•

■
412 Binomial Theorem and Mathematical Induction
IN! IJ""n ~ns,01'1 IS QM" bl/
F-,:,r ter- independent ,, •
l!h:l:r~ l!l...
~-'11
Bl Ir + 1)11, l J- r r
--1 2 ·0 20 2, 1r .... ~·,A.,_
'C 2 - I ,._.,,, r ,. ' I i:, 10
Hence reqwrcd cocffiaent 1-.r:-....
For raMnal term> C\
r a mulllple of S O. 5. 10 ,·c, Coefficient o! l("' v" z
Lr, 'he
li l!l~K ..
10 r • multlplt' Lf 2 . V 2 4 6- 8 10 lx ♦ i,•+ t is
f.-.,. I end ,JI. po,stble wiues o! r II«' 0 and 10 '" \. +ni, ~n: ,' 1')'
MJm of ra11onal h?rmS n , lri& n, I 2!_Jt"1 .,:_~LQ
~I • I IJ('J•"'2Ji,.. j • c,,• ✓ • :0 1 17 2 .,,oo5;
.. 3;i' J~ ♦; .,, 111· (2 ,od5 .2•-,x.
[Cl We hove, ~., :z' t - 16! " (I ♦ 15 17 , 12 1-,o,fi1 , 1- -
4
2•· I+ 'C IS+ 'C,15 + · c , 1s- + 69 A + p r; B • p ,r; C • pqO •qr. ,
, z4• I iri.i l"i", •c,. "C IS+ {Al L<,1 oom«U".ive ooeffou.,-,t .,., • C, Ind
dSI<, ..-~ k "en t"l<ge! ,., rl
H,ncc, z4-- !Sn la dMSlblc by 22~ ,n - r) 1 r 1 ln r l.' .r•
:>) We havl.' ';"" 1
1";· C-, 12~)iG2~•- • I
Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities
or
:,, r :n r 1~' r' r 1 • • Ir
'I 3"9 +SJII + tS , , .,;~
11, 9 + 8Jr.' +1.. C • 148• ill+ 48 .- 1~1 + or r + l
"
'" CvnSLM a drc .J ol md1u, r having renlre nl (.} lei A b• o
JKlnl on the c rd..:. Nnw ,ut off an arc AJ>
kt d,-,M..----d from two (. rl'ck "'~ rJ1 AP
or n r_2,+t whose lc'\{J!h ls equal to ~hE' uldiu, , of ,,-.c ,
.. ~48• ! TM "'..,.-J 8
t:--1,~ Then by the defmlllC'n lhc measure of {
Hern,, " b odd the=rd r.,'- 1A
8 + •rnns con1,unc"'j powen ol 13 Ilene,, too l,mnlMI ud.• , LJ\01' ls 1 mdian 1
B, f 19 ll + (19 + 4
Hence; rl?rru'!~......-,'1' 8 the ,!Udy d Relation bolweon three systems of
68 A ,. r ~8 • p. C ., q. D t, 2l:C.,19",."C',19" ·4 • C 4' n,..<>lve, the o< iO An,;-le• A measurement of on angle
k'nijlho lnillol 1,d., - --- -
,A, T. ' o " ( (' . or 2l:"C,, 19" ,.• C' 4 • • C Let D ~ the numOO oi dc-gn:e~. R ~ :he num~1 f radia
tho, f1g1.1rc <>tta1nc<', by rotaling ,
l(_ ,C,~ 15 1 ~ ,~ II thC'-, " Is odd The tntll41 position OA i> called Ire ar:_I C, bt!' lhe number or fJfacl'£'J :, nn an.. ~~ tJ. lh:1
OB IS cled terminal sid~ o:f the D G rn
Hcna, L is d,-,c'.c by I q ,.
<JO 100 ,r
T. wJ be ~•CJr.11 d l·oth ' and ' era ml,~~• wtuch the rny rotates " caflctl the
' · l 8 [( ) 1
Cfll:'C, t: C1 1 "C1i~ • C llus as •he required re!.lt!'.. ~ betwe~ lhee ty5tems :,(
,,ies be"""""O 1.- )2S h .,_,,:i be ,o d r11a mc.!toplc of ~ Coefl1CJ<>rt of x ,. · ~ ( lu l meMure~ -;f an angle
6 tx~.c.-:=-, 0 IO 102!< I'll
T'vrefc ;:?. , : ~ radian ,r .:Wusm 180
,, 0. 8 16, J2 1024 JC I]+ x; · • C ·• • td lo be? pos1hve ,r negatM
rotate, In nn!Jclockwisc o, dockw1,e 1< I .,.dian
"
57' )7'44 R' 57' I 7'q5•
Now 11.. 1"24 a 0.d 11 Co..~ of ,.a ,n ,'°C~ •1 • • side
!(~~ 0♦ 111 1.6 ~lati_~ b!!_'II__0en ari_ ar~~n~ an angle
C{{I••.' ' • 'C l· _/ • B
1024 l!(n ., Cb:kwiw
du~~-o •A
II 1 "the lt>nglh of an ar. uf 11 cirae oi radius r then •I nnQlc
~ Codlioe.t of , 5
m (I• •l ,&' +!"" Q -or:- t (f - Lie tJ 11n ra<lumsi 1ubtended by .. h,s "re al Iha ,I:
1
1024 ~A
" IZ~ n 1~ 1
8 Cot..----:ffid e, t of .-: 10 In .2x + X ? di,""""' •B Ct'nlre cl the ctru ~ g,ven by O r ,:, .)'-
~O
I
A
·m <+l
• l.'
Yllenioirne
--.: _ -~surement of angles
,:l . ❖ I
' • r•c ' ~ . . lht -- ~ - - - - ~ - - pr()
• •' • < I
:D) T 14c 1Xr I Tu, - ,4c,x-. r u i,s.....:;'I\ISlems for '!leasunng angle, e Ar.: • radrut .,_ angle tn radiAOS
By the g,vc,, condition -.I or Englloh •y•tem : Therefcr.e, s~ctorl•I are• ....r. OAB be a sector iv.vtng cc-rnI angle
• .i '
,,-~c - 1 •c, ... 14 C, "9e • 9() ~ee I _ 90°) 8' and rad,us r Then arr•~ lh< ,CC,llf OAll ~ g,wn bi, L' , -'11
♦ 'i ~
:.x 1-. (J() mlnut,,s ,. 601
+ I •1 • l
• •I or l- -~( ·l. + ••c, 1 I tiOle'-"<ld 60")
llt.U',TRATI0N -1 T',e an¥ ,ubtcnded at rlw c,ctre o: a c rc.c
.,f n,diu$ I m4!T'" l"JI an M< oJ i<ngth I m,trc IS e<;'-"1 oo
.... ] a: •c 14
C,
°' Fr•nch •• ir-tem • ~efnre. l•l i.'ff fbl
1c, f/J
,.. + I • 1
14
r
r+l
.. 14 :r+- ll+I.
r ,. I
- l()J <jrDda 100') l rnd,on
:ir.iduns
l";m and Mr fl Im
_,'a . • I
' , IOO minutes I · IOG'l
Solution
Given thol n,drus ~
7:. for IX - • ,--i. ·"cl• 1,-" 'x
r
1'.lr•;.;1
14 • r I ()J lecr,nds
I>,: --:ler"fr
• I OIJ;
l hcm.!nsUreol1111ar,ge~ ettho:
We~lhal /V'f,fa,• rndiu< • l
,uc ,
r 9 on: o( eqt.1111 lo the radius of too arclo<
 414T - 1111;a1119111,,_dl..,.. ... W■ ittd•
IUlJSTRAnoN.3
11
IU.US'.JRATION-2 A arcular v. of radillS 7cm
bends again an a c of a arde o! 12cm The 1 1
subtended by the n: at the e O',tnl• &a ' 20021
a 50" b 210" 1 1
c)100" d (H
Solution (b) Given that dlameter of a-adar u. • 14on Solution
Therefore length of dra.dar wire• 141tan
arc 14ir 7r. 7 I 210
· Requiredangles-a. -c- - 1 1 - c
.. radius 12 6 6 11

