spectrum.

SCIENCE NOTES Q2
Microwaves
5.1 - Properties of Electromagnetic
●​ Wavelength between 1 x
Waves
10^-3m (1 mm) and 1 m.
Their frequencies are
Electromagnetic spectrum
notably higher than those
●​ Is the range of all types of
of radio waves.
electromagnetic radiation,
which consists of waves of
Infrared Waves
electric and magnetic fields
●​ Wavelengths range from 7 x
that propagate through
10^-7 m (700 nm) to 1 x
space.
10^-3 m. These waves are
classified as “infrared”
James Maxwell
because they possess
●​ Prominent Scottish
frequencies just below that
Mathematician and
of visible red light.
Scientist
●​ Calculated the speed of
Visible Light
electromagnetic waves to
●​ The only electromagnetic
be approximately 3.0 x
waves detectable by the
10^8 m/s in a vacuum,
human eye, with
denoted as constant c.
wavelengths ranging from
400 nm (violet light) to 700
Electromagnetic waves are
nm (red light).
characterized as transverse
●​ Typically divided into colors
waves composed of
red, orange, yellow, green,
perpendicular electric and
blue, violet.
magnetic field components.

Ultraviolet Waves
Radio Waves
●​ Wavelengths from 10 nm to
●​ Wavelengths greater than 1
400 nm. They have
meter. They possess the
frequencies higher than
longest wavelength and
violet light.
lowest frequency in the
X-Rays ★​ Frequency (f) - indicates
●​ Wavelengths from 10 nm to how many complete waves
100 pm. X-rays can pass that point in a
penetrate various specified time.​
materials, including
tissues in the human body. FORMULAS
●​ Wave Speed (v): v = λ/T​
Gamma Rays
●​ Wavelengths less than 100 ●​ Frequency and Period: The
pm (or 1 x 10^-10 m). They relationship between
carry the highest energy frequency and period is
among electromagnetic defined as f = 1/T.​
waves.
●​ Wave Speed and
Wave types can also be organized Frequency: Given that
based on the increasing speed is constant in a
frequency and the diminishing vacuum, one can derive the
wavelength. frequency from a
wavelength and vice versa
Radio waves present the lowest with the formula c = f * λ.
frequencies, while gamma rays
exhibit the highest frequencies.
More energy = faster production
Key Properties of
of electromagnetic waves, thus,
increasing the wave frequency​
Electromagnetic Waves
​
★​ Wavelength (λ) - refers to
the distance covered by the
wave during one cycle of
propagation

★​ Period (T) - time taken for

one complete wavelength to
pass a given point
CHECK YOUR Infrared 10.frequency is right
UNDERSTANDING​ below the red visible light

A.
Microwaves 1. have wavelengths
B.
approximately between one m 1. The electrical field and
and one mm​ magnetic field of an EM wave are
perpendicular to each
Visible Light 2. the only waves Other.​
detectable by the human eye​
2. The period of a wave is simply
Radio Waves 3. longest the reciprocal of its wave
wavelength​ frequency.​

Gamma Ray 4. shortest 3. EM waves travel faster in less

wavelength​ dense materials.​

Visible Light 5. contains red, 4. A wave’s period is the time it

orange, yellow, green, blue, and takes for a wave to complete one
violet light​ cycle or oscillation.​

Visible Light 6. has its own 5. When the electric field is

spectrum​ graphed on the x-y plane, the
magnetic field is on the
Radio Waves 7. wavelength z plane.
shorter than microwave but
longer than visible light​

Ultraviolet 8. frequency is higher

than violet light but lower than
X-ray​

X-Ray 9. those with wavelengths

from 10 nm to 100 pm​
5.2 - Application of ● Radio waves and microwaves are
Electromagnetic Waves used in long-distance
communications such as that in AM
An antenna converts electrical and FM radio communications.
signals into radio signals and vice
versa, but in practice, different ● Microwaves are used in
antenna systems were designed for short-distance applications such as
transmission and reception. For in WLAN and those remote controls
example, television and radio of appliances.
stations have very large antennae
that transmit radio waves over a ● Infrared is used in night vision
large area. These waves are picked systems of CCTV cameras.
up by antennae of television and
radio units at homes and offices. ● Lasers use amplified light waves
Transmission is the process in which for detecting barcodes in groceries
an antenna converts electric current and reading disk drives.
to radio waves. Reception is the
process in which an antenna ● UV rays make some
converts received radio wave difficult-to-see substances more
signals to electric current. visible through fluorescence. These
waves are also used in detecting
Amplitude Modulation (AM) - counterfeit money and air
difference in the amplitudes of the purification.
waves of this signal and carrier is
modulated ● X-rays are utilized in scanners of
airports and establishments.
Frequency Modulation (FM) -
difference in the frequency is varied
instead of the amplitude.

