher and PP-Fisher
(Choi 2001) panel unit root tests are employed for checking if the variables
(LGDPit , LGDPit , LITit , LRNWit , LCO2it ) are cointegrated I(1) based on the
presence of unitary roots I(1) in the panel variables (Apergis and Payne 2009a, b).
While LLC (2002) assumes that ρ is constant across the panel, individual time
series regressions are carried out via ADF and PP tests through each cross section and
the p-value for each series from their unit root tests is combined, instead of averaging
individual test statistics (Im et al. 2003). If these tests confirm that the variables are
cointegrated I(1), all the series are non-stationary at levels and null hypothesis would
be accepted. We reject the null hypothesis a priori at the first difference between them,
I(1).
The Pedroni (1999), Kao (1999) and Johansen (1991) cointegration tests the exis-
tence of a long-run relationship among proposed variables. While Pedroni (1999)
tests assume heterogeneous intercepts and trend coefficients across cross sections,
Kao (1999) proposes cross-sectional intercepts and homogeneous coefficients on the
first-stage regressors. Fisher-Johansen’s cointegration test (Johansen 1991) combines
individual tests and connects tests from individual cross sections.
Finally, FMOLS and DOLS methodologies are necessary to check our main
hypotheses.

1.4 Empirical Results

Preliminary tests establish that all variables are cointegrated I(1) as depicted in
Table 1.2.
A long-run relationship between the variables is also confirmed (see Table 1.3).
The FMOLS (Phillips and Hansen 1990) and DOLS (Saikkonen 1991; Stock and
Watson 1993) methodologies (Table 1.4) offer an adjustment for serial correlation
and endogeneity due to the presence of cointegrating relationships (Phillips 1995).
The empirical results confirm the TLGH (α1 > 0), where international tourism
(LITit ) promotes economic growth (LGDPit ,), in selected Top 10 tourism destina-
tions during the period 1995 and 2015. A positive connection between renewable
energy use (LRNWit ) and economic growth (α2 > 0), and environmental damage
(LCO2it ) and economic growth (α3 > 0) are also validated. Finally, a dampening
effect between renewable energy use and environmental damage (LCO2it ∗LRNWit ),
as a proxy of environmental regulation (Álvarez et al. 2017), is confirmed by the
negative connection with economic growth (α4 > 0).
1 The Impact of Tourism and Renewable Energy Use Over Economic … 7

Table 1.2 Panel unit root test

(A) Null: unit root (B) Null: unit root (assumes individual unit root
(assumes common process)
unit root process)
Levin, Lin and Chu t ADF—Fisher Chi-square PP—Fisher Chi-square
t-Statistic Prob. t-Statistic Prob. t-Statistic Prob.
At level
LGDP 3.16968 (0.9992) 2.10509 (1.0000) 1.55307 (1.0000)
LIT 4.03332 (1.0000) 1.91924 (1.0000) 1.87205 (1.0000)
LRNW 0.16448 (0.5653) 15.8417 (0.7264) 119.094 (0.0000)
LCO2 −3.07870* (0.0010) 61.6284* (0.0000) 32.6317*** (0.0370)
At first difference
LGDP −4.97406* (0.0000) 71.4071* (0.0000) 88.2298* (0.0000)
LIT −5.34429* (0.0000) 61.1305* (0.0000) 75.9990* (0.0000)
RNW −5.30588* (0.0000) 68.5245* (0.0000) 119.094* (0.0000)
CO2 −4.83034* (0.0000) 61.6284* (0.0000) 130.894* (0.0000)
Notes (*) Significant at the 10%; (**) Significant at the 5%; (***) Significant at the 1%.*MacKinnon
(1996) one-sided p-values. **Probabilities for Fisher tests are computed using an asymptotic Chi-
square distribution. All other tests assume asymptotic normality. Note *, **, and *** significance
at 10%, 5%, and 1%

1.5 Discussion of Empirical Results

Based on the econometric results obtained from both FMOLS and DOLS regres-
sions (Fig. 1.1; Table 1.4), TLGH is confirmed for selected Top 10 tourism desti-
nations during the period 1995–2015. Consequently, international tourism leads to
economic growth in these Top 10 tourism destinations, in line with previous empir-
ical literature (Gössling and Hall 2006; Scott 2006; Peeters 2007; WTTC 2011;
OECD 2018). Additionally, a positive connection between environmental degrada-
tion and economic growth is related to scale effect. This scale effect reflects that,
in initial stages of economic development, ascending income levels are obtained
through fossil sources’ overexploitation. The positive impact that renewable energy
use exerts over economic growth is confirmed, suggesting the existence of mixed
composition and technical effects as a consequence of more efficient energy uses
and reduced dependence of fossil sources (Balsalobre and Álvarez 2016).
Finally, the interaction between renewable energy use and environmental damage
moderates economic growth. Thus, the promotion of renewable energy sources aimed
to correct environmental degradation might reduce the rhythm of economic growth
for these Top 10 tourism destinations. Renewable energy use has a positive and nega-
tive impact on economic growth and carbon emissions (Bhattacharya et al. 2017),
depending on the stage of investment and promotion of renewables. Governments
need to promote the use of renewable energy across economic activities to ensure
 8

Table 1.3 Cointegration tests

Pedroni Residual Cointegration Test
Alternative hypothesis: common AR coefficients (within-dimension)
Weighted
Statistic Prob. Statistic Prob.
Panel v-Statistic 0.254844 (0.3994) −1.325253 (0.9075)
Panel rho-Statistic 1.029602 (0.8484) 0.442286 (0.6709)
Panel PP-Statistic −0.366854** (0.3569) −1.935090** (0.0265)
Panel ADF-Statistic −0.451629*** (0.3258) −1.462103** (0.0719)
Alternative hypothesis: individual AR coefficients (between-dimension)
Statistic Prob.
Group rho-Statistic 2.478507 (0.9934)
Group PP-Statistic −2.234653* (0.0127)
Group ADF-Statistic −0.627356 (0.2652)
Kao Residual Cointegration Test
t-Statistic Prob.
ADF −1.347980*** (0.0888)
Residual variance 0.022498
HAC variance 0.029135
(continued)
D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al.
Table 1.3 (continued)
Johansen Fisher Panel Cointegration Test
Unrestricted Cointegration Rank Test (Trace and Maximum Eigenvalue)
Hypothesised Fisher Stat.* Fisher Stat.*
No. of CE(s) (from trace test) Prob. (from max-eigen test) Prob.
None 113.4* (0.0000) 90.55* (0.0000)
At most 1 39.47* (0.0001) 35.19* (0.0004)
At most 2 16.54 (0.1677) 10.20 (0.5984)
At most 3 25.12** (0.0143) 25.12** (0.0143)
* Probabilities
are computed using asymptotic Chi-square distribution. Notes (*) Significant at the 1%; (**) Significant at the 5%; (***) Significant at the 10%.
Individual cross-sectional results. **MacKinnon-Haug-Michelis (1999) p-values
1 The Impact of Tourism and Renewable Energy Use Over Economic …
9
10 D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al.

Table 1.4 Panel Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square
(DOLS) econometric results
Dependent variable: LGDP FMOLS DOLS
LIT 0.163975* 0.193936*
[2.862738] [3.058170]
(0.0050) (0.0043)
LCO2 3.094308* 3.174471*
[3.867859] [3.124726]
(0.0002) (0.0036)
LRNW 1.496738* 1.917434*
[2.650230] [2.823301]
(0.0092) (0.0078)
LRNW * LCO2 −0.606851** −0.782374*
[−2.562336] [−2.817419]
(0.0117) (0.0079)
R-squared 0.994064 0.998638
Adjusted R-squared 0.992887 0.995798
S.E. of regression 0.092559 0.063255
Log likelihood 0.011840 0.000989
Mean dependent var 9.688190 9.899146
S.D. dependent var 1.097439 0.975867
Sum squared resid 0.993795 0.140042
Notes (*) Significant at the 1%; (**) Significant at the 5%; (***) Significant at the 10%, and (no)
Not Significant

Fig. 1.1 Empirical scheme

1 The Impact of Tourism and Renewable Energy Use Over Economic … 11

sustainable economic development. As such, in the first stage of renewables promo-

tion, economic growth might be reduced due to budgetary/investment efforts, but it
is expected to recover the rhythm of economic growth in the next stage.

1.6 Final Conclusions

Since the decade of the ‘60s, the tourism sector has emerged as a fundamental driving
force of economic growth in both developed and developing countries. Having in the
spotlight the Top 10 tourism destination countries, tourism-led growth hypothesis
was checked. The empirical results underline the relevance of tourism and its impact
on economic growth in these ten countries, confirming the TLGH. As economic
growth seems to intensify not only by international tourism, additional explanatory
variables were considered: the impact of renewable energy use, carbon emissions,
and the interaction between renewable energy use and carbon emissions.
To test the TLGH, we use FMOLS and DOLS econometric techniques. The selec-
tion of these methods is based on their robustness when an adjustment for serial
correlation and endogeneity is requested due to cointegrating relationships, config-
ured to be an asymptotically efficient estimator and to eliminate feedback in the
cointegrating system.
The econometric results validate a direct connection between the tourism sector,
renewable energy uses, environmental degradation, and economic growth. Thus, the
results confirm the TLGH for Top 10 tourism destinations. By contrast, a negative
relationship between the interaction of renewable energy use and environmental
degradation as a proxy of environmental regulation is obtained. This result reveals
the existence of a dampening effect of renewable energy over carbon emissions,
showing how the transition to a more renewable energy mix impacts, via scale effect,
by dropping the direct effect that emissions exert over economic growth. Therefore,
the promotion of renewable energy sources is to be considered by policymakers
aiming to diminish the impact of fossil fuels and carbon emissions on the environment
and the way towards more sustainable tourism. It is essential to design and implement
energy efficiency, more renewable sources and increased awareness of society as a
whole to reach sustainable tourism. Strong public support is compulsory in promoting
more efficient and green energy and the transition process from fossil to renewable
energy sources. The positive effects of renewable energy use on economic growth
and the possibility of long-run planning should motivate and facilitate the design
and implementation of sustainable development policies. Reaching optimum levels
requires a certain period, but the benefits are soon to come after the investment
in sustainable actions and infrastructures. This impact is even more relevant for
industries like tourism where mass tourism is no longer an option (at least not in the
medium or long run) with a very high connection with other sectors and a significant
impact on the economy.
Future studies should focus on the effects of globalisation and energy innovation
on the tourism-economic growth relationship. The non-linear relationship should be
12 D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al.

tested between economic growth and (1) international tourism and (2) the interac-
tion effect renewable energy use—carbon emissions. This connection would allow a
more in-depth analysis able to guide policymakers in designing environmental and
sustainable regulations.

