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Inductive Deductive Reasoning FEBRUARY 24-28-2025

The document explains inductive and deductive reasoning, providing definitions, examples, and exercises for each type. Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific examples, while deductive reasoning applies general principles to reach conclusions. The document also discusses counterexamples to demonstrate false statements.

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jamaicajumala21
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7 views13 pages

Inductive Deductive Reasoning FEBRUARY 24-28-2025

The document explains inductive and deductive reasoning, providing definitions, examples, and exercises for each type. Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific examples, while deductive reasoning applies general principles to reach conclusions. The document also discusses counterexamples to demonstrate false statements.

Uploaded by

jamaicajumala21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inductive &

Deductive Reasoning
Definitions and Examples
INDUCTIVE REASONING

INDUCTIVE REASONING is the process of


reaching a general conclusion by
examining specific examples.

1.) 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ____, ____?

2.) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ___, ____?

3.) 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, ___, ?


INDUCTIVE REASONING
Use INDUCTIVE REASONING to make a conjecture

EXAMPLE 4:
Think of a number.
Multiply this number by 8.
Add 6 to the product.
Divide the sum by 2.
Subtract 3.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) used IR to discover that the time required
for a pendulum to complete one swing, called period of the pendulum,
depends on the length of the pendulum.
Results obtained for pendulums of various lengths. Note: A length of 10 inches = 1 unit.

Length of pendulum, in Period of the 35


units pendulum, The period of a pendulum is the
in heartbeats time it takes for the pendulum
1 1 to swing from left to right and
back to its original position.
4 2
9 3
16 4
25 5
36 6
INDUCTIVE REASONING
EXAMPLE 5: Use the data in the given table to answer the given questions.

Length of pendulum, in Period of the


units 35pendulum, a. If a pendulum has a length of 49
in heartbeats units, what is its period ?
1 1
4 2
9 3 b. If the of a pendulum is quadrupled,
16 4 what happens to its period?
25 5
36 6
INDUCTIVE REASONING
EXAMPLE 6: A tsunami is a sea wave produced by an underwater earthquake.
The height of a tsunami as it approaches land depends on the velocity of the
tsunami. Use the given table to answer the given questions.

Velocity of tsunami, in Height of tsunami, a. What happens to the height of a


feet per second in feet
tsunami when its velocity is doubled?
6 4
9 9
12 16 b. What should be the height of a
15 25 tsunami if its velocity is 30 feet per
second?
18 36
21 49
24 64
COUNTEREXAMPLES
A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases.
But if we can find one case for which a statement is NOT TRUE , called a
COUNTEREXAMPLE, then the statement is a false statement.
7. Find a counterexample. Verify that each of the following statements
is a false statement by finding a counterexample.

For all numbers 𝑥 .

a. 𝑥 >0 b. 𝑥 2 >𝑥 c. 𝑥 2 = 𝑥

“for all numbers “for all 𝑥, 𝑥 2 > 𝑥” is


𝑥, 𝑥 > 0” is a “for all numbers 𝑥, 𝑥 2 = 𝑥”
a false statement.
false statement.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING is the process of reaching a
conclusion by applying general assumptions,
procedures, or principles.

8. Use deductive reasoning to show that the following


procedure results to a number that is four times the
original number.

Procedure: Select a number.


Multiply the number by 8,
add 6 to the product,
divide the sum by 2, and
subtract by 3.
9. Determine the types of reasoning:

a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every other
year. Last year the tree did not produce plums, so this year the
tree will produce plums.

b. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The


contractor estimated that the home improvement of Juan will
cost Php 450,000. Hence, Juan’s house improvement will cost him
more than Php 450,000.
EXERCISES:
A. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each list.

1.) 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, ____?

2.) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ____?

3 5 7 9 11 13
3.) , , , , , , _____?
5 7 9 11 13 15

4.) 2, 7, −3, 2, −8, −3, −13, −8, −18 ?


EXERCISES:
B. Use inductive reasoning to decide whether each statement is
correct.

5.) The sum of any two even counting numbers


is always an even counting number.

6.) The product of an odd counting number and an even counting


number is always an even counting number.

7.) The sum of two odd counting numbers is always an odd


counting number.
EXERCISES:
C. Find a number that provides a counterexample to show that the
given statement is FALSE.

1
8.)For all numbers 𝑥, 𝑥 > .
𝑥

9.) For all numbers 𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑥 > 𝑥.

10.)For all numbers 𝑥, − 𝑥 < 𝑥.


EXERCISES:
D. Find a pair of numbers that provides a counterexample to show
that the given statement is FALSE.

11.) If the sum of two counting numbers is an even counting


number, then the product of the two counting numbers is an
even counting number.

12.) If the product of two counting number is an even counting


number, then both of the counting numbers are even counting
numbers.

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