ILLUSTRATION-3 The radius of the cu t,ose arc of

15an mama angle d. 3, 4 rod al the e ii [KCET 2002)
a) 10cm (b 20an

d 11 !
cm d 22½07l
arc 15
Solution b ~ "' -radius = -cm
(3 4)
Rad us "" 20 011
Domain and range of a trigonometrical function
If f X ➔ Y is a funcUon, defined on the set X.
domain of the function /, wrttten as Domf IS the set of al
mdependent vanables x. for wruch the uru,ge /(Jc) IS
element of Y. called the co-domain of/
Range of / X ➔ Y IS the set of 1mage1
belongs to Y, Le, Range / = {/(x)e Y x X c: Y
The domain and range of bigOnOmetrieal
tabulated as follO'.AIS
Table : 8 .1
Tlll■■ wtric:al Da R«l•tlon bdw~en trigonometric ratios tf=di9
Faacdoe
...
COllt
R
R
l Oc.oCO•l

taru R 2n+1.! I
2 Fund•mvrtal trigonometric ldemltkf
CONClt R- Jrn I
0 cos 8•1 )+tan O=

.CIC R 2n+J.!n 1 8 COf£C. 0

2
Sign of tr:lgonometrlcal ratJO§
01
~
the quad:an! m 1,,1,tuch the ~
COi R- (n1r nlli I R
depend
ILLUSTRATION•l The mcorrect statement is (MNR 1993]
(a) sm8 =-.!. (b) cose • 1 In brld: A aude aJd to ,nemortse the sag,, :
s ra d rant. •Add Susar TO CofJ
1
(c) sec Ii= - (d) tanO "'20 y
2 1
1 I~
2 . because value of
Solution (c) Incorrect Aatement is sec 8 - 0~'2111!

sec O IS always .!: l

®
x..-Oy,.O
ILUJSTRATION-2 Which one of the following 1s pos51ble endcoset•e
(KCET 20091 x __ ,v~
mcr..udri,tn 0
CD58=2_
(ll) tan8=45 rb)
3
r!J '0~.: 0
2 2 ,. :, ar,j ¢
o +b ,(o¢b (d)
4
(#>pll'P~
(c) 51.tlB= 2
fee(J -
a -b 2 5 «
IS!dcot• ·:., ore
Solution (ll) ·: cos Ii > 1. sm O > 1 and tee 8 <1 are not
y
possible and tanO = 45 is poss1b!e
 tri~t Rat os Functions ilnd Identities 415

IU.USfRAnoN-2 l i d nnd 8 I ~ in th ~ :on i

e (MP PLIT \9Q7}

b 5
d Q

. cosec Solution \; 8 tll\6

4
lo nhats of trigonomdric functions tn 2
.
--
\~. 'r
~-
lUUSlRATION-3 • A + t\ll A 1l Lh"n t,:m A

(Hootkr.1'1 1995}

l
b\ ~
16
.. d1
117
43
11
Tab!, 8 2 IA ll 2
Solution A r A cot A
11

44
A 117

ILLU&TRATION-4 If ..4 then th vnlu of t:m x I

(MP PET 1994, UPSP.AT 20031

\b 2
7

d) N:mo of th

Sol 10fl 7
25
4

IU.USTRATION-51 8• nd bn8 1 th n O Ile. In

\2

b f; (b Second
I.LllsTRA.noN.1 1 Th d Fourth
{Pb O:.i 1994 MP Pf.T 1998 tool AJtW 1999)
So\utiOD 8 -L'e hence '(J 1nlll0Jfl/q dr nt
1 O
Bui tan6 + ;'I! hence IJ in ID quadrant
12
llllJSIRATION-6 T h e ~
10· ST 3ir 4 SK
C05 lJ + CDS13 ~ C0513 COIi 13 LS to (MP PET 2006)

-1 0
"'l 1 cf
 _., Jdentftte5
ctiOflS ......
I Ratios. fun l c.Scos
nJ.~i'RAnos-3 ~
K~"'
416 TrigOl\c,metrica

■ ..,

'
Solutton
s
'I:

Solution "t' ~ '" ~

'
Tngonometrical ratios for some spec a:
~

Trtso Ratio
Al ;c,d •nsleS
---
-8)
Trigonometrical ratios tn terms of each othe·
90- 8) GI'
2 1an9 col8 HCB -
'-I

(90+ I or
2

•
3
(270- B) or "
2
I fJ
(270 + B) or S
2
- --
or (2.--
(360 - B) B)

ILLUSTRATION-I sm15 -i-cosl05 -

a O (b 2 15
c cos15 ..sml5 d 15 -
Solution a sm 15 -t- cos 105
- sm15 +~q() +15 -sml5 -Sll'15 -0
ILLUSraATION-2 tanA+cot 180 ... A
+ rot-go + A)-cot{360" Al IMP PET 1992) 1 /j
IU.USTRATION-4 ~ - - =
a O fu 2tanA 1~ coslO !#
(IIT I 974. 88: Kaa.lil lEJit! ,Oil
c 2cotA di 2{tanA-cotA
fAMCET 2008: MP p£T
Solution aI tan A+ cotfl80 - A - co1(90 + A - c:ot{360 - A
(a 0 (b) 1
- tan A ..- co: A - tan A - cot A = 0
(c 2 (d) 4
Trigonometrical ratios for various angles
er -= ~
Solution d) 1 ../
3
n ,..4 ,13 ,a 2• sin 1O" - cos I sm Hr COS l (J'

~ Fi -
l /2 0 -1 0 1 2 ~ c:oslO"- " 3 snlO"
2 2
=--"----------"
51n 10 cos 1O'-
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 417

:W Sl1110- _ 2lsm(30- -10 } S ec B

,.,r;:pl~- smllYcoslO
~~¢Ill

~l
0
4sn20° _ 4
- - --
Slfl20 l'J )
> \.' 1
- l
I cos9 +Stn 9
• X
tJS11l"noN- 5
~9' - sm g X •
0
I-

l&J. ; MP PET 1998. 2002, Keral;i (Engg.) 2005) ,:. 1 Jr; 1

1992 ,...._ • I,,
ffP'cET b) tan36
13!'154 (di None of these \
taJ!lS . ,:2
Y' .
r.2
• ~2
~ = tan (45" + 9 ) = tan 54 l.;
~ X

50iatiOP a 1- tan 9
16) cosec e
f different tngonometnc ratios y
'~J,;.----
1nhS 0
y 1' )
I smD
..
~-·----- \i I

.
---~~
~ 1'

Y. -· .
X r.
• 2ir Jr

•
'r"' Formulae for the trigonometric ratios of sum and
'r d1tt ences of tw angles
2 rosO l
(1) ~in(A-'- BJ= sm AcosB + cos AsmB
(21 sm(A - B) sm AcosB - cos Asm B
-~ (3) cos(A + BJ cos A cos B - sin A sm B
>: •,r2
~ \J. ,.
(4) co~(A-B) ~ cos A cos B + sm Asm B

(S) tan(A + B) = tan A + tan B

1- tan A tan B

(6) tan(A - B) = tan A - tan B

3) tanO y 1 + tan A tan B
(?) cot(A + B) cot A cot B - 1
cot A+ cot8
CB) cot(A _ 81 = cot A cot 8 + I
cot8-cotA
(9) sm(A +- B)sm(A - 8) = sin 2 A - sin 2 B = cos2 B - cos A
2

2 2
(10) c05(A + B)cos(A- B) =cos2 A - sm B = cos B - sin A

(ll) tan A± tanB = smA ± smB _ smAcosB ±cosAsmB

cosA cosB cosAcosB
Y" sm(A ± B) (
4 cot 8 y = cosA.cosB . A* n;r + - , B ?'-
2
,r
mll'J
sm(B± A) ( ,r
(12) cotA±colB=----. A-,: nH,8-t:m1r +-
sinAsmB 2
ILLUSTRATION-I The value of tan 20° + n 50" - tan 70 is
equal to (AMU 2005)
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) tdn 50° d} None of thew
 418 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Ide ntities
S olution (b) lc)n 20 +2tan50 tan70 m 1
n20 m70 m l 2m+l 2ml
+ 2tan50 m l --~ n I
co 20 cos70 l 2m +m--2n, l
m 1) 2m + l '11
n20 sm70
+2tan50
na 11 ;;