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Chapter 2
The Possible Influence of the Tourism
Sector on Climate Change in the US

Faik Bilgili , Yacouba Kassouri, Aweng Peter Majok Garang,

and H. Hilal Bağlıtaş

Abstract The effect of tourism development on GHG has been a controversial

research topic, and the existing literature fails to provide satisfactory evidence about
the impact of tourism on climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this work is
the first to study the dynamics of tourism development with several climate-changing
substances through time- and regime (state)-varying analysis. Therefore, this article
aims at contributing towards a novel analysis of the behaviour of carbon emissions
and tourism development in the US following Markov regime-switching VAR (MS-
VAR) models. This book chapter will observe the estimates to understand the effect
of tourism on air pollution (CO2 emissions) at different regimes/states. The stochastic
process generating the unobservable regimes is an ergodic Markov chain with a finite
number of states (st = 1……N) which is defined by the transition probabilities. Most
of the current studies provide mixed evidence on the relationship between tourism
and climate change through time- and regime-invariant parameter estimations. In
contrast, MS-VAR model predictions reveal the constant term and other parameter
coefficients, which are also subject to change from one regime to another regime,
to explore the effects of explanatory variables on CO2 in the US. The explanatory
variables of this work are the Number of Tourist Visiting the US, Energy Consumption
of Transportation Sector, and Industrial Production. MS-VAR models also monitored
seasonality effects. In the estimations, we aim at observing accurately the impact
of tourism on CO2 emissions, as well as the effects of industrial production and
transportation sector’s energy usage on emissions, in the US.

Keywords Tourism · CO2 emissions · Transportation sector · MS-VAR models;

the US

F. Bilgili (B) · H. H. Bağlıtaş

Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi
Kayseri, Turkey
e-mail: [email protected]
Y. Kassouri · A. P. M. Garang
SSI, Ph.D. Program in Economics, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi Kayseri, Turkey

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 15

D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (eds.), Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic
Growth and Clean Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_2
16 F. Bilgili et al.

2.1 Introduction

With the increasing population of the World, the increasing level of produc-
tion/consumption of commodities and services contributed much to climate change
and global warming. Especially for the last three decades, administrators and policy-
makers have been implementing some regulations and energy policy acts to mitigate
environmental degradation, e.g. through (a) renewable energy usage and (b) new
production, heating, lighting, air conditioning, and transportation technologies with
low carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions. The relevant literature of climatic change has
focused intensively to observe if renewables could diminish CO2 emissions as inves-
tigated in Zafar et al. (2020), Sharif et al. (2020), and Bilgili et al. (2016a, b, 2017,
2019a, b).
Throughout the discussions on energy policies for environmental quality at
country, region, and/or continental level, the sector-specific discussions and potential
new regulations and policies to mitigate the carbon emissions have become almost
a priority. Among other sectors, the nexus between the growth-environment and
tourism sector has begun to attract much attention and importance as explored in
Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (2020a, b).
As one of the largest destinations in international tourist arrivals during the last
few decades, the United States travel and tourism industry is projected to welcome
95.5 million international visitors annually by 2030 (UNWTO 2019). According
to the World Tourism Organization (2013), the U.S. tourism industry accounts for
$740 billion in direct travel expenditures by both domestic and international trav-
ellers. This dynamism of the U.S. tourism industry is expected to continue providing
significant benefits in terms of socioeconomic development, employment, and tax
revenue (Aratuo and Etienne, 2019; Lim and Won 2020). Despite the salient benefits
and substantial importance of the U.S. tourism industry to the economy, the tourism-
led production and consumption activities may also have several negative impacts
(Alexandrakis et al. 2015; Gil-Alana et al. 2019; Melián-González and Bulchand-
Gidumal 2020). Arguably, one of the most severe negative impacts of tourism is
its environmental impact, and one of the main challenges facing the tourism sector
today is to decouple its projected dynamics from anthropogenic greenhouse gases
(GHG) emissions to ensure a sustainable tourism development in the United States.
In particular, a global assessment of the emissions from tourism activities indicates
that emissions from the three subsectors of tourism including aviation, transporta-
tion, and luxury accommodation are projected to grow by 135% over the next three
decades from 2005 to 2035 (UNWTO 2019), which could substantially increase
global temperature and accelerate global warming. In this context, the adoption of
effective tourism policies to ensure the long-term sustainability of the sector is of high
relevance for the tourism industry as this sector is expected to experience significant
growth in the next decades. To this end, tourism stakeholders should understand the
dynamics of tourism and the behaviour of GHG triggers, namely, air pollution, gaso-
line consumption, and fossil fuel consumption, which are the different discharges
this study focuses on.
2 The Possible Influence of the Tourism Sector … 17

There have been several studies about the influence of tourism activities on climate
change from the carbon emanation perspective. However, much of these studies do
not provide satisfactory evidence about the impact of tourism on climate change and
leave several problems unsolved. First, previous studies have examined the environ-
mental impact of tourism from the single effect on carbon dioxide emissions, which
may be too restrictive as it ignores other major pollutants which too contribute to
climate change (Galli et al. 2014; Ulucak and Bilgili 2018). Thus, emphasis should
also be focused on other major climate-changing pollutants which have been proved
to be sensitive to tourism development such as gasoline consumption, fossil fuel
consumption, and air pollution (Saenz-de-Miera and Rosselló 2014; Sajjad et al.
2014). Second, the literature reports inconclusive results on the linkage between
tourism and emissions. For instance, tourism-driven emissions have been exten-
sively explored by several studies (Filimonau et al. 2014; Jin et al. 2018; Katircioglu
et al. 2014; Munday et al. 2013; Tao and Huang 2014; Tsai et al. 2014; Verbeek and
Mommaas 2008). However, other studies failed to find a positive relationship between
tourism and emissions (Cerutti et al. 2016; Jamal et al. 2011; Katircioǧlu 2014; Lee
and Brahmasrene 2013). Recently, another strand of the literature found evidence for
the EKC nexus between tourism and emissions (Ozturk et al. 2016; Paramati et al.
2017; Zaman et al. 2016). The empirical controversy can partly be explained by the
narrow ground of previous empirical studies assuming that the impact of tourism is
stable over time, ignoring thus the sensitivity of tourism indicators to shocks related
to political violence or terrorist attack. Third, empirical investigations on tourism
provide a temporal pattern of the linkage between tourism indicators and climate
change. Such a model specification is not without criticism since the dynamics of
tourism indicators and is more aptly described by structural change and nonlinear
dynamics (Gu et al. 2018). The assumption of temporal pattern in the relationship
between tourism and climate change is too simplistic and does not capture the full
nature of the stochastic behaviour of tourism- and climate-related hazards.
The current study aims to address the aforementioned gaps in the existing literature
by examining the influence of tourism on air pollution in the United States following
Markov regime-switching VAR (MS-VAR) models. The MS-VAR approach is partic-
ularly useful for situations where the stochastic behaviour of the series is allowed
to vary between a discrete number of regimes where regime switch is driven by an
observable state variable. The authors argue that this type of modelling is particu-
larly relevant given the structural uncertainty in climate data records and tourism
indicators. The choice of the United States is quite natural given its importance in
the global tourism industry and climate change policy. Naturally, the evidence from
this inquiry allows us to track the significant capacity to change the pattern of global
climate change stemming from the tourism sector, which is unfortunately seen as an
essential energy intense, difficult to decarbonize sector.
Concerning the existing literature, this study has two important innovations:
(i) while the previous studies have mainly focused on the temporal pattern of the
tourism and climate change nexus, this study is motivated by the dynamic depen-
dence within the regimes, which is a particular characteristic of anthropogenic gas
variables (Kuşkaya and Bilgili 2020; Şahin 2019). Thus, this study provides a realistic
18 F. Bilgili et al.

modelling framework by focusing on to what extent linkages in tourism emissions

are affected by structural shifts caused, for instance, by shocks affecting the dynamics
of tourism activities such as political violence and terrorist attacks and other climate-
related shocks such as the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris agreement. (ii) To the best
of our knowledge, this study is the first to study the dynamics of tourism develop-
ment with several climate-changing substances through a regime-dependent analysis.
In this context, this study presents different scenarios of the dynamics of climate-
changing metrics and tourism development in the U.S. Our empirical analysis allows
us to identify where the bulk of tourism-driven emissions comes from across different
time horizons, which is highly relevant to design effective climate policy objectives.