AM radio signals typically have a

bigger reach compared to FM
radio signals. AM transmission is
typically used for voice
communications and broadcasts,
whereas FM is preferred for the
transmission of musical content.
CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING​
Given the following set of EM waves
(radio waves, microwaves, infrared,
visible light, UV ray, X-ray, gamma
ray), write the wave that is correctly
utilized in each situation or
technology.

Radio Wave 1. telephones

Radio wave 2. radio
Microwave 3. Global Positioning
Systems (GPS)
Microwave 4. radar
Microwave 5. Wi-Fi
Infrared 6. night vision systems in
CCTVs
X-Rays 7. security scanners in
airports
Visible Light 8. laser
Ultraviolet Light 9. paper money
scanners
Visible Light 10. camera phones
5.3 - Effects of Electromagnetic Photosynthesis happens in two
Waves on the Environment phases namely the light-dependent
and light-independent reactions.
Photosynthesis
●​ is the process by which plants
and other photosynthetic
organisms use energy from light-dependent reactions,
sunlight to produce glucose electrons gain energy and become
and oxygen gas as a “excited” when chlorophyll A absorbs
by-product. light. ​
​
Photosynthesis starts with the use The excited electrons are transferred
of light energy. This energy comes in to another molecule called the
the form of electromagnetic waves. primary electron acceptor. This
process is called photoactivation.
Sunlight is a form of
electromagnetic wave classified as This process results in the splitting of
visible light. water molecules and the transfer of
energy to adenosine triphosphate
A particle of light is called a photon. (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide
The amount of energy an EM adenine dinucleotide phosphate
radiation carries depends on its (NADPH).
frequency. High-frequency waves
carry high amounts of energy while When an excited molecule returns to
low-frequency waves carry low normal or ground state, it emits
energy. photon(s). This emission of
photon(s) can be observed and
Pigments - leaves of plants that appreciated through the
collect energy from light-absorbing demonstration of flame tests
molecules. (exposing salts to flame, emitting
various colors of light).
There are a variety of pigments that
are present in the plants. They can Greenhouse effect is a phenomenon
be classified into two groups: wherein short wavelengths of
chlorophylls and carotenoids. radiation from the sun are absorbed
when they pass through a
transparent medium while longer
wavelengths of radiation are
trapped inside that medium.
Joseph Fourier Acquired or somatic mutations, on
●​ Discovered the concept of the other hand, can be caused by
greenhouse effect in 1824. factors such as radiation.

To explain the idea, a “greenhouse” External influences, such as

or a well-insulated box with layers of exposure to specific chemicals or
glass on the lid was built. The glass radiation, can cause the DNA to
allows sunlight to come in, thereby break down. This leads to mutations
heating what is inside the box. where cells appear to have slightly
However, the sunlight that enters the different DNA compared to the
greenhouse cannot go out anymore. original.
The glass, which acts similarly to the
air in the atmosphere, slows the rate Cell division causes cells to split up
at which heat escapes. the DNA as new cells are created.
This process causes the cell with the
Carbon dioxide is the most slightly altered DNA to divide as
abundant in the atmosphere. Thus, well.
its effect is more significant.​
​ Ionizing radiation comes from
Methane is released during the electromagnetic waves with
production of energy from fossil sufficiently high energy that can
fuels.​ possibly cause cellular and DNA
​ damage. The most common types of
Nitrous oxide is a gas released by ionizing radiation are alpha-, beta-,
various industrial activities. This gas and gamma radiation.
can remain in the atmosphere for
thousands of years.​ Alpha particles are particles
​ composed of two neutrons and two
Genetic mutation is the permanent protons. They are identical to helium
alteration in the genetic sequence atoms. They cannot pass through a
which causes diversity among piece of paper or the outermost
organisms.​ layer of the skin, but if released from
​ inside the body, can do great
Hereditary or germline mutations damage to the cells.
are changes in the DNA sequence
that are inherited by an offspring Beta particles are electrons that
from a parent. travel very fast and carry very high
amounts of energy. They can 4. light-dependent reaction is a
penetrate deeper compared to alpha phase in photosynthesis where
particles and can do great damage. electrons absorb photons in the form
of energy to split water molecules.
Gamma radiation contains huge 5. glucose and oxygen gas are
amounts of energy. It can penetrate by-products of photosynthesis.
deeply in the human body 6. In a greenhouse, the glass allows
depending on the amount of energy sunlight to come in, thereby heating
it carries. The higher the energy, what is inside the box
the deeper the penetrability. 7. Solar radiation is in the form of
electromagnetic waves from the
Non-ionizing radiation includes sun.
ultraviolet (UV), visible light, infrared 8. Nitrous oxide is the gas released
(IR), microwave, radio frequency from various industrial activities.
(RF), and extremely low frequency 9. The greenhouse gas released in
(ELF) waves. In most cases, the skin the production of fossil fuels is
generally absorbs radiation from methane.
non-ionizing sources in the form of 10. transportation is the main cause
heat. This is why non-ionizing of the emission of greenhouse gases.
radiation is not that harmful to
humans. B.
1. non-ionizing radiation: low
CHECK YOUR frequency : : ionizing radiation: high
UNDERSTANDING energy
A. 2. germline: inherited from a parent :
1. Photosynthesis is the process by : somatic: caused by radiation
which plants and other 3. alpha particle: cannot pass
photosynthetic organisms use through skin : : beta particle: can
energy from sunlight to produce penetrate deeper through skin
by-products. 4. alpha particles: helium atoms : :
2. The excited electrons are beta particles: travel very fast and
transferred to another molecule carry high amounts of energy
called primary electron acceptor. 5. gamma radiation: tumors: : beta
3. The pigments on a plant absorb particles: first layers of the skin
specific wavelengths of chlorophyll
and reflect others.
6.1 - Reflection of Light and Plane the same plane with the
Mirrors normal and that the
angle of reflection
Light ordinarily travels in a equals the angle of
straight-line path called a ray. incidence, θi = θr