- ?O_)_ _ _ + 2 tan 50
1
{cosf7 + cosf70 20 ))
H nee a P--n4
2
Trick As a p independ,mt of m
2 sm(-50 ) 2smSO + 2 tan SO
- - - - ' - - ' - - + 2 l.iin 50 1 1
cos 90 + cos 50 tana and tanp
O+cosSO 2 3
-2 tan 50° + 2 tan 50° 0
ILLUSTRATION-2 If tanA=2tanB+cotB,thcn 2tan(A B
TI1 r t.ln u !!. 2) 1 J
1 1 6 I H
u .. l
(a) tanB (bl 2tanB Al c-h k for other 1,;alu of m
(c) cot 8 (d) 2cot B 1
ILLUSTRATION..S - (JJ cos23
Solution (c) 2 tan (A - B) - 2( 1tan+ tan AtanB
tan B
A-
d
4
43 b 7
_ 2 (2 tan B + cot B - tan B) c: tan B ..- cot B C COS53
2 (d Non of these
1+(2tanB+cotB)lanB
2
= cot B(tan B + 1) :=: cot
2(1+tan Bl
Solution d ! /3 cos 23 sm23
8 l
(1 + tan 2 B) 30 co 23 - tn30 m 23
2
ILLUSTRATION-3 The value of tan ?O - tan 20 1
30 23 > co 53
tan SO 2
(KCET 20031 4
(al 1 ILLUSTRATION-6 If stn A Sand cosB - 12
(b) 2 13 whmA
(c) 3 (d) 0
qu drnnt rcspectl\icly ther co A•B
tan 70° - tan 20°
Solution (b) - ----- 56
tan500 b
65 65
sln70° sm20° sm70° cos20 -cos70 n20 1 16
cos70° cos20° = cos70 ~20 d)
Sin 50° ----==.::.,:51n:......::;50;::;.•=-- 65
SolutJon dW 4 12
cos5Q0 cos SO nA
and cosB- --
5 13
_ Ix _m..;..(7_0__-_2_0--' cos_SO_ = __2_s_m_S_O_cos_50~-
0 0
)__
A+B co AcosB nAsmB
2 cos70°cos20°Stn50° 2cos70°cos20 50
16 12 4 f1 _ 1~4
2cos50°
= ------=- 2cos50°
=2 ✓l 25 13 5 \i 169
cos90° +cos50° 0-t-cos50°
3 12 4 5 16
IUUSTRATION-4 If tan a = ~ a nd tan p = _ l _ th 5
---
13 5
--
13 65
m+l 2m+l
a+P'-- (IIT 1967,78; MP PET 1986,89,2006.09, [Smee A lies m ftrn quadrant and8 resmthlld
I equal
15
MNR 1987; EAMCET 1992: Roorkee 1998; ILLUSTRATION-7 The Vc1lue of cosl5 - 5mIS 'BJE!lf'.'.
JMI EEE 2001; AMU 2002: UPSEAT 2005; [MP PET 1994, 2002, ~ ll
Kual•pt'f
Odiaha JEE 2010: WB ,IEE 2011 J Odlliha JEE 201 2;
JC ,r 1
(a) 3 (b) 4 (a
1 (bl
✓2 2
IC
(c) 6 (d ) None of these
(di 0

Solution (b} We have, tan a-= ___!!!__l and tan fJ = _!__ + 15 ,,,l
m+ 2m-,. l Solution (a) cos 15° - sm 15° - ./2 cos 45
tan a+ 1.an/J
We know tan (a + Pl = _ tan a tan p
1 ,,. .J2 __!_ = _l_ .
2 ..fi.
 Trtgonometr1cal Ratios, Functions and Identities 419

(EAMCET 19911 2 n n(n

2

+ (,r (n 1\J}l

product Into um or
m nd

m!A 8)

8 m(A 13)
l3 (A U)
(A ► Bl

ut th formul to tmn form the um or

C D C IJ
n 2 C 2
DI C D
n 2

IU...US'rRATION-1 r a sln(y a /J)

a n(a p y) ln(a 1 /J+ y)
(b) 4alna In/I lny
(d) None of th se
t two t rms nd I two I rm
a +2 n( r)c (a+Pl
a+p]
/J 4 na np ny
IU.UsraATION-2 The value of
4 + n61 nll n25
(MP PET 2001: EAMCET 2003; .J & K CET 2009)
a 36 bl 36"
c sin 7 (d) oos7
Solution 47 + n 61 ( n 11 + n 25
-2 m 54 CIJ5 7 -2 n 18 coa 7
A -2COl57 1
A- -2cos7 2 cos
- "Ci A)
4 COii 7
A 7
A
• 420 Trigonometrical
ILLUSTRATION -3 The valu~ of
cos 12 +ros84 +cos 156 +cosl32 ls
Ratios, Functions and Ide ntities

LKf'..1111• (Engg.) 1993)

ILLUSTHATI ON-7

( 1) 112
tJnC)
'-'"llJ f I
(a) l (bl 1 (c) 4
(h)
2 (di R
Solution (c) lt'ln t)• t.m 27
{c)
1 (d) l 1,,11 (\.I
2 8 llln go Inn 27" rnt 27' •rot•>
Solution (c) cos 12l' +cos 84" +cos 156° +cos 132 11 (t,rn 9' .. cot qo) (t,m ??• -+ cot 27 1

(cos 12° + cos 132°) + (cos 84 ° + cos 156°)

.!
2 cos 72° cos 60° + 2 cos 120° cos 36 sin 9° cos ~P sin 27'' cos 27' sin lH 2
,11 >4
.. 2 sin 54 ° sin 18" f
\
2 .cos 36 ,11, 11:l
2[cos 72° x ~ -½xcos 36°] {
sin 18° sin 54 ''
2
i.111 J8 • ~"' r;. q
1

- (cos 720 -cos360] = [ rs4-1 - .Js4+ 1] .. -12 ILLUSmATIO N-8 cos( 11" ), , i;o/l 3n)
11
+
co~
l5ir
II

I LLUSTRATION-4 The Vdlue of sin 550 - cos 550 ls

+ cos( 71rrl ) t- cos( 1)1,rl ) I0,11,11~ ,II I 101
sin 10
{rt) 1 2 th) I 2
(KC ET 2006: WB JH :'. 20101
(cl l (d)
1
(a) ./2 (b) 2
Solution {b) cos t cos
3,r ,r
-1 cos
f,,r
t cos
7tr 9
~ rn., tt
11 II II 11 II
(c) 1 (d) ,J2 ,r I• ( 5 l ) 2R , Sil
I 5,r :,,r [>IT
CO
55°+35 55 35 dl 2 11 1
11 cos 11 6111 11
sm 550 - sin 350 2 cos
Solution (d) - - - - - -
sin
___,2,.,____ .2__ tr
sin 10° sin IO sin(~) .n I I
= 2cos45°. sin 10° = ./2
sinlO ! l"l 1~," ) s111( R ~ )
ILLUSTRATION-5 sin 70<> + cos 40
~)
2
cos 70° + sin 40° ''"l t~ ) 2stn(
[Pb.CET 1986: MP PET 1999; KCET 20121 Trigonometric ratio of multlplo of nn angle
(a) 1 1
{b) ,J3 2tnnA
(1) sm2A 2slnAcosA
I + l,rn l A
(cl ✓
3 (d) 1
(2) cos2A 2cos 2 A-l = I 2sini/\
2
2 (
sin 70° + cos 40° = cos2 A - sin 2 A !,_-:, t.:i~ : whcrn Av. 12n' 1~
Solution (cl I+ 2
t,111 A
COS 70° + Stn 40°
(3) tan 2A 2 ton A
sin 70° + sin 50" 2 sin 60~ cos 10~
------=------ 1- ton 2 A
sin 20° + sin 40° 2 sin 30° cos(-I 0~1
(4) sin3A - 3sm A-4 sln 1 A
_ sin 60° = /3 ~ = ,J3 . • 4:.m(60'
/\) sin A ~inl{,(1'