2.2 Literature Review

The theoretical framework holds that tourism affects climate change through energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (Becken 2002; Becken et al. 2003). As
recently estimated by (Russo et al. 2020), the total contribution of tourism activities
to global emissions was 67.6% (for both NOx and PM10 for aviation), followed by
15.1% (for PM10 in the transport sector). These figures show that tourism has a
significant impact on atmospheric emissions, which raises concerns about tourism
sustainability. Apart from carbon emissions as a result of combusting fossil fuels and
energy use/demand in the transport and accommodation sectors, changes in land-use
management due to tourism activities increase pressures on natural conditions (such
as climate and water resources, carbon sequestration, and cropland use), resulting in
changes in climatic conditions (Bai et al. 2011; Kindu et al. 2016; Li et al. 2020).
In light of theoretical explanations, it can be seen that tourism activities tend to
increase climate change vulnerability. Empirically, much has been discussed about
the relationship between tourism and climate change through the effects of tourism
on CO2 emissions (Al-Mulali et al. 2015; Balli et al. 2019; Gössling et al. 2015;
León et al. 2014a, b; Nepal et al. 2019; Shakouri et al. 2017; Sharif et al. 2017;
Solarin 2014). Recently, many scholars have studied carbon footprints associated
with tourism consumption (Dwyer et al. 2010; Lenzen et al. 2018; Paiano et al.
2020; Sharp et al. 2016).
Several papers have analysed the nexus between tourism and carbon emissions
using various empirical tools and have provided conflicting results. Although many
papers provide evidence for the negative effect of the tourism industry on carbon
emissions, other scholars front cases to the contrary. For instance, using a host of vari-
ables such as CO2 emissions per capita (henceforth CO2 emissions pc), population,
tourist arrivals, and GDP pc from a sample of 45 countries, León et al. 2014a, b; show
that tourism industry contributes significantly to carbon emissions by employing
Panel GMM model. With the same method, similar results were reported by (Qureshi
et al. 2017) from a sample of 37 countries and by Shakouri et al. (2017) in 12 Asia–
Pacific countries using variables on Health expenditures, GDP pc, FDI inflows, trade,
and CO2 emissions; and CO2 emissions pc, real GDP pc, energy use, tourist arrivals,
2 The Possible Influence of the Tourism Sector … 19

respectively. An application of the Panel Granger-causality by Al-Mulali et al. (2015)

revealed a significant impact of tourist arrivals on CO2 emissions from the trans-
portation sector during 1995–2009 in 48 top international tourism destinations. In 34
developed and developing countries, tourism-induced emissions hypothesis proofed
to be valid in a study conducted by Zaman et al. (2016) between 2005 and 2013 using
panel two-stage least squares. Zaman et al. (2017) investigated the same issue in 11
transition countries using Panel fixed effect and reported that international tourism
receipts and tourism expenditures increase CO2 emissions. Panel DOLS also shows
that tourist arrivals contribute to emissions in OECD countries according to Dogan
et al. (2017). Evidence from ARDL co-integration reported by Işik et al. (2017),
Sharif et al. (2017), Nepal et al. (2019), and Akadiri et al. (2019) in various countries
over different periods reveal positive interaction between tourism arrivals and CO2
emissions. Other co-integration methods like panel Granger causality show that in
10 major tourism countries, tourism investments improve environmental quality by
curbing carbon emanations (Alam and Paramati 2017). In a sample of the top 10
most visited countries, Koçak et al. (2020) applied CUP-FM and CUP-BC to show
feedback effects between tourism and CO2 emissions, thus implying that tourism
arrivals positively affect carbon emissions. Much as these distinguished scholarly
contributions show pieces of evidence of the negative influence of tourism on carbon
emissions, other studies indicate that tourism indeed reduces carbon emission. For
example, Lee and Brahmasrene (2013) use the panel fixed effects method to show that
tourism reduces CO2 emissions in countries of the European union during the period
1988–2009. His findings are backed by Dogan and Aslan (2017) who employ Panel
DOLS to demonstrate that tourist arrivals contribute to emissions in 25 EU countries
between 1995 and 2010. Various empirical methods examining this question have
revealed contrasting results. However, results reported by employing Panel DOLS
and FMOLS mostly confirm that tourism sector improves environmental quality
by reducing CO2 emissions (Zhang and Gao 2016; Danish and Wang 2018; Ben
Jebli and Hadhri 2018). Therefore, consensus remains to be built on whether indeed
the tourism sector adversely affects climate change through carbon emissions using
sophisticated empirical tools on new globally influential samples.
In Table 2.1, we provided readers with clear information about how literature has
evolved.
Based on the survey on the existing literature, one observation is that several
empirical papers examine the effects of tourism on CO2 emissions, with little attention
paid to other greenhouse gases. Using only CO2 emissions to assess the impact
of tourism on climate change may not yield accurate outcomes owing to the use
of inappropriate indicators. Despite some exceptions, in terms of the econometric
approach, panel data estimation techniques have been extensively used. Therefore,
this specification may lead to misguiding results since the estimation approaches
assumed that tourism and CO2 emissions have stable properties, which is hard to
validate practically. This study is one of the few attempts to use advanced time-series
techniques to inform sustainable tourism policy decisions concerning the relationship
between tourism and greenhouse gases responsible for climate change. This research
gathers disparate sources of GHG.
20 F. Bilgili et al.

Table 2.1 Literature review

Author(s) Country Data Variables used Method(s) Main finding(s)
Lee and EU 1988–2009 FDI, CO2 Panel fixed Tourism reduces
Brahmasrene countries emissions, real effects CO2 emissions
(2013) GDP pc,
tourism
receipts
León et al. 45 countries 1998–2006 CO2 emissions Panel GMM The tourism
(2014a, b) pc, population, industry
tourist arrivals, contributes
GDP pc significantly to
carbon
emissions
Al-Mulali 48 top 1995–2009 CO2 emissions Panel A significant
et al. (2015) international from the Granger-causality impact of tourist
tourism transportation arrivals on CO2
destinations sector, GDP, emissions from
urban the
population, transportation
tourist arrivals sector
Zaman et al. 34 2005–2013 Tourist Panel two-stage Tourism-induced
(2016) developed development least squares emission
and index, per hypothesis is
developing capita GDP, valid
countries GFCF, health
expenditure,
energy use
Qureshi 37 countries 1995–2015 Health Panel GMM The positive
et al. (2017) expenditures, relationship
GDP pc, FDI between inbound
inflows, trade, tourism and
and CO2 environmental
emissions degradation
Zhang and 30 provinces 1995–2011 GDP pc, Panel FMOLS Tourism sector
Gao (2016) in China tourism improves
receipts, CO2 environmental
emissions, quality by
energy reducing CO2
consumption emissions
and trade
Zaman et al. 11 transition 1995–2013 CO2 emissions Panel fixed effect International
(2017) countries from transport, tourism receipts
tourism and tourism
expenditures, expenditures
FDI, energy increase CO2
consumption, emissions
trade, urban
population,
tourism
receipts
(continued)
2 The Possible Influence of the Tourism Sector … 21

Table 2.1 (continued)

Author(s) Country Data Variables used Method(s) Main finding(s)
Dogan and 25 EU 1995–2011 CO2 emissions, Panel FMOLS Tourism arrivals
Aslan (2017) countries GDP pc, and DOLS; Panel negatively
energy fixed effects influence carbon
consumption, emissions
and tourist
arrivals
Danish and BRICS 1995–2014 Carbon dioxide Panel DOLS and Feedback effect
Wang (2018) emissions, real FMOLS between tourism
GDP pc, trade receipts and
openness, CO2 emissions.
globalization, Investment in
tourism tourism reduces
receipts, and the level of CO2
investment in emissions
tourism
Işik et al. Greece 1970–2014 Carbon dioxide ARDL Tourism
(2017) emissions, real expenditure
GDP pc, positively affects
financial CO2 emissions
development,
and trade
Dogan et al. OECD 1995–2010 CO2 emissions, Panel DOLS Tourist arrivals
(2017) countries GDP pc, tourist contribute to
arrivals, energy emissions
consumption
and trade
Shakouri 12 1995–2013 CO2 emissions Panel GMM Tourist arrivals
et al. (2017) Asia–Pacific pc, real GDP approach positively
countries pc, energy use, influence CO2
tourist arrivals emissions in the
long run
Sharif et al. Pakistan 1972–2013 CO2 emissions, ARDL Positive
(2017) tourist arrivals, interaction
real GDP pc, between tourism
arrivals and CO2
emissions
Alam and 10 Major 1995–2013 Tourism Panel Tourism
Paramati tourism investment, Granger-causality investments
(2017) countries GDP pc, CO2 improve
emissions, environmental
trade, and total quality by
population curbing carbon
emanations
Ben Jebli Top 10 1995–2013 CO2 emissions Panel FMOLS International
and Hadhri international from transport, and DOLS tourism
(2018) tourism real GDP pc, contributes to
destinations energy use the reduction of
CO2 from
transport
(continued)
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Mortemart, Gabriel de Rochechouart,
Marquis de, i. 103, 178
Mortemart, Victurnien Bonaventure
Victor de Rochechouart, Marquis de,
i. 106; ii. 35; vi. 246
Mortemart (see also Fontevrault,
Montespan and Thianges)
Mosbourg, Jean Michel Laurent Agar
Comte de, iv. 190
Mosbourg, née Marat, Comtesse de, iv. 190
Moses, ii. 218; iv. 226, 285; v. 392
Moskowa (see d'Elchingen)
Mosselmann, M., iv. 170
Motha (see Le Motha)
Motier de La Fayette (see La Fayette)
Motteux, Peter Anthony, i. 133; iv. 243
Motteville, Nicolas Langlois, Sieur de,
iv. 245
Motteville, Françoise Bertaud, Dame
de, iv. 245; v. 71
Mouchy, Philippe de Noailles, Maréchal
Duc de, i. 163
Mouchy, Antoine Juste Léon Marie
de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,
vi. 239
Mouchy, Philippe Louis Marie Antoine
de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,
iii. 95
Mouchy, Arthur Jean Tristan Charles
Languedoc Comte de Noailles, later
Duc de, ii. 296
Mouchy, Nathalie Luce Léontine
Joséphine de La Borde de Méréville,
Comtesse de Noailles, later Duchesse
de, ii. 296
Mounier, Claude Philibert Édouard
 Baron, iii. 131, 171
Mounier, Jean Joseph, iii. 131
Mousette, M., v. 95
"Mousset," M. de, ii. 84
Muiron, Colonel, iii. 210
Müller, Johann von, v. 274
Munich, Christoph Burchard,
Fieldmarshal Count von, i. 13
Muraire, Honoré Comte, iv. 10
Murat, Napoléon Achille Prince, iv. 198
Murat, Napoléon Lucien Charles Prince,
ii. 219; iv. 198
Murat, the inn-keeper, ii. 25; iv. 184
Murat (see also Caroline Queen of
Naples, Joachim King of Naples,
Pepoli and Rasponi)
Murillo, Bartolomé Estéban, iv. 239;
v. 381
Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, v. 203
Mussy (see Gueneau de Mussy)
Mustapha II. Sultan of Turkey, vi. 101
Mustapha IV. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-268
Muther, Dr. Richard, 240