Pierre Fermat Diffuse reflection - happens when

●​ Formulated an idea called light is reflected in multiple
Fermat’s principle of least directions. This happens
time in 1650. when light hits a rough surface.
●​ This means that in order for
light to go from one point to Specular reflection - Since mirrors
another, it takes the shortest are microscopically smooth, light
and most efficient path rays travel at only one path.
available to it. Speculum is Latin for mirror.

geometric optics - The study

dealing with the path of light as it
strikes a medium that involves
straight-line rays at various
angles.

Image - the one seen beyond the

2 laws of reflection:
mirror
●​ Angle of Incidence - is the
angle which an incident ray
Object - the one that produces the
makes with an imaginary line
image. Objects are the source of
perpendicular to the surface,
incident light.
referred to as the normal.

Plane Mirror - is a smooth, flat

●​ Law of Reflection
reflecting surface. It creates images
○​ Angle of Reflection - is
that are located at the same
the angle which the
distance as the object from the
reflected ray makes with
mirror and with the same height but
the normal.
are inverted from left to right.
○​ Law of Reflection -
states that the incident
Image distance - measured from
and reflected rays lie in
image location to mirror
Object distance - measured from Real Image 5. It is the opposite of
object location to mirror. virtual images.​

Image distance = Object distance Angle of Reflection 6. It is the

angle that an incident ray makes
Virtual Images - images formed by with an imaginary line perpendicular
plane mirrors. Light rays do not to the surface.​
actually pass through the image
location itself; it just appears to be. Law of Reflection 7. It is the law
that states that the incident and
Real Images - the opposite of reflected rays lie in the same plane
virtual images and can be projected with the normal and that the angle
on surfaces placed at the image of reflection equals the angle of
position. incidence.​

CHECK YOUR Angle of Incidence 8. It is the

angle which the reflected ray makes
UNDERSTANDING
with the normal.​
A.
Diffuse Reflection 1. It is the type
Plane Mirror 9. It is a smooth, flat
of reflection that happens when light
reflecting surface.​
is reflected in multiple directions.​

Virtual Images 10.It is the type of

Geometric optics 2. It is a study
image formed by plane mirrors.
dealing with the path of light as it
strikes a medium that involves
straight-line rays at various angles.​

Fermat’s principle of least time 3.

It is the idea or principle that tells
that the path which light travels is
the one that uses the shortest time.​

Specular reflection 4. It is the type

of reflection that happens when light
hits a microscopically smooth
surface.​
6.2 & 6.4 - Convex & Concave 3 reference rays:
Mirrors ●​ Principal ray
●​ Focal ray
Convex Mirrors are mirrors that ●​ Central ray
form a section of a sphere. curved
mirror wherein the reflecting surface The created images in convex
is on the outer surface of the sphere mirrors are always located behind
so that the center of the mirror the mirror – virtual, upright, and
bulges towards the viewer. diminished (smaller than the object).​

This type of mirror focuses light Convex mirror ( ray diagramming )

away from the focal point, which is - upward direction
why it is called a diverging mirror.
A concave mirror is a curved mirror
The principal axis is an imaginary wherein the reflecting surface is on
line passing through the center of the inner surface of the sphere so
the sphere at the exact center of the that the center of the mirror sinks
mirror. away from the viewer. It is also
called a converging mirror because