Stn 30° 2 1
(5) cos3A-=4cos 1 A-3cosA fj!
1 - tan 2° cot 62° 4 cos(60o /\I c<ISA cO'lf
I LLUSTRATION-6 - - - - - - = [MP PET 2011 J
tan 152° - cot 88° 3 tan A IOII I A • i-~"(l'iiO _ Al wn A ,._,n#
(6) tan3A ,....
(a) ./3 (b) -./3 l-3tan 2 A
where A-.n'fr+,r/6
(c) ✓
2 -1 (d) 1- ✓2 ~ fl
{7) sln40 = 4 smO cos:! 0-4 cosfJSfn
1 - tan 2° cot 62"
2
Solution (b) tan(90o+62")-cot(9O0-20) (8) cos 40 - 8 cos4 ti - 8 cos 0-+ 1
1
4 tnnO-4 tan II
1 - tan 2" cot 62" _ tan 62"- tan 2° (9) tan40
1-6t,.inll fJ + tan• 0
= - cot 62°-tan 2° - -(1 + tan2° tan6~) • • J A+5s-nA
(10) sinSA 16stn A- 20sm /I
= _tan(62"- 2") = -tan 60" == - ✓3 (11) cos5A 16cos A 20cos
1 A 5,os
+
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 421

cot 15 1 IMP rCT 1998] 1

Solution (d sin x + co x
......aA110N•l c o l ~
0,10:>• ,~
1
(b) .J3 $In
2
X + COS• X + 2 Ill )( COS X l
2 25
2 24
stn2x . ,-24
_ cos2x
7
tnn2x
3./3 (dl .{3 25 25 7
ci II Trigonometric ratio of sub-multiple of an angle
cos2 15°
col 15 -1 sm22 1s 0

Sa1utloll bl ;i" 15 +1 cos 15°

+1 (1) l!lm~+cos~I
I 2 2
F+smA
sin 15°

!5 sin
150 cos(30 ) ./3 or sin A+ cos A
2 2
±Mr-;;.
~ 2 3,r
./3 J\ 2 2nJT + q
col
,ic:...,•TION•Z If cos A - . th~n tan3A -
1Llv,,IIV' 2
I(',
j +, If 2111, ,r 4
,othl!rwlsc
(bl 1 2
8

lc1 I
0
{d) 12) I n ~ l os ~ I ~n A
[3
Solution (d) We have, cos A 2
A 30 or ( m A cos Al t_./l- Ji)A
2 2
ian3A tan90° .., 5JT
[ t-, If 2n,r t- JT 4 A 2 2nn- t
1 1 4
111usTRATION-3 The value of liln 7 1 equal to ,olh rwt
2
(J 11 K CE.T 2005) .ri;;;;;.. 1 I t-
fficosA I cos/\
1ni ./6 + b + Ji 2 (lll ./6 .J3 + ,2 2 liinA l+cosA ~In A

C .[6 ./3t-.J2+2 (d) J6 ,3 ,2 2 \l.h r A it 12n + l)ir

smA n A A 1-+cosA l+cosA
Solution (b) We hove. tan A lc t - - - , where A~ 2111r
cos A 1 eo12A 2 1-cosA tnA
lo ml5 The omblgu1t1 of igns arc
Puttmg A 7.!_
2
lan7
2 l+cosl5 d by l<>Clltmg the quadrants 111 ,1no cosU
l •

On mp1Jf1CI1tion. wo get tan 7

lllUSTRATION-4 sec SA- l

l
2
./6 ,/3+.fi.-2
[MP PET 1995)
wluch ~
lollOIN ng figure,
or you can follow th!!
-~ , ..
Stt4A-1
tan2A tonSA Jr
(8 (b)
tanSA tan2A 2
ootSA
A A
lT sn-+cos-1s+u ,r
C (d) None of these 2 2
cot2A 4 4
.in ,A
Solution (bl sec SA-1 = 1- cos SA cos 4A 2
sec 4A- 1 cosSA l-cos4A
3-.E 4A cos4A 2sm 4Acos4A sm4A
~SA 2sn 2A = cosSA 2sm 2 2A
ti:SA 2"n2Acos2A tan8A
2sm 2A = tan2A

ILLuSTRAllON.S If Sin i: + cos x = _!, then tan 2x is

5

a 25

C
-17
25
[UPSEAT 2003: AJEEE 2006]

(b
7
25
24
-!:R-
4 '1n-
A
2
-cos

3lr
~-
2
7Jf
4

7 (d)
7 2
 422 Trigonometrical Ratios, functions and Identities

4 n \I, A 1 • a ... 1

5) cot A wh A 2n,r ~ m
2 'I
ILLUSTRATION-5 A
3 4 15
ILLUSTRATION-I If cosO -and w
5 0 [1,fp"tt,
post v acut (MP PET I 988} \
2
7 l
a) b
,2 \
7 Solution I
(c) d
Ts V
Solution b w h

nd m n mum v u
I b r (l

l t I 0

I ,
ILLUSTRATION-2 I

1
4
Solution

1
c8
1
5 [KCf: T 2004, MP PET 2009

9t n 8 1
Solution
ILLUSTRATION-3 If

n -5
(C 9 4
A AJHer
Solution d G1 n that
2 2

2cos A 2 4
l + cos A cot
2 3
--
9
1-cosA (J fJ

IU.USTRATION-4 F A DCE 2001 IU..USTRATION•2 The

,r ,r
-- - :,,;

C ../J -r- s n A - J1 - J
A
Solution C For A-133 -==-665 :::::, -A 2
2
2 2
3
A
H nee J1 .... nA -sm--,.cos- 2
2 2 2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 423