Nacquart, Colonel de, v. 245

Nagault (see Nagot)
Nagot, Abbé François Charles, i. 181, 195, 200
Nangis, Guillaume de, ii. 30
Napoleon, Saint, iii. 209
Napoleon I. Emperor of the French, i.
15, 21-22, 13, 16, 71, 99, 102, 104,
128, 132, 134, 170, 176, 179, 211-214,
217, 235; ii. 17, 25-26, 40, 52,
 54, 100, 108, 110, 118, 139, 147,
154, 159, 161, 175, 180-181, 187-188
190, 195, 200, 210-214, 219-220
222-224, 232, 246-247, 249-255,
257-265, 269-275, 278, 280-292, 294,
301, 303, 309; iii. 4-5, 7-9, 12, 15-18,
21-24, 29-30, 34-36, 46-52, 54-91,
93-99, 102-103, 106-124, 127,
129-131, 133-134, 136-137, 139-141,
143, 145-146, 148-171, 179-180, 182-206
208-228; iv. 1-3, 6-7, 10, 19,
21, 32, 40, 49, 53, 56, 58, 75-76,
107, 109-111, 143, 145, 158, 163-169,
174-180, 183-184, 187-203, 205, 208,
220, 223-224, 231, 237-238, 242, 254-255,
264, 274, 295; v. 4-5, 40, 43-44,
46, 48, 58-59, 68, 80-82, 90, 92,
100, 103, 108, 113, 116, 121, 134,
150, 160, 162, 164, 166, 174, 176,
180, 202, 211, 227, 232, 235, 245,
249, 263, 272, 280, 291-296, 330-331,
332-333, 337, 379, 390, 393-394,
397-401, 403; vi. 7, 10-12, 19-21,
25, 30, 33, 42-43, 46, 51, 61, 79, 91,
95, 97, 120, 148, 151, 155, 162,
182-185, 195, 197, 200, 203-204, 221,
253
Napoleon II. Emperor of the French,
ii. 264; iii. 34, 54, 64, 109, 143,
154, 166-167, 170, 217; iv. 59, 224,
44; v. 92, 280; vi. 117
Napoleon III. Emperor of the French,
Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,
President of the French Republic,
later, i. 185; ii. 219, 280, 295; iii.
64, 109, 143, 169, 192, 227; iv. 33,
 114; v. 58, 83, 94, 103, 108, 292-298,
301-302: vi. 99
Narbonne, Duc de, vi. 138
Narbonne, Duchesse de, vi. 138
Narbonne, Jean de Foix, Vicomte de, i. 120
Narischkine, Alexander, iv. 236
Narischkine, Maria Antonovna, iv. 236
Navarre, Dame de, ii. 311, 316
Nay, M., v. 256, 263
Neale, Mary, ii. 99
Necker, Jacques, i. 130, 141, 155-157,
160, 162-163, 165, 177; ii. 240-241;
iv. 120, 158-160, 170, 183; v. 300;
vi. 203
Necker, Suzanne Curchod, Dame, iv. 120, 300
Necker de Saussure, Albertine Adrienne
de Saussure, Dame, v. 200
Nefftzer, A., v. 96
Neipperg, Adam Adalbert Count von,
ii. 264; iv. 187, 224; v. 322; vi. 46
Nelson, Duke of Bronte, Horatio first
Viscount, i. 21; ii. 139-140; iv. 185
Nemours, Gaston de Foix, Maréchal
Duc de, i. 120; iv. 228
Nemours (see also Dupont de Nemours
and Longueville-Nemours)
Nero, the Emperor, ii. 258, 291; iv.
233, 299; v. 196, 215
Nerva, the Emperor, iv. 229
Nesle, Regent of France, Jean II. de,
ii. 297
Nesle, Raoul Connétable de, ii. 297
Nesle, Louis de Mailly, Marquis de, ii. 297
Nesle the Younger, Marquis de, ii. 299
Nesle, Drogon de, ii. 297
Nesselrode, Karl Robert Count, v. 384
Nettement, Alfred François, v. 99,
101; vi. 131, 193
Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)
Neuchâtel (see Wagram)
Neufchâteau (see François de Neufchâteau)
Neuhof (see Theodore King of Corsica)
Neuville (see Hyde de Neuville)
Neveu, the painter, ii. 194, 196
Neville, Archbishop of York, George, v. 336
Newton, Sir Isaac, i. 151; ii. 74, 86,
187; v. 387
Ney (see d'Elchingen)
Nicholas Bishop of Myra, Saint, i. 174;
v. 289
Nicholas II., Pope, v. 11
Nicholas III. Marquis of Este, vi. 92
Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias,
i. 99; iv. 33, 36, 118, 266-270, 274-279,
281-283; v. 322
Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duke (see
Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias)
Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duchess (see
Alexandra Feodorowna Empress of
Russia)
Nicholas of Pisa (see Pisano)
Nicolaï, Monsignore Nicola Maria, iv. 259
Nicolas (see Chamfort)
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, iv. 236
Nivelon, M., i. 173
Nivelon (see also Carline)
Nivernais, Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini,
Duc de, i. 156
Noah (see Noe)
Noailles, Adrien Maurice Maréchal
Duc de Noailles, vi. 238-240
Noailles, nie d'Aubigné, Duchesse de,
 vi. 238, 240
Noailles, Adrien Maurice Victurnien
Mathieu Duc de, ii. 191; vi. 239
Noailles, Clotilde de la Ferté-Méung-Molé
de Champlatreux, Duchesse
Douairière de, ii. 191
Noailles, Paul Duc de, vi. 236, 242-244,
246, 249, 259
Noailles, Alice de Rochechouart-Mortemart,
Duchesse de, vi. 243-244, 246
Noailles, Alexis Louis Joseph Comte
de, iii. 97; iv. 199
Noailles, Louis Marie Vicomte de, i.
163, 176
Noailles, Alfred Louis Dominique
Vincent de Paule Vicomte de, iv. 78
Noailles, Charlotte Marie Antoinette
Léontine de Noailles-Mouchy,
Vicomtesse de, iv. 78
Noailles (see also Mouchy)
Noe, v. 182
Noel (see Milbanke-Noel)
Nogart, Guillaume de, v. 48
Nogarola, Isotta, vi. 110-111
Noirot, Lieutenant, ii. 262-263; v. 103
Normandie, Duc de (see Louis XVII.
King of France and Navarre)
Normant (see Le Normant)
North (see Guilford)
Norvins, Jacques Marquet de Montbreton,
Baron de, iv. 180, 182
Nôtre (see Le Nôtre)
Nouail, Pierre Henri, i. 15-16
Noue (see La Noue)
Noury de Mauny, i. 108
Nova, João de, iii. 206-207
Nugent, Charles Vicomte de, vi. 133