Solution w A n O ~ cos' 0
... e [Snee cos O 1I

l A 1
e 1 cos t} + 8
3
e l cos
4 4

It
th hold for
n mon th m

4 mA 11113 in(
1 4c Aro Bco C
4 n A n Hc:o C

..
malMTlON-4

MP PfT 2006 AM
4
2
A
2

4
B
2
B
C

2c 2
A
C
2
C

B
m2
C

.... 2
/j
In
C
2

A nBcosC
l 2c.osAcos8cosC
1 2 nA nBcosC

A B C
l 2 n-sm n-
2 2 2 2
A _18 2C A B C
cu.?- -+C05- -+~ - 2+2 n- n-sm
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B zC 1 2cos A cos B SIil C
-+ --5111 -
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(UT 19N; R1 ■dsse 1992; iEANC£T 19'4
col ~+cos2 B -cmfl C 2cos
2
COI-Slfl-
2 2
2 2 2
DCE 1"6 !NO. 01. ft CET 1999:
UPSEAT zetl. _, PET zeN If z-~ then
2
0.W...IEEION AJa,JZ009;AJUE.2911)
5111 x+ISl y+an z l-2aixmty•u
A 1 col x+wl +col% 2+2 X y z
4
A 1 2x+an2 + 2z 4cotxcosycou
1
 u 424 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities
(6) Ir A + B + C ,r then
Solutio n (b) t.inj A + 8 + ':_ s s
(1) t.in A+ tnn 8 + ldn C = tan A tan 8 tan C 2 2 2
(11) cot Bcot C +cot Ccot A+cot A cot B 1 s
B C
C A A B .. S -1 or ,,:y+yz+~x 1 h
(111) tan tan + tan tan - + tan t.:in l • IA: ere \
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C NOIA: (x y) + (~ z) + (z :\;) o
ltv cot -+ cot - + cot cot- cot - cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 or 21. ~
ILLUSTRATION-I If a+ P- r - ,r, then (· ~ \~ I
ILLUSTRATION-5 If A+ 8 + C l8Q then
m a + sm p sm r (IIT 1980: Pb. C ET 2003) tan A+ tanB + tanC
(a) 2sinasmficosr (bl 2cosacosPcosy tanA ldnB tanC
(cJ 2slnasmfismy (d) Noneofthcse (n) 0
Solution (a) We have. a+ P- r ,r (bl 2
(c) 1
(dl 1
Now, m a+stn 2 P-sm 2 y Solution (c) Smee t.:in A+ Ian B + tan(' ,_
m a + sm(P y) sm(P + r) ..,n A 1.1n 8Ii:
ILLUSTRATION-6 If A + 8 + C 180 th h '
m a+ sm(;r a) sm(P + y) • en I e vafuea
a+p r r.) col B + col C) (cot Ct c.ot A) (cot At cot 8)11. ..1be
sm a._ sm asm(P + y) sma{ ma+ sm(P + rI
P + rl + sm(P + yl
sm a{ sln(,r (n) sec A sc B sec C
(b)
(l'l"IE.\11111
COScc A COscc B
sma{-sm(r-Pl + sln(y+ P)} (c t.inAtanBtanC (d) l
ma{2sm Pcosy) 2smasm Peas r
Solution (bl cot 8 • cot C smCcos B + s1n BcosC
ILLUSTRATION-2 If a+ p + r 2tr, th n (UT 1979) !>mBsi;c-
(<1) tan;+ tan:+ t.:m f tan; t<1n ! tan
2
n 8 ♦ C} !dn(l 8(Y' A) s111 A
nB nC nB lnC s1118 mC
(b) t.:in ~tan P + tan p tan r + tan Y t.1n a I
2 2 2 2 2 2 smB
cotC+cotA
(c) tan-+ P tan-r -
a tan-+
tan
a
ran tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
otB
(d) None of these
mAsm8
S o lution (a) We have. a+ fJ + r 2,r t £3 t cot C)(cot C + col A)(cot A-+ cot8)
inC
.:> tan !!__ +
2
p
2
+ !.)-
2
tan,r"" 0 mAsmB
cosec A cosec 8 cosec C
a
tan-+ tan-+ r - tan-tan-tan
P tan- a P r 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 Trick : Put A B C 60" and check A I
.:>
a P r a P r
tan - +tan-+ tan-= tan-tan-tan- 11.1.USTRATION-7 If A+ B + C 180 • then t•2
2 2 2 2 2 2
ILLUSTRATION-3 If A+ B + C = tr, then (KCET 2004: K. . . .
cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = (a) 0 (bl 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(al 1+4cosAcosBsmC (bl -1+4smAsmBcosC
(c) -l-4cosA cosB cosC (d) None of these Solution (b) We have A+ B + C 180
A ,r B+C
Solution (c) LH S = 2cos A+ B)cos(A-B) + (2cos2 C -1) ⇒ -=--
2 2 2
-1- 2cosCcos(A - B) + 2cos 2 C C
B + 1311":'
1 2cosctcos(A - BJ+ cos(A + B)J
- -l -4cosAcos8cosC cot
A
2 = tan
B
2 + 2)
C 1 -~0
⇒ ---;if - 1 - tan 2 tal I
Trick : Let A - B = C =60° tan
2
then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -3 2 C
A B A tan-
Opt,on (c) given -1-4 (cos 60 )3 =-3 2. ⇒ 1- tan B tan C =- tan - tan + tan 2 2
2 2 2 2 C
IUUSfflATION-4 If A + B + C = x. then A B B C A ran-"' 1
⇒ tan-.tan-+tan-tan-+tan2 2
A 2B 2C. 2 2 2 2
tan 2 - + tan - + tan - tS always
2 2 2
(a) S1 (b) ~ 1 Le., """" tan A tan B = 1 .
4... 2 2 ck
(c) =0 (d) -= 1
Trtck: Put A= B = C = 6()'- and che
 [!]•' .. ■

..
...
■

Tn go no 11 etr ica l Eq ua tio ns an d lne

qu ati on s.
Pr op ert ies of Tr ian gle s. He igh t an
d Di sta nc e
_._.rwcm EquatiOns and lnequations ll.l.llS1RA11O:S-1
(KCET!OOS

Sotaticm
 478 Trlgonometrtc:111 EquatloM and lnequati~ Properties of Triangles, He·
• ~~~D
ILLUSTRATION-3 Grncral solution o' tan SO cot28 IU.USlRATION-1 General sot; '
[MP PET 1994: KCET 2000, Pb CET 2001J smx+cosx= ~{la -4c ... 6
("') 0 n,r ,r (b) B !!.!!, !!...
... 7 ➔ 14 7 5
(a
n-
-~-1
nJr ,r 2 4
(cl 0 -+- (d) 8
7 2 C n;.+(-1 1 FI
,r ,r 4
58 nr."'"- -28
2 - 20
Solution (a) tm 50 ton ~
2
Solution (d sm x- + cos )( mm 1 0
n,r ,r
70 n,r+!!. 0 +-
2 14 7 Here a -4o+6=a· -4o-4+_
ILLUSTRATION-4 If cos40° = x and cos8-= 1- 2x then the .. sun: +cosx = 1
possible Vrllues of O lymg between 0 and 360 is l l 1
N~ -smx +-cosx = -
(a) 100° and 260° (b) 80 and 280 ~2 ,2 ,2 G
(c) 280° and 110° (di 110 and 260
r.
2
Solutlon (al Here cosB = l -2cos 40 - -(2cos 40 1 n- n-+ -1 -
4
-cos(2x40°) = -cos80° 'I

. X n;r+ l r. 1r
-= cos(180 +80°) and cos(lS0°-80°) 4 4
Hence, cos 260 and cos l 00 f e , IJ - 100 nnd 260
ILLUSTRATION-5 The general value of O n IU.USTRATION.2 If sm tJ th n the mos!~
4
2./3 cosO = tanO. is (MP PET 2003)
00,o
tr (bl 2nn :t !!_
(a) 2n,r ± n-r •
6 4 b -:t-1 -
2 h
(c) nll' ➔·(-l)"!'.- (d) nrr + (-1
3 4 Id 2nr. I!!_
6
Solution (c) 2/3 cos2 B sin (J -:::, 2,/3 n fJ nO 2 .
-::::, sln8 _ ..l!.7_ ⇒ sinO -i: [lmp,0SSlbl<'l Solutlon 0
4
sn -b'l" 0 net-
6
4✓3 4v3
4
6 ,/3 n K IWUSTRATION-3 If S(?C 8
and smO---=- ⇒ 8 n,r+(-1) - 3
/3
4 .. 2 3 jMPl'UI

Trigonometrical equations with their general solution JC

f
n 2nr. ... 6 1b nK::t-
6
Trigonometrical equation JC llJ.1
c) 2n I[ (di nr.±3
sin8 0 r. :t: 3 (J

cos8 =0 e- 2n+ llw 2 &

tan8=0 B=nx Solution (bl cos e = -43 - cos -,r _::, o-ni:
- .. -6
6
sin8=1 9=2mc ,r 2 '9 ui,: i!'l
cos8 = 1 t1=2nr lllUSTRATION-4 If .f3 cosO.,_ stn8"' , •.
nrr 199' IL"
sm8 sma 8 =n.r+ -IY'a general value of 8 ls MP pET t4tl 91¢
cosfJ = cos a 8=2nx±a t((!f •
UPSEAT J999; [)CE 2()00:
tan8=1ana 9=n,r+a 6 t
sin2 fJ-= sin2 a 8=ruc±a (a) n;r+(-lt~
(b) (-11 4-3
2 B=nx±a 4 ' !
tan 8-tan a
2 IJ=n.r±a E '!" (d) nJr t (-1 "i
C05" tJ - cos a (cl mr+---
4 3
sinB-sma • 8=2rur a
cosfJ = cosa
1 Fi
Solution (d) ~ cos U + -sm O === -;:,
../2
2 2 -
sm8=slna • 8=2nx+a {cLvidin9 ~ ' '"
tanfJ = tan a t ,
I ,. 3
1 _,_(rr 9;:;n.r-rl· 4
tan8=tana •
cosfJ =C05a
fJ-2'1.-+a = (J + !!_
3
=T? ; 51J\.i
"'2
?
 onometrical Equations and lnequations p .
, ropertaes of Triangles, Height and Distance 4 79
1-cos28
. •111:111AnON•5 II l ~cos 28 3 , then the general value of
~ ··-· Solu tion (d) tan 8 - ,J2 sec 8 = ,J3 -:> sm (} - ../3 co O = ✓2
~ stn l(J Ir)
- =sin- ⇒()
,r It ,r
n1r+(-l)"-+-
2nK 6 (b) n.ir±~ 3 4 4 3
6
ILLUSTRATION-3 H sm8+ cosO = .fi coSti', then the general
(d) n,r t!. value of O Is
3
1-cos20 1-(l-2s1n2 8)
3
;.hltlOII di l +cos28 - ⇒ 1+(2cos2 9-1) = 3
() r. ,r
Ir c n1r--±<r (d) nn+ ±11
tan fJ 3 O=nni-
3 4 4
oeneral solution of the form a coso + bsln8=c Solution \bl sino + cosO = ✓2 cos a ⇒ cos(o -¾)=cos a
~ a b, ce R and let -5.✓n + b
2 2
)
~ o-!E.-2nrr±a ⇒ R-2n;r+~±a
In ocosO+ bsin 9 r, put o - r cos a and b r stn a where 4 4
, ~ and lr!S Jo +b 2 IUUSTRATION-4 The equation /3 sinx + cos.x = 4 has
n.n,r(cosacosO + stnasln8) = c IEAMCl, 2001; we JEE 2008, 09)
(n) Only one solullon (b) Two solutions
C
cos!9 a)= ~ cos P. (say) {1) (c) Infinitely many solutions (d) No solution
o2 + bi
Solution (d) Given equation Is ./3 sin x + cos x = 4 which 1s of
B a 2ntr ± P ~ 9 2n,c ± /3 + a where tnn a b Is the fonn osln ~ -i-bcosx =c with a= ./3,b::: l,c = 4
0
general 50lution H re a + b 3 + 1 4 < c 2, therefore the given equation has no
Altemahvely, pultmg o = r sin a and b r cos a , solution
whm r Joi +b2 ~ sm(9+a) C