Obizzo I. Marquis of Este, vi. 92

Obizzo I. Marquis of Este and Lord of
Ferrara, vi. 92
O'Connell, Daniel, iv. 92, 293
Odescalchi, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235;
v. 5, 8
Odo King of France, iii. 58
Odo of Orleans, ii. 30
Odoacer King of the Heruli, iv. 227;
vi. 195
Oger or Ogier, v. 378
O'Heguerty the Elder, Comte, v. 371,
374-375, 378; vi. 138
O'Heguerty the Younger, M., v. 408, 410
O'Larry, Mrs., ii. 99
O'Larry, Miss. ii. 99
Olewieff, Major, iii. 83-84
Olga Nicolaiëvna of Russia, Queen of
Wurtemberg, v. 322
Olimpia (see Pamfili)
Olivarez, Gasparo de Guzman, Conde
de, v. 51
Olive, Demoiselle, iv. 148
Olivet, Captain, vi. 70
d'Olivet, Pierre Joseph Thoulier, Abbé,
vi. 41
Olivier, François Chancelier, v. 49-50
Olivier, Jeanne Adélaïde Gérardine, i. 128, 173
Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)
O'Meara, Dr. Barry Edward, iii. 216
Oppian, ii. 27, 306-307
Oppizzoni, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235; v.
18, 21, 23
d'Ops, M., iii. 134
d'Ops, Dame, iii. 134
d'Orbesan, Sieur, vi. 103
Orford, Horace Walpole, third Earl of, ii. 172
d'Orglandes (see Chateaubriand)
O'Riordan (see Connell)
d'Orléans, Philippe I. first Duc, iv. 251; v. 137
d'Orléans, Henrietta Anna of England,
Duchesse, iii. 128; iv. 251; v. 137
d'Orléans, Charlotte Elizabeth of
Bavaria, Duchesse, v. 137
d'Orléans, Philippe II. second Duc, v.
137, 230; vi. 199-200
d'Orléans, Françoise Mademoiselle de
Blois, Duchesse, v. 137
d'Orléans, Louis third Duc, v. 137
d'Orléans, Augusta of Baden, Duchesse,
v. 137
d'Orléans, Louis Philippe fourth Duc,
v. 137
d'Orléans, Louise de Bourbon-Conti,
Duchesse, v. 137
d'Orléans, Jeanne Béraud de La Haye
de Riou, Marquise de Montesson,
later Duchesse, v. 137
d'Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph fifth
Duc, i. 51, 145, 157, 174, 176; ii.
71, 294; iii. 111, 143; iv. 12; v.
137, 141, 151
d'Orléans, Louis Philippe sixth Duc
(see Louis-Philippe King of the
French)
d'Orléans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis
Charles Henri seventh Duc, vi. 150
d'Orléans, Louise Marie Adélaïde de
Penthièvre, Duchesse, iv. 12
d'Orléans, Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
Duchesse, vi. 150
Orléans (see Dorléans and Odo of Orléans)
d'Ornano, Philippe Antoine Comte, iii. 109
d'Ornano (see also Walewska)
d'Orsay, Gillion Gaspard Alfred de
Grimaud, Comte, iv. 73
d'Orsay, Lady Harriet Gardiner,
Comtesse, iv. 73
Orsini, Duca di Bracciano, iv. 80
Osman Seid, ii. 333
d'Osmond, René Eustache Marquis, ii.
103; iv. 74
d'Osmond, Éléonore Dillon, Marquise, iv. 74
d'Ossat, Bishop of Rennes, later of
Bayeux, Arnaud Cardinal, iv. 280;
v. 50, 55, 70
Ossian, ii. 133; iii. 214; vi. 79
Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm Prince
von der, iii. 63
Otho, the Emperor, i. 158
d'Otrante, Joseph Fouché Duc, ii. 17,
118, 259, 261; iii. 16-17, 111, 141-144
144, 151, 154-155, 165, 167-168,
175-176, 178-180, 182-184; iv. 3,
11, 180, 194, 196
Otto III., the Emperor, v. 376
Otto IV., the Emperor, ii. 43
Otto King of the Hellenes, iv. 118
Ottoboni, Pietro Cardinal, v. 15
Otway, Thomas, vi. 74-75
Oudart, M., v. 135
Oudinot (see Reggio)
Outcaire (see Oger)
Ouvrard, the printer, v. 132
Ouvrier, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110
Overbeck, Friedrich Johann, iv. 240
Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso, known as,
ii. 9, 186; v. 63, 69, 229
Oxenstiern, Axel Count, v. 51
Oxenstiern, Benedikt, v. 51

Pacca, Bishop of Velletri, Bartolommeo

Cardinal, v. 4-5, 23
Paganini, Nicola, iv. 237
Paisiello, Giovanni, i. 225
Pajol, Pierre Claude Comte, v. 108,
138, 152-153
Pajol, Élise Oudinot de Reggio,
Comtesse, v. 108
Palestrina, Principessa Barberini-Colonna
di, iv. 256
Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, i. 132
Palladio, Andrea, vi. 17, 46
Palli (see Lucchesi-Palli)
Pallucci, Field-Marshal, vi. 62
Palm, Johann Philipp, iii. 78-79
Palma the Elder, Jacopo, vi. 49
Palma the Younger, Jacopo, vi. 49, 103
Palma-Cayet (see Cayet)
Pamfili, Olimpia Maldachini, Donna, v. 14
Pan (see Mallet-Dupan)
Panat, Chevalier de, ii. 100, 117-118
Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, ii. 300
Pange, François de, i. 174
Pange (see also Silléry)
Panormita, Antonio Beccadelli, vi. 105
Paolo, Pietro Paolo Sarpi, known as
Fra, vi. 65
Paolo, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's
Italian servant, vi. 47
Parc (see Chateaubriand du Parc)
Pardessus, Jean Marie, v. 304
Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans,
Comte de, v. 22
Paris (see also Robert Count of Paris)
Pâris, Body-guard, ii. 296; vi. 162
Parma (see Cambacérès)
Parmentier, M. de, ii. 84
Parny, Évariste Désiré Desforges,
Chevalier de, i. 64, 129, 178; iii. 30
Parny, M. de, i. 128
Parny, Dame de (see Contat)
Parquin, Charles, v. 296
Parquin, née Cochelet, Dame, v. 296
Parry, Sir William Edward, i. 136;
vi. 62, 122, 222
Pascal, Blaise, ii. 152, 216; v. 406
Paskevitch (see Warsaw)
Pasquier, Étienne Denis Baron, later
Chancelier Duc, i. 37; ii. 168, 253;
iii. 87; iv. 26, 30, 45, 51-55, 59;
v. 89, 172-173, 256
Pasquin, the lampooner, v. 273
Pasta, Giuditta Negri, Dame, ii. 86;
v. 67; vi. 175
Pastoret, Claude Emmanuel Joseph
Pierre Chancelier Marquis de, v. 303-304;
vi. 26, 136, 138
Patin, Charles Gui, vi. 103-104
Patin, Gui, vi. 103-104
Patrick Bishop of Armagh, Saint, vi. 172
Paul the Apostle, Saint, v. 241
Paul the Hermit or the Simple, Saint,
ii. 43; v. 54
Paul IV., Pope, ii. 45
Paul V., Pope, vi. 65
Paul I. Tsar of all the Russias, ii. 289;
iii. 49; iv. 33, 281
Paul (see also Vincent of Paul)
Paul Charles Frederic Augustus of
Wurtemberg, Prince, iv. 36; v. 41
Paule, Fair (see Fontenille)
Paulin, the bookseller, v. 127
Paulus (see Æmilius Paulus)
Paz (see Du Paz)
Pecquet, Jean, i. 125
Pedicini, Carlo Maria Cardinal, v. 8,
21, 23
Peel, Sir Robert, iv. 80, 219
Peggy, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's
house-maid, i. 190
Pellico, Silvio, i. xxiii; v. 348; vi. 55-57,
65, 79, 105-112
Pellisson, Paul, iv. 292
Peltier, Jean Gabriel, i. 175; ii. 71-72,
76, 80-81, 99-100, 139-141; v. 205, 333
Péluse, Gaspard Monge, Comte de, ii. 187-188
Penhoën, Auguste Théodore Hilaire
Baron Barchon de, v. 86
Penhouet (see Becdelièvre-Penhouët)
Penn, William, i. 207
Penthièvre, Louis Joseph Marie de
Bourbon, Duc de, iv. 12
Penthièvre, Eudon Count of, i. 9
Penthièvre, Guy of, i. 141
Pepe, General Florestano, iv. 52
Pepin King of the Franks, iv. 109-110, 228
Pepin, the assassin, v. 101
Pepoli, Contessa di Castiglione, Letizia
Josefina Murat, Marchesa, iv. 198
Peretti, Signorina, v. 13
Pericles, i. 252; iii. 45, 96; v. 56, 272
Périer, Augustin Charles, v. 116, 123
Périer, Casimir, iv. 115, 137, 142; v.
88, 95-96, 98, 106-107, 113, 116-117,
128, 154, 229
Périer, ex-President of the French
Republic, M. Jean Paul Pierre Casimir,
iv. 137
Périgord (see Chalais-Périgord and
Talleyrand-Périgord)
Pérouse (see La Pérouse)
Perray, M. de, iii. 175
Perrin, Ennemond, ii. 308
Perrin (see also Bellune and Labé)
Perlet, Adrien, v. 120
Perrers, Alice, ii. 138
Perron (see Duperron)
Perseus King of Macedon, iii. 34
Persil, Jean Charles, v. 96, 310
Perugino, Pietro Vannucci, known as,
iv. 240
Pesaro (see Sforza)
Peter, Pope Saint, ii. 219; v. 9-10, 78,
316; vi. 216, 221
Peter I. Tsar of All the Russias, iv.
271; vi. 101, 203
Peter III. Tsar of All the Russias, i. 13;
ii. 289
Peter I. King of Portugal, vi. 24-25
Peter IV. King of Portugal and I.
Emperor of Brazil, iv. 53
Peter, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's
footman, i. 190
Petermann, Lieutenant, ii. 261
Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme, ii. 13-14, 27
Petit, Jean Martin Baron, iii. 78
Petit, Louis Sébastien Olympe, ii. 193
Petit, René, i. 48, 108
Petit-Bois, Roger Vicomte du, i. 48
Petit-Bois (see also Pinot du Petit-Bois)
Petrarch, Francesco Petrarca, known as,
ii. 33, 124, 200-201, 220; iv. 181;
vi. 49-50, 78
Peyra, Adolphe, vi. 170
Peyronnet, Charles Ignace Comte de,
iv. 62, 117, 135-136; v. 87-88, 189,
422; vi. 229
Peysse, M., v. 95
Pezay, Alexandre Frédéric Jacques
Masson, Marquis de, i. 162
Pharamond King of the Franks, iv. 109
Phidias, v. 26; vi. 59
Phila, the courtezan, vi. 179
Philip III. Duke of Burgundy, iii. 135
Philip II. Augustus King of France,
i. 199; ii. 43, 173; iii. 177; vi. 27,
196
Philip III. King of France, i. 9; vi.
140, 196
Philip IV. King of France, v. 48
Philip VI. King of France, i. 141; ii.
73; v. 355, 411
Philip II. King of Macedon, iv. 192
Philip Duke of Parma, vi. 202
Philip II. King of Spain, Naples, Sicily
and England, i. 212; ii. 50; iii. 176;
iv. 58, 239; v. 13
Philip III. King of Spain, ii. 151
Philip V. King of Spain, iv. 80; v. 15;
 vi. 200, 238, 246
Philip of Austria, Archduke, iii. 127
Philip, Pompey's freedman, ii. 337
Philipon, Charles, v. 261-263
Philipon, Emma, v. 261-263
Philippa of Hainault, Queen of
England, iii. 138
Phocion, i. 223; iii. 96
Phryne, the courtezan, vi. 180
Piacenza (see Lebrun)
Piat, Demoiselles, ii. 310
Pibrac, Gui du Faur, Seigneur de, ii. 206
Picard, Louis Benoit, ii. 170
Piccini, Nicola, i. 179
Piccolomini, Octavio Trince, vi. 4
Piccolomini, Max, vi. 4
Pichegni, General Charles, i. 65; ii.
249, 252, 263; iii. 67, 203;
iv. 167-168, 299
Piconnerie (see d'Isly)
Piégard Sainte-Croix (see Sainte-Croix)
Pierre, Madame de Bedée's
man-servant, i. 22
Pierres de Bernis (see Bernis)
Piet-Tardiveau, Jean Pierre, iv. 14
Pietro di Filippo de' Giunazzi (see
Romano)
Piffre, M., iv. 67
Pilate, Pontius Pilatus, known as
Pontius, vi. 220
Pillet, Léon, v. 96
Pilorge, Hyacinthe, iv. 45, 90, 97, 298;
v. 28, 89, 121, 197-198, 218, 236,
325, 330-331, 338, 340-341, 348,
351; vi. 102, 105, 121, 129, 139, 168
Pindar, i. 131; ii. 254; vi. 172
Pindemonte, Giovanni, vi. 79
Pindemonte, Ippolyto, i. xxiii; vi. 79
Pinelli, Bartolomeo, iv. 241
Pinot du Petit-Bois, Jean Anne Comte
de, i. 48, 108
Pinsonnière, the Polytechnic scholar,
v. 107
Pinte-de-Vin (see Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin)
Pioche de La Vergne, Aymar, iii. 128
Piron, Alexis, v. 55
Pisan, Thomas de, vi. 140
Pisan, Christine de, vi. 140
Pisano, Nicholas of Pisa, known as
Niccola, vi. 46, 59
Pitt, William, i. xxi, 186; ii. 69, 142-143,
145-146; iv. 82, 93, 120
Pitton de Tournefort (see Tournefort)
Pius II., Pope, ii. 53
Pius VI., Pope, iii. 30; v. 373
Pius VII., Pope, i. xxi, 181; ii. 180,
213, 219-220, 230, 238, 248; iii. 9,
51, 63, 194, 209; v. 29, 110, 180,
182, 198-199, 220, 225, 229, 231,
255, 262, 297, 302; v. 1-2, 4-6,
23-24, 48, 59; vi. 45
Pius VIII., Pope, v. 4-5, 23, 27, 29-31,
35-40, 46, 49, 53, 61, 78, 384
Pius IX., Pope, iv. 33
Placence (see Lebrun)
Placidia Queen of the Visigoths, later
the Empress Galla, iv. 227
Plagnol, M., v. 96
Planta, Joseph, iv. 65
Plato, ii. 169; iv. 93; v. 53; vi. 194
Plautus, Titus Maccius, ii. 204
Pleineselve, Colonel de, v. 103
Plélo, Louis Robert Hippolyte de
Bréhan, Comte de, i. 13
Plessix, M. du, v. 85
Plessix de Parscau, Hervé Louis Joseph
Marie Comte du, ii. 5; v. 85
Plessix de Parscau, Anne Buisson de
La Vigne, Comtesse du, ii. 5, 24
Plessix de Parscau née de Kermalun,
Comtesse du, ii. 5
Pletho, Georgius Gemistus, vi. 49
Pliny the Elder, Caius Plinius Secundus,
known as, i. 39; iv. 140; v. 60, 334;
vi. 237
Pliny the Younger, Caius Plinius
Cæcilius Secundus, known as, v. 60
Ploërmel, Bemborough, Lord of, i. 9
Plotinus, ii. 184
Plouer, Françoise Gertrude de
Contades, Comtesse de, i. 15-16, 18
Plutarch, i. 23; ii. 337; iii. 220; vi.
157, 236
Podenas, née de Nadaillac, Marquise
de, vi. 94, 98, 100
Podiebrad (see George Podiebrad, King
of Bohemia)
Poe, Edgar Allen, i. 254
Poitiers (see Saint-Vallier and Valentinois)
Poix, Dame de, i. 174
Poix (see also Mouchy)
Polastron, Vicomte de, v. 373
Polastron, Marie Louise Françoise de
Lussan d'Esparbès, Vicomtesse de,
v. 373-374
Polignac, Jules François Armand
Vicomte, later Duc de, i. 160
Polignac, Yolande Martine Gabrielle
 de Polastron, Vicomtesse, later
Duchesse de, i. 160; v. 373
Polignac, Armand Prince de, iii. 97
Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie
Prince de, i. 160; iii. 97, 129; iv.
29, 33, 136, 138, 167; v. 69, 72,
74-78, 81-82, 84, 87, 92-93, 95-96,
99-100, 106, 108, 144, 189, 320, 375,
380, 422; vi. 117
Pollio, Caius Asinius, iii. 197
Polo, Maffeo, vi. 77
Polo, Marco, vi. 77-78
Polo, Nicolo, vi. 77
Poltrot de Méré, Sieur, ii. 45
Pombal, Sebastiio Jose de Carvalho e
Mello, Marques de, v. 51
Pommereul, François René Jean Baron
de, i. 104-105; iii. 36
Pommereul, Messieurs de, i. 111, 125
Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson
Le Normant d'Étioles, Marquise de,
ii. 166, 298: iii. 181; iv. 38, 79;
v. 51; vi. 242
Pompey, Sextus Pompeius Magnus,
known as Sextus, i. 68; ii. 331, 337;
iv. 14, 180; v. 85, 204
Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis
de, v. 54
Poncelet, alias Chevalier, Louis, v. 220
Pons de L'Hérault (see Rio)
Pons de Verdun, Philippe Laurent, ii. 52
Ponsonby, Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish, iv. 81
Ponsonby, née Bathurst, Lady Emily
Charlotte, iv. 81
Pontbriand (see Breil de Pontbriand)
Pontcarré, Vicomte de, iv. 106
Pontecoulant, Louis Gustave Le
Doulcet, Comte de, iii. 168, 170
Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph
Marie Ferrand, Comte de, v. 101
Pope, Alexander, ii. 121; iv. 80
Poppœa Sabina, the Empress, v. 215
Poquelin (see Molière)
Porcher, Abbé, i. 43, 45, 56-57, 63
Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)
Portal, M., i. 108
Portalis, Joseph Marie Comte, iv. 138,
296, 299-303; v. 2-8, 17-18, 20-24,
27, 30-34, 37-42, 46-49, 52, 68, 77
Porte (see La Porte)
Portland, Henrietta Scott, Duchess of, ii. 79
Portsmouth, Duchesse d'Aubigny,
Louise Renée de Kerouaille, Duchess
of, ii. 137
Potelet, Seigneur de Saint-Mahé and de
La Durantais, François Jean Baptiste,
i. 47
Pothin Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. 308
Potier, Charles, v. 21
Potocki, Jan Count, iv. 232
Poubelle, M., v. 137
Poullain, known as Saint-Louis, Louis,
ii. 27-29
Poultier, M., v. 258
Pouqueville, François Charles Hugues
Laurent, v. 206, 234
Pourrat, ii. 172
Pourtales, Louis Comte de, iv. 107
Poussin, Nicolas, iv. 232, 242, 258-259,
285-286, 298, 304
Poussin, Anne Marie Dughet, Dame,
iv. 242
Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea Count,
iii. 50, 111, 158, 162, 171-172; iv.
76; v. 145-147
Pradon, Nicolas, vi. 240
Pradt, Bishop of Poitiers, later
Archbishop of Mechlin, Dominique Baron
Dufour de, iii. 72, 78, 98
Prague (see Jerome of Prague)
Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Théobald
Duc de Choiseul, iii. 168
Praslin, Altarice Rosalba Sébastiani,
Duchesse de Choiseul, iii. 168
Praxiteles, vi. 54, 180
Pressigny (see Cortois de Pressigny)
Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)
Princeteau, Marie Decazes, Dame, iv. 10
Prior, Matthew, iv. 80
Probus, the Emperor, ii. 105
Procopius, iv. 227
Propertius, Sextus, i. 162; iv. 248
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, v. 219
Proudhon, née Sainte-Croix, Madame, v. 219
Provence, Comte de (see Louis XVIII.
King of France and Navarre)
Provence, Comtesse de (see Josephine
of Sardinia, Queen of France)
Prudhomme, Louis Marie, vi. 154
Prunelle, Dr. Clement François Victor
Gabriel, iv. 120
Ptolemy I. King of Egypt, iv. 75
Ptolemy II. King of Egypt, iv. 75
Ptolemy, Claudius Ptolemæus, known as, v. 335
Pufendorf, Samuel Baron von, iv. 280
Puyravault, Pierre François Audrey de,
v. 98, 105-106, 113
Pythagoras, i. 196; iv. 206; v. 68; vi. 4
Pytheas, ii. 202

Quatt, Herr, iv. 37

Québriac, Seigneur de Patrion, Jean
François Xavier Comte de, i. 53, 106
Québriac, Comtesse de (see Chateaubourg)
Quecq, Jacques Édouard, iv. 241
Queensberry, William Douglas, fourth
Duke of, ii. 138
Quélen, Archbishop of Paris, Hyacinthe
de, iv. 111-112; v. 190, 241-242;
vi. 190, 263
Quincy (see Cortois de Quincy)
Quinette, Nicolas Marie Baron, iii. 167-168
Quintal, the boatman, iii. 13, 15, 17