Ja2 +b2 Sin 'f (say)

Method for finding principal value
⇒ B+a- n ir+(-ll"r ~ 9 mr+(-l)"y a
SuPJ)OS(l we hnv._ to find the principal Villue or fJ Sillisfylng the
a
where tan a == Is the general solullon equilhon In O - 1
b 2
l~)Saco~B+ bsin8 s(Jo2 +b2) Stnc:e lnO 1s negative, 8 will be In 3ni or 4Ih quadrant We
th
The general solution of o cos x + b sin x = c ts can npproach 3 or 4 quadrant from two directions. If we take

x=2n..-...tan f~)±cos
1

\a
l
1
c
Jo 2 +b
J
ant1dock\l.'1SC direction the numerical value of the angle will be
gr1.:atcr than r.. lf we approach it m clock'J.1se direction the angle
will be numertcally less than ,r, For pnnclpal value, we have to
take nwnerlcally smallest angle So y
IUJSnlA110N.1 If rostl + S\."t 8 ~
2. then the general value of for principal value
(l) If the angle ts in 1" or 2..i
,r quadrant we must select
(a) nr±.!. (b) 2nJT± antidockwtse direction and ii the
3 6 angle IS m 3n1 or 4"' quadrant, we
c n.u! (d) 2n1r±~ must select ciockwLSe d1red1on
6 3
. . . . Id) cos 8-~cos9+1=0 (2) Principal value IS never numencally greater them :r.
2
(3) Principal value always lies in the first orde (I e., in fint

~
Qllf- S 21±./(25 4)-4

+)sign
2
5±3
=-4- rotation l On the above o,teria, 8 will be - i s; .or - Between

K ~
Qlll ½-oo{%)~e 2nir±i
these two - -
6
has the least numerical value Hence - -
6
Is the

~ n ON-2 If tan e- Jz sec 8 =

-af 8 is
✓3 • then the general pnncipal value of 8 satisfying the equation sm fJ = - 1
2
From the above dlscuss1on. the method for finding pnndpal
1 ) rur+ 1) ~ _!!,_
4 3 value can be summed up as follows·
t f'IJI'+ -1)' !!._+.!. (il First draw a tngonometrical orcle and mark the quadrant.
3 4 10 u. hich the angle may lie
 480 Trlgonomctrlcnl Equation• and lnequntlons, Properties of Triangles, Height •nd O

(111 l 1 '" 1 kv,1 dlr cuoo lo, I nnd :i! 4u dr nt nd ~lmllnrl ' 1Y ' v I
lld '
I ,1 Ii k\111 dir, l,on for J nd q• qund1 nt H ro w do not I k ~ 0 as h1 th \ v
1111) I 111 I lh nn Jli 111 1111 flm rot, tlon add hv fil lor nnd not multtplknt.w I nbo,. b....
llv) ~ ll I th, 11umLTI ,llv I n l Oll!]IP TI' nng'I th11 found (CJ) Stud nt nr advts, d to hilc:tor ·~
will b, p1 1i 11i.,I vnlu ohtnm d b YI I1 m, llsfy tlw ~QUilllon -..~
C eek 11,f...,
Iv) In t I lwo n119I , onP with po lllv1.; 1 n onc1 lh th •r v rlnbl, ot th g1wn cqii.,1ton nd I In~ 11
\,1th n ·g.111v 1911 qunllfy for thl nu1m•rlc:nlly lcnst nngl th n II ti Periodic functions
llll c rw 111tc, 1 to le• t tlw ngl • with po~lllv 11lgn n pnnclp;-i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
~,,lu A function 1s nicl to b(, JlCnod c
Important poml to be takon In cose of while ri.:pcmtl~I nltc1 a ddinllo int, ,v"I So,. 1une11on ~
solvmg trlgonomctncal equations 11 n po ltlvo r nl numb I r lxt t ~uch " 1Unct
1._ QI) 1 ,
5 1 1
( 1) ch ·ck lh~ v ,lllhty or lhc given 1.:qunllon 9 domn n I h II the l<'n,1 poslt1\ ll v 1lu of'"'T J \. 1'
2 Inn co (J 4 c,m ncwr i.x, Int , for nny (1 ns th vnlut
1
the fun hon Clcorly /( )() /(-.: + T) /Ix.+ ;n Ii,
12 n (J ,o 1/) lC 111 n ""r cxccctls ,/2 + ( I) J5 So lh r cg m \ c~ :-., Inn x nrc ~rlod1c funcbons th
II
no olullon of thl~ cqunlltm 11d ,r r I ct1vdy
(2) fa111,1llon 1nvol11i119 c. fJ or tan O cm m v :r h v
Ir
olu11011 or the Imm (2n + 1)
2
Slrnllnrly, cquntlon Involving loo, c ti or cot I n , \I r
h w 11 oluuon of 1hc form ti n,r 1 h correspond n fur t n
nrc und fm d Ill lh sc values of ii
13) If whllo solving ll11 ,qu ,11011 w l
root found ilftcr squ mng mu t b ch c
th • orlghml • qun11011 or not. r g I I x
:.; 9 · ,c 3 11ncl J but , 3 do
cqunllon x 3 •
(4) Do 1101 cn11c : common l.:icton; tnvolvtn Sohl
unglc on L H S :md R H S b lilU~" II m y d I I
In thu ·qucttion sin fill cos ti I) s,n t) ~
on both s cl w g I cos tJ 2\o O t l 0
co O I 0 2n,r But tJ n,r n1so nltsfi
~Cl
b Celli tl makes stn O O So, ti i.: oompl 11.ll
8 ,,,r,n(: Z
(5) Any valu" of x 1.1.h1ch mnkt-s both RH S Md LH S qu I
11,UI be ,, 1001 bul the value of x for 1.1.htch will not a
solution ns 11 ts nn 111dc1..,1mm,11..- form
I fence cos x ~ 0 for lho:;.., equation which jnvolvc ton 11: and
sec ,c wht·reas ,;m x ~ 0 fo1 those w hrch 1nvolv~ cot ,.. and SIil (J -+ stn 'l1J 5oh
CO C:,.;
ILLUSTRATION-1 Pcn0<l of ~~.;.ziit.1
Also exponential funL11on L~ always +tic and log x IS dcfin :d (al 2r. (bl z
-.; ~ 0 Md a> 0.o -,.1
fl
11 x- 0 J/(x) - +ue always and riot (c)
Zr.-
d 3
3
t l.c Jtum x) tan>. and not ± t,m x
38
(6) Dcnonimotor terms or the equabon 1f present should never 2sm _ _.
sm8+sin28 2
b ,come zero at anv stage while solvmg for any v.ilue of o S o lution (cl -----::-:- - 38
contamcd an the unswcr cos (i • cos 2/J
2~ 2
(7) ~omct1me th" cquabon has some limitations also e g •
c.01 0 co c O - l am be tnJ,• only 1! cot 8 _ O and b
Henc.epenod
co c O l 1mult.1ncou ly as coscc 8 1 Hence the solution IS 3

-
0 (2n l)r. 2
ILLUSTRATION-2 The func:tion
18 If xy X7. then xty - z) - 0 ether x == 0 or y - z or r.x ~
/(x) ;;x
sm..:_.+2cos- -tan
t:C
4
is~'"
_,, llif'
both Bt.t Y)( z Y II only and not >: == O. as tt will make 2 3 1EIJ4CEf 1-,..
l(

!:.umlnrl If ay a:i: then rt will also 1mpl y - z only as b 3

a) 6
0 ~ O bemg a con tant d 1-
C 4
 ,n0of'Ol1'etrlcal Equations
11nd
Inequatlons Properties of Triangles, Height and Distance 481 w
6
4
1
Gcn1.: th1.: re tions mvoh. ns the ._ nd nn '- of n
tn.. " <u\ <;'i':lic 1n natu cg to obt.:un th( second m 1
rcl.1tion to a b , c " stmplv n'p\acc O ~ b. b bl.; c and c bv o
•
r
So. lo wnto.: ru1 th re t1ons. loDO\\ th cvcks gi\len
.( 4

6
<I Tht IAw ot sln~-5 or ilnc rul• : The Sides of a tn.,ng are
\ I CM 4 b 4) 12 PTOpon onal to \h(! cs of th~ llll9!..: op~ tc to them
0 b C A
OS-3 Th p,..-nod of lh functlOl'I \ lS
~.\11
\MP PET 1989, AMU \Q99)
(' nB ~nc k.s.11J)

~
b)
di l

_,,,. f\®d of n ' G l Note: · •' , C

11 Moro gen rnl If R be lhc md1u,; of lh1e orcumardc of
"'1'11.\T10N-4 p\ nod of ~" , •
~
1
L1lb " tUPSEAl 2002 AIEEE 2002) thctri.'\n ABC ~ _c_ 2R
b 2Jr nA mB smC
r To., obove rule mav be expressed a~
nC
cos \ C
p od
IS \'CJV useful tool to express sides of a
ll.l5'11lAT10N-5 Th pc1 od of th funct o( ong and Vice \ crsa tn the followmg

Jx IS (EAMCET 2001 , Odl"ha JEE 2004)

a b l
6., c k smC
d 121:
nB ~nC = l let)
W.. \\:nod of SI'\3 \
3K b C

smC k
l, 2,r 4ir
2 3 2 3 In an tnanglc ABC. the simplified form of

.. and ~ 1~ H..~ pc:nod 126

(KCET 201 IJ
3
IUJSTRATION-6 The l)('rtod of the funcnon II Q b bl
a -b
\ +li\l'J\ IS {WB .JEE 2011, Kaala PET 20151
1
,r C (d) o + b
l
(b -2 o· b
r cos2A cos28
,: Solution c Here - -----i;:-
d) -4 0

S...11. l 2 w, A l 2 sm 8 _ _!_ _ _!__ _ ~ + ~

Period of cos4 ~ 2x -n2 0 b· - a b a2 b
4
-"Pnoon1 tan3x :. l 1 'li sm· A_ sm· B
-= ----.c.i bt
3 0 b o
~ X :.LCM of!! ,r 1 l
=---
r a b
2 ·:InaMBC--=-- elc.
a· b· smA smB
---
l)ta11g1es ~ Solutions of Triangles ll.l.USTRATION-2 In MBC,
~between sides and angles o~ 8-C)..-bsm(C-A -,,csmA-8 =

A ~ has S?..\ components, ttu(';l sides and thre., angles (b a+b+c

~ ilngles of 11 .\6-BC are denoted bl, l~rs A B C and c a· -b· +c· (d 2(a ..-b +C"
Ides~ 10 ~~ angle$ by letters n b and c resp..."'ctl\~ Solution a) asm 8-C -bsm C-A +csm A- 8
~ ~ Stlmc \\ cll 1.-nown relations tor a tnangle ~~ =k ~ 510 A sin B - C) =k r sm B + Cl Slil b. - C)}
a A
~ ~ --k ~.!..
8
: " ·C-1;:;o (or,:; -2 cos2C-cos2B =O
b c b+oa,c-+o>b \ .) ( /); No~: Studimts should note here that most of the expressions
• Q t, c b c I< a. C' 0 \< b c'-....:::/b C ~ rontaming the cyclic factor ac:soaating v.1.Ih - reduces to 0
I ~
482 Trigonometrical Equations and 1nequations,

The law of cosines or cosine rule

In any mangle ABC. the square of any side IS equal to the sum
P,opertles of Triangles' H e ght • "Cl

Solution (c Use cosA

9+16-4 21 7
b c -a
2bc-
7
°'
of the squares of the other two sides dmlnished by twtce the 2x4x3 24 8 A cos
product of these Sides and the COSlne of their included angle that IS 8
for a l:rt3ngle ABC, ILLUSTRATION-4 The Sides
3x+4y 4x+3yand Sx+Syunts
2 ~+~-~ . lilheJealll; ~~
(1) a = b 2 +c2 - 2bccosA::::, cos A = -2bc
---
(a) Right angled (b J.
~
2 7 2
z 2 2 c +o -b (c) Obtuse angled d
(2) b = c +o -2cacosB::::, cosB =~---
2co Solution (c) Let o - 3x + 4y b 4 x+ 3Norie c{
~llnd
o2 +b2-c2
Ocarly. c IS the largest side and thus the larges c
(3) c 2 = o 2 + b 2 -2obcosC ⇒ cosC = 2ob o2+b2 cl ~c
0 b C
cosC = - - - - = - 2xy
Combmmg with sin A= -,smB = -.smC = -2 2ob 202x2.,.25xy+12y2<0
2R 2R R
~ C IS an obruse angle
abc
We have by d1v1s1on, tan A = , Trick : Check by putting x = L y = l
Rib2 +c2 -o2 )
Projection formulae
tanB = obc tanC = obc
2 1
R(ci + a 2 - b 2 ) R(o + b~ -c ) In any triangle ABC, b cos C .._ c cos B --.. - 3
where, R be the radius of the drcum-orde of the triangl ABC k nBrosC + kSln CcosB /from '11M ~
- k[sm(B + Cl) ksm(Jr-A)
ILLUSTRATION-l In AABC, sin(A-Bl = IMP PET 19861
sin(A+B) k nA a
2 -b2 o2 +b2 aL__ Nap
0
(al (b) _c_2_
c2 .cxn1•=•"- we am deduct other pro'.,ection lonrd.l,;
c2 cl? bcosC+ccosB
(c) (d) 2 CCO$A+acosC
o2 -b2 o +b
s1nAcos8-sm8cosA ocosB+bcosA
stn
Solution (a) (A - B) I e Any de of a mangle IS equal 10 the sun d
sm(A+B) smC
of o ~ two Sides on 11
a b
=-cosB--cosA ILLUSTRATION-1 In tnan,je ABC lb + c cos A• •
C C
+{a +b)cosC = [MP PET 1985:Kcnla~ir
o2+c2-b2 b2-t-C2 a2 (a) 0 (bl 1
But cosB = 2oc ,cos A= 2bc
c) o+b+c (d) 2/o+b+c
2 Solution (c) (b+c)cosA +(c+a)cosB+(a+ b ..., •
-c- .
o b =1-
2
~-cosB--cosA (o 2 +c2 -b2 -b -c +o!'
C C 2c2 From expanding and collecting terms uSlll9 ~ lU.I
o2 -b2 a= bcosC +ccosB etc
=-c-2- ·us the¢ lheri
Theorem of the medians: (Apollo~
ILLUSTRATION-2 In a AABC. if c 2 +o 2 -b 2 =oc then uartS al arr,
[MP PET 1989, 90} In every triangle the sum of the 5Q ~
LB=
,r equal to twice the square of half the third~#
,r
(a) 6 (bl 4 the square of the median that bisedS the 1 ~ ),
2 z 2(hz+rrrl•·
For any triangle ABC. b + c = Soi
,r
(c) 3 (d) None of these by use of cosine rule A
2
c 2 +a2 -b 1 w \
Solution (c) cosB=-.....,;__.::....:::,cosB=-!e B=~ I
2oc 2 ' 3
,'" ILL
ILLUSTRATION-3 In ~ ABC , o = 2cm. b = 3an and c = 4an a .,.JJ
C