Rabbe, Colonel, ii. 262

Rabbe, Alphonse, v. 97
Rabelais, François, i. 133; ii. 98, 124,
155; 243
Rachel, iii. 25
Racine, Jean Baptiste, i. 14, 62, 178;
ii. 102, 106, 128, 178, 183, 293;
iii. 10, 33, 131, 223; iv. 23; v. 57,
335; vi. 36, 202, 240
Racine the Younger, M., vi. 202
Radcliffe, Ann Wood, Mrs., ii. 126
Radziwill, Princess von, iv. 46
Radziwill the Younger, Princess von, iv. 46
Rafin (see Duchesnois)
Raguse, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse
de Marmont, Maréchal Duc de, iii.
50, 57, 118, 124; iv. 202; v. 94-96,
98, 100-101, 106-110, 130-131
Raineral (see Ruvigny and Raineval)
Rainneville, Alphonse Valentin Vaysse,
Comte de, iv. 97
Ranville (see Guernon-Ranville)
Rambouillet de La Sablière (see La
Sablière)
Rameses II. King of Egypt (see
Sesostris)
Rancé, Abbot of the Trappe, Armand
Jean Le Bouthillier de, vi. 251, 253
Raphael Sanzio, i. 31; ii. 140, 178,
306, 309; iii. 135; iv. 181, 225, 232,
239-240, 242-243, 248-249; v. 42,
47, 58, 61, 89, 273, 286, 353; vi. 3,
22, 59, 84, 141
Rasponi, Luisa Giulia Carolina Murat,
Contessa, iv. 198
Raulx, the Comte de Chateaubriand's
game-keeper, i. 49
Rauzan, Henri Louis Comte de
Chestellux, later Duc de, iii. 101
Rauzan, Claire Henriette Philippine
Benjamine de Durfort, Duchesse de,
iii. 101, 128
Ravenel du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)
Ravier, Colonel, ii. 262
Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse,
Duke of Bordeaux, Marquis of
Provence, ii. 207, 292
Raymond (see also Damaze de Raymond)
Raymond Berengarius IV. Count of
Provence, ii. 192
Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas
François, i. 110
Rayneval, François Joseph Maximilien
Gérard Comte de, iv. 102
Raynouard, François Juste Marie, iii. 29
Razumowsky, Cyrille Field-Marshal
Count, iii. 49
Réal, Pierre François Comte, ii. 259, 283
Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux and
Tallemant des Réaux)
Rebecque (see Constant de Rebecque)
Reboul, Jean, ii. 203
Récamier, Jacques Rose, i. 189; ii.
210; iv. 150, 158, 170-171, 178
Récamier, Jeanne Françoise Julie
Adélaïde Bernard, Dame, i. 5, 188;
ii. 67; iii. 102; iv. 34, 40, 119, 121,
147-174, 177-184, 186-192, 194, 198-214
220, 233-234, 261-262, 284-288,
296-299, 302-304; v. 2, 18-19,
21-22, 25, 30, 35-37, 49, 64, 66 67, 89,
93-94, 156; v. 162, 197-201, 217,
260-261, 291-293, 296-301; vi. 25,
56, 102, 236, 250, 258-262
Récamier, Madame Delphin, iv. 178
Reeve, Henry, vi. 155-156
Reggio, Nicolas Charles Oudinot,
Maréchal Duc de, iii. 95; iv. 135
Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,
Michel Louis Étienne, iii. 23
Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,
Dame, iii. 35
Regnault, Jean Baptiste, iv. 234
Regnier (see Massa)
Régnier, Mathurin, ii. 305; vi. 29
Régnier-Desmarais, François Séraphin,
 v. 336
Regulus Bishop of Senlis, Saint, iii. 177
Regulus, Marcus Atilius, i. 33
Reid, Thomas, vi. 256
Reinhard, Charles Frédéric Comte, vi. 189
Rembrand van Rijn, Paul, ii. 178
Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel, v. 80
Rémusat, Auguste Laurent Comte de,
ii. 261
Rémusat, Claire Élisabeth Jeanne
Gravier de Vergennes, Comtesse de,
ii. 261, 282; iii. 17
Rémusat, Charles de, v. 95
Rémusat, M. Paul Louis Étienne de,
ii. 282
René I. Duke of Anjou, King of
Naples, ii. 200, 202
Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara,
vi. 75, 96
Renouard de Brussières, M., i. 174
Renouard de Brussières (see also Buffon)
Reshid Pasha, Mustapha Mehemed, v. 51
Retz, Archbishop of Paris, Jean François
Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de, iii.
131; iv. 246; v. 14, 16
Revellière-Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)
Reynière (see Grimrod)
Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli,
Girolamo, iv. 229
Riario, Ottaviano, iv. 229
Riario (see also Sforza)
Ricé, M. de, iii. 171, 173
Richard I. King of England, v. 70,
329, 377
Richard II. King of England, ii. 121;
iii. 138
Richard III. King of England, i. 25;
ii. 75, 121
Richard de Laprade (see Laprade)
Richardson, Samuel, ii. 125-126
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis,
Cardinal Duc de, i. 114; iv. 212,
245; v. 50, 55, 90
Richelieu, Louis François Armand du
Plessis de Vignerot, Maréchal Duc
de, i. 132; ii. 298
Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du
Plessis de Vignerot, Duc de, iii. 51,
123, 223; iv. 4, 7, 9, 11, 25-29, 43,
59-77, 87, 141; v. 398
Richelieu, née de Rochechouart,
Duchesse de, iv. 77
Richer, vi. 139
Richmond and Lennox, Charles Lennox,
first Duke of, ii. 137
Richmond and Lennox, Charles
Lennox, third Duke of, iv. 72
Ricimer, ii. 48
Riedmatten, President of the Town
Council of Sion, M. de, ii. 250
Rietz, Frederic William II.'s footman,
iv. 38
Rietz (see also Lichtenau)
Rigaud, Chief Syndic of Geneva, v. 201
Rigny, Henri Comte de, v. 72
Rigoltus (see Rigord)
Rigord, ii. 30
Rijn (see Rembrand van Rijn)
Rimini (see Malatesta)
Rio, André Pons de L'Hérault, Comte
de, iii. 109
Riouffe, Honoré Jean Baron, ii. 52
Rivarol, Antoine Comte de, i. 175-176;
ii. 31-32, 80, 100; iii. 125; v. 267;
vi. 158
Rivarola, Agostino Cardinal, iv. 235
Rivaux, M., v. 103
Rivera, Dame de, vi. 244
Rivière, Charles François Riffordeau,
Duc de, iv. 138-139, 167; v. 342, 379
Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, André Masséna,
Maréchal Duc de, ii. 269; iii.
63, 68, 112, 120, 170, 203; iv. 164,
170, 227, 282
Robert I. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411
Robert I. King of England (see Robert
II. Duke of Normandy)
Robert I. King of France, vi. 28
Robert II. King of France, iv. 58; v.
376; vi. 196
Robert I. Duke of Normandy, ii. 62
Robert II. Duke of Normandy, de jure
Robert I. King of England, ii. 62
Robert Count of Paris, vi. 28
Robert I. Duke of Parma, H.R.H., iv.
224; v. 361; vi. 254
Robert of Geneva, Count, v. 12
Robert, Hubert, ii. 296
Robert, Louis Léopold, iv. 240-241
Robert de Lamennais (see Lamennais)
Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and
Calabria, iv. 185-186
Robertson, Étienne Gaspard, ii. 159
Robertson, William, ii. 121, 300
Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore,
i. 132, 170-171, 175, 218; ii. 19-21,
52, 160, 222, 257, 259; iii. 124, 201;
iv. 4, 23, 189; v. 215; vi. 166
Robion, M., i. 108
Robusti, the dyer, vi. 48
Robusti (see also Tintoretto)
Rocca, M. de, i. 163; iv. 177-178,
205-206
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien
de Viveur, Comte de, i. 218-219
Roche, Achille, ii. 265, 275-276
Rochechouart, Dame de, ii. 84
Rochefort (see d'Enghien)
Rochefoucauld (see La Rochefoucauld)
Rochejacquelein (see La Rochejacquelein)
Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth,
second Marquess of, ii. 143
Rocoules, Madame de, iv. 37
Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez (see
Velasquez)
Rodney, George Brydges, first Lord, i. 215
Roederer, Pierre Louis Comte, vi. 184
Roger I. Count of Sicily, iv. 186
Roger I. King of the Two Sicilies,
Roger II. Count of Sicily, later, iv. 186
Roger, Lieutenant, iv. 211-212
Rogers, Samuel, ii. 128; vi. 88-89
Roh, Père Jacques, vi. 43
Rohan, Edward of, i. 9
Rohan, Margaret of, i. 9
Rohan, Renée de, i. 75
Rohan-Chabot, Archbishop of Auch,
later of Besançon, Louis François
Auguste Prince de Léon, Cardinal
Duc de, iv. 187-188; v. 64; vi. 136
Rohan-Chabot, née de Serent, Duchesse
de, iv. 187
Rohan-Rochefort (see d'Enghien)
Roland de La Platière, Jean Marie, ii.
 12, 14, 25, 106
Roland de la Platière, Manon Jeanne
Philipon, Dame, ii. 12, 25, 26
Rolle, Jacques Hippolyte, v. 95
Rollin, Charles, i. 63
Rollin, Dame, v. 261
Rollin (see also Ledru-Rollin)
Rollo Duke of Normandy, i. 39
Romano, Giulio di Pietro di Filippo
de' Giunnazzi, known as Giulio, iv. 239
Romanzoff, Nikolai Count, iv. 40
Romberg, Édouard, iii. 132
Romulus King of Rome, vi. 196
Ronsard, Pierre de, i. 133, 245; vi. 82
Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor, v. 96
Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)
Rosanbo, Marquis de, ii. 296
Rosanbo, Louis Le Péletier, Vicomte
de, i. 135
Rosanbo, Louis de Péletier, President
de, i. 126, 134, 136, 178; ii. 28; v. 64
Rosanbo, Marie Thérese de Malesherbes,
Présidente de, i. 135-136; ii.
49, 81, 84; v. 64
Rosanbo, Dame de, ii. 296
Rose, the milliner, Madame, i. 99-100
Rose, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's
house-maid, i. 190
Rose Récamier (see Récamier)
Roseau, Jean, ii. 21
Rosny (see Sully)
Rospigliosi (see Zagarolo)
Ross, Sir James Clark, vi. 222
Rossignol, General Jean Antoine, iii. 213
Rossini, Gioachino Antonio, iv. 41; v. 19, 43
Rostopchin, Feodor Count, iii. 55
Rostrenen, Père Grégoire de, i. 142
Rothenflue, Père Gaspard, vi. 43
Rothesay (see Stuart de Rothesay)
Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer first Lord, iv. 71
Rothschild, Alphonse Baron de, iii. 72
Rothschild, Anselm Mayer Baron de, iv. 71
Rothschild, Charles Mayor Baron de, iv. 71
Rothschild, James Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79
Rothschild, Nathan Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79
Rothschild, Salomon Mayer Baron de, iv. 71
Rothschild, Mayer Anselm, iv. 79
Rouërie (see La Rouërie)
Rouillac, Abbé de, i. 73
Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, i. 131
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, i. 83, 122, 180,
219; ii. 22, 26, 85, 105, 133, 164,
176, 197, 215, 244, 303-304, 307-308;
iv. 106-107, 122, 202, 253, 285; v.
292, 300-301, 318; vi. 65, 70-75, 82,
Rousseau, Dame, ii. 164
Rousseau, the clock-maker, vi. 72
Roussel, the boatman, iii. 13
Roussy (see Girodet)
Roux, Jacques, iv. 4
Roux de Laborie (see Laborie)
Rovere (see Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere)
Roxana Queen of Macedon, iv. 192
Rovedino, Signor, i. 173
Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie René Savary,
Duc de, ii. 261-262, 265, 270,
272-277, 279, 283; iii. 188; iv. 176
Roy, Antoine Comte, iv. 138-139
Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, iv. 61, 136,
138, 142; v. 304, 416
Rubempré, Louis de Mailly, Comte de,
ii. 297
Rubens, Peter Paul, iv. 250; vi. 74
Rudolph II., the Emperor, v. 387
Rulhière, Claude Carloman de, i. 132;
ii. 10
Rupert Bishop of Worms, Saint, vi. 126
Russell, John first Earl, iv. 69
Ruvigny and Raineval, Melville
Amadeus Henry Douglas Heddle de La
Caillemotte de Massue de Ruvigny,
Marquis de, iv. 237
Rysbrack, Michael, ii. 74