- then angle A is [MP PET 20021 a'--h~~-/1 .-.fl'

mid ·r,1of1t,.'P"""·
11
.!_!. IL~ be right angled the . ~•oB:: 0C
(a) COS _!__J (b) COS I
24 16 from the three vemces so that DA - ~
7 .·. b 2 + c 2 =o· which LS pyth~1 .,nd l!P-~
(c) cos·1
8 very useful for solving problefTIS of
 •..?...nnometncal
.,..,- Equations and lnequatlons, Properti
et of Trlangles, Height and Dist.nee 483
~ TJOS-J Lei D be the middle point of th" &idc BC of a
I , mangle ADC tS '!Qutlatcral ' then 0 2 •• b2 . c 2 Is Solution le) We have, a• 6 b .. 3 CO'!(A- B).
• '
i.5
IPb. CET 2004)
(b) 4 : 1 :3 Let t :a tan( A; 8 )
I 4 1
4 3 1 (d) 3 · 4 1 2 2
cos(A-B)=l-t 4_1-t I
,:2 +x2-AB2 1+ 12 ⇒ 5 - g = t :, 3
cos120
s,ildOII zx-2
So, tan(A-B)-
- 2
1
3 .Then, tan -
(A-8)
2
- = a-b C
a+b cot 2
- 1 o- 4x 2 - 2AB2 =-2x2 1 6-3 c
2 3c 6+3 cot2 ~ C =90o
A
Hence, A= 1 (6)(3) sm
. 90~ = 9 square unit.
2
Area of triangle
Let thr~e angle9 of AABC are denoted by A. B, C and the
sides opposite to these angles by letters a, b, c respectively
(1) When two 1ldu and the Included angle be given :
{" AB AB=d3 The area of triangle ABC is given by,
~ 12xi2 x2 (x,/3)
2
1 1 1
A =- be sin A =-cai1inB =-ab sin C
2 2 2
4 c1x2=41·3
I.e , A =
1 (Product of two sides} x sine of included angle
Nap 1!r'S analogy (Law of tangents) 2
12) When three sides are given (Hero'• formula) :
(1) - - = (a-b)
A-BJ - C
cot- Area of AABC = A =.Js(s-a)(s-bl(s-c)
2 a+b 2

B-CJ (b-c) A
(2) tanI - -

(Jl ,.JC-AJ=(~'cot B
.... , 2

Mollwridu formula: For any lnangle,

c+a) 2
2
c --
b+c
cot-
2

B
& a
where sem1penmeter of triangle s = a + b + c
2
C

1 1 (3) When three elde.s and the clrcum-radJue be given :

b COS_2(A-B) = llln (A-B)
0
2 2 Area of triangle 4 =: , where R be the circum-radius of the
lC C cos!.c
2 2 triangle,
(4) When two angles and Included side be given :
IU.USTRATION-1 In a MOC, lf A= 30° b = 2.c = ./3 + 1,
.!.
A = .!_ 2 sin B sin C = b2 sin A sin C :: c2 sin A sin B
0
.!.
2 sin(B + C) 2 sln(A + CJ 2 6in(A + B)

ILLUSTRATION-I In a M.BC, cosA = cosB = cosC and the

15 {b) 300 a b c
4;, (dt None of these
side a = 2, then area of the triangle is
IIIT ScrHnlng 1993; MP PET 2000,13)
Sol.non We have t a n ~ • c - b cot~ {a) 1 (b) 2
2 c +b 2
(cl
E (d) ./3
~3+1-2 IS C B 30
1 2
r,; cot -~-2-
"'" 1+2 /3 Solution (di cosA c: cosB - C01C ~ cos A = cosB - cosC
a b c k1inA ksinB ksinC
ll.Us"nlATION-Z If DABC, a .. 6,b ~ 3 and cos{A-8) "'i, ..::, cot A =cotB .. wtC ⇒ A =B::C =60"

ea bE: [MP PET 20041 ;;;:;:, MBC is equilateral.

7 Gquare Wilt (bl 8 square unit :. 4 = ✓J a2 = ./3

(d) None of these
4
r 9 5<1uare un
 I,
lb ~
J
"'It)
«l
~luthm A.I t\, (.'
)

..t., H.: " l' QO"

•4
llJ llSTRl'TION-2 ln n
Q ♦ b.
t,1 , n A thtn,
tlct"1
lb cu
(d) ab.:
' Solution a
be
{'MPl"CTtoo.l
~

IU.m,t'RATION-3 If n ll ngt.,
'
:lb llK Its skin 1,1, 00
'
IAMU 2000 Attn
Sahmoa AP {bl GP
HP (di AG
Solution a +c
S 0 3b
be 2
Ha
Jb bl 3b 2J
o+c 2b o,bcarc1nAP
A B
1411 -~
IU.USTRATION-4 In mangle ABC ~ - i
1411 2 +la\ 2

a b a b
a -- (b) C
a•b
C
-= C

- Fo;
- ' a-b
a~b+c
Id -a+b

A B f(s-b)(s-cl
tan -tan \ st--a
s - B s-b Solution (b 2 2 = r;
cos-= - - cas-= - - A B (s b)(s -c • •
... \ be 2 \ m tan -t-tan \
2 2 \ s{s -a '
,..--. b ,.;
• ,.--:; .fs(.s-C~
=
s-bJ.lsf.s-c -ls-aNS-1!1-~
F )
=~-,-b~,..,
,(s-cl\S
s - bi,/ s -c + (s -a).JsCs -c '

-C..:::,i:.,:rc:,:l,:::e..::c~o=.:.:n:.:.n::ec:::,:ted:::::..:;w:.:.it::.h;...t_ri_a-:-n_g__
Fe.a
le~ ,
":
n s:- -C B s-c s-a
QD-=
- \ -c
tan-= 1 Cit( i■cleol•~ L""' ptP'5
2 \ S:s-b
arc-ctn:le : The cirde I,\,~.,.,_
C angular po111t5 of a tnanele as called ~ ~ ,
=2=, this circle IS the point of ltS ~ ~
the sides and 15 c:alJed the fje ~
ra::A=-~- =_!!,=-~- andtanC=_6_ denoted by R The aram,centte trJJJ'y
2 s-1:, 2 $-c
. . . a1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 I ii fqu1t1on, ■nd ln11t1u■llor11, 11,ope,tlH or hl1111ul•t, ll•luht ~,ul Vltl•fi' .. 4H ,
11om•tr
1r!f0
[h ii, 1q t.1 n Mil( I J t 11 I,
u• I m1 r
1 1 ) 1 11
/
;n 1• dl Ill I
(lr<il b U ,, '
0 In /l r A·'
I I
~
1111 (

,V,j, }l
ff

! :I ,~ " ,al Mill I I 1, I ,,1, ,,,

lnfl tlll(" 111 /I " I /J If ( 11//f I

nA h H r
o I In-fin I, o( 1 11l1ng!. 111d ll• radh111
. ...11...lrlfl f DI hi ,, 411
Jll'I''"' .. "'" ,1t,,,J I lrd•
14 t11
I
ti
I 1

HO

\
t r
A /J (
4Ktln sin n
2 2
A
' 1, o)I n lJ
2
/J 111 U JH/\TION I I Mil< ~II A
, ~ b)@n t I•
2 { I al, 1 /, rrl
n r b Id ti tAIJ
a ~ '"_t
A , I C I
ten 2
,
8olullon
I w ",,, JI

COIAHMB ◄ ,c 1, n A r IJ
4/t
r.mlbtd clrcln of • trlan It and t adll I /1 (, r /A II( It
lllUbrJCA110N 2 I MH
btd clrclt :
AB ndAC
~ti ( i I [J 4
(
"'' 7
bolulhm I I A II Y., 1 (A o fJ
ti
olO "z A
!{IUl11d!'JI!~ IJ
CI

r 41' ••, f It/'/.

f H ,j Al
A
6olutlon , 41{ A H (
z
i 2
' ala A 8
Z I I I
z A /j (I. f
z
2 II I. 4r
UJJJSTHATION-.4 I

:4 H
°' 2
ff)( t: 2007l

2 71'/,
r H r 4R 17A
z