Sabatier, Alexis, v. 244

Sablière (see La Sablière)
Sabran, Marquis de, i. 144
Sabran, Elzéar Louis Marie Comte de,
iv. 164
Sabran (see also Boufflers and Elzear)
Sacchetti, v. 14
Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gasparo, i. 179
Sacken (see Osten-Sacken)
Sagan (see Wallenstein)
Saget, M., ii. 307-309
Saint-Agnan, Comte de, v. 247
Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)
St. Albans, Sir Francis Bacon, first
Lord Verulam, first Viscount, ii. 74;
v. 57
Saint-Ange, Ange François Fariau,
known as de, ii. 9
Saint-Aubin, Jeanne Charlotte Schroeder,
Dame d'Herbey, known as Madame, i. 173
Saint-Balmont, Alberte Barbe d'Ercecourt,
 Comtesse de, ii. 53
Saint-Chamans, Alfred Armand Robert
Comte de, v. 101
Saint-Cyr (see Gouvion de Saint-Cyr)
Saint-Germain, Claude Louis Comte
de, vi. 202-203
Saint-Germain, Germain Couhaillon,
known as, ii. 236, 239-240, 316-317
Saint-Germain, Dame, ii. 236-237
Saint-Gilles (see Raymond IV. Count
of Toulouse)
Saint-Huberti, later Comtesse
d'Entragues, Antoinette Cécile Clauvel,
Dame, i. 113
Saint-Hyacinthe, Hyacinthe Cordonnier,
known as Thémiseuil, v. 413
Saint-Fargeau, Michel Lepelletier de,
ii. 296; vi. 162
Saint-Fargeau, Dame de, ii. 295-296
Saint-Gall, the Monk of, iv. 170
Saint-Jean d'Angely (see Regnaud de
Saint-Jean d'Angely)
Saint-Just, Antoine, iii. 196
Saint-Lambert, Henri François Marquis
de, ii. 196-197, 209
Saint-Léon, M. de, iii. 143
Saint-Leu, pseud., Duc de (see Louis
King of Holland)
Saint-Leu, pseud., Duchesse de (see
Hortense Queen of Holland)
Saint-Leu, pseud., Comte de (see
Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)
Saint-Louis (see Poullain)
Saint-Luc (see Toussaint de Saint-Luc)
Saint-Mahé (see Potelet)
Saint-Marcellin, M. de Fontanes,
 Comte de, ii. 105; iii. 140
Saint-Marsault, Baron de, i. 119
Saint-Marsault-Chatelaillon, Baron de,
i. 119
Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, ii. 194-196
Saint-Martin, Antoine Jean, v. 80
Saint-Méry (see Moreau de Saint-Méry)
Saint-Paul (see Lemoyne-Saint-Paul)
Saint-Phal, the actor, i. 128
Saint-Pierre (see Bernardin de Saint-Pierre)
Saint-Pol, Antoine Montbreton,
Maréchal de, v. 131
Saint-Priest, François Emmanuel
Guignard, Comte de, i. 156; vi. 96,
230-231, 234-235
Saint-Priest, Duque de Almazan,
Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard,
Vicomte de, vi. 97-192, 112
Saint-Priest, Vicomtesse de, vi. 97,
99-100
Saint-Riveul, Henri du Rocher, Comte
de, i. 64
Saint-Riveul, André François Jean du
Rocher de, i. 64, 154
Saint-Simon, Claude Anne Duc de, i. 49
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvray, Duc
de, i. 167; iv. 80; v. 333
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri Comte de, ii. 184
Saint-Simon (see also Lautrec de Saint-Simon)
Saint-Tropez (see Suffren de Saint-Tropez)
Saint-Val the Elder, Demoiselle, i. 128
Saint-Val the Younger, Demoiselle, i. 128
Saint-Vallier, Jean de Poitiers,
Seigneur de, ii. 294
Saint-Véran (see Montcalm de Saint-Véran)
Sainte-Aulaire, Louis Clair Comte de
 Beaupoil, de, iv. 10; v. 161-162;
vi. 113
Sainte-Aulaire, Comtesse de, iv. 10
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, ii.
105; iii. 147; iv. 107; vi. 190
Sainte-Beuve, Demoiselle, vi. 143
Sainte-Croix, Gaudet de, ii. 163
Sainte-Croix, Piégard, v. 219
Sainte-Hyacinthe de Charrière [see
Charrière)
Sainte-Rosalie, Père Ange de, i. 5
Saintsbury, Professor George Edward
Bateman, vi. 88
Sala, Alexandre Adolphe, v. 101, 244;
vi. 97-98, 100
Sales (see Delisle de Sales)
Salisbury, William de Montacute, first
Earl of, ii. 74
Salisbury, Catharine Grandison,
Countess of, ii. 74, 138
Salisbury, James Cecil, seventh Earl,
later first Marquess of, iv. 161
Salisbury, Emily Mary Hill,
Marchioness of, iv. 161
Salle (see La Salle)
Sallust, Caius Sallustius Crispus, known
as, ii. 335; vi. 157
Salluste, Du Bartas (see Du Bartas)
Salmasius (see Saumaise)
Salome, v. 175
Salvage de Faverolles, née Dumorey,
Dame, iv. 287, 297; v. 297
Salvandy, Narcisse Achille Comte de,
iv. 144
Salverte, Eusèbe, v. 105
Salvetat (see Mars)
Salvianus, ii. 36
Samoyloff, Countess, vi. 120
Sand, Karl Ludwig, iv. 46, 56
Sand, Armandine Lucile Aurore Dupin,
Dame Dudevant, known as George,
v. 70; vi. 175-180
Sannazaro, Jacopo, iv. 185; vi. 48
Sanson, Charles Henri, i. 156; ii. 11;
vi. 202
Sansovino, Francesco, vi. 103
Sansovino, Giacomo Tatti, known as,
vi. 103
Santeuil, Jean Baptiste, v. 255
Sappho, vi. 172, 180
Sarrans the Younger, Bernard Alexis, v. 96
Saudre (see La Saudre)
Saumaise, Claude de, ii. 53
Saunois, the Revolutionary, iii. 213
Saussure, Horace Benedicte de, v. 200
Saussure (see also Necker de Saussure)
Sautelet, the publisher, v. 83; vi. 168-169
Sauvigny (see Bertier de Sauvigny)
Sauvo, François, v. 116
Savarin (see Brillat-Savarin)
Savoie-Carignan (see Carignan and Eugène)
Savary (see Rovigo)
Saxo Grammaticus, v. 277
Say, Thomas, i. 253
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, ii. 204; vi. 45
Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, vi. 45
Scandiano (see Bojardo)
Scarron, Paul, vi. 241
Schadow, Wilhelm Friedrich von, iv. 240
Scheffer, Ary, v. 128
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich,
iv. 41, 108, 253, 274, 279; v. 412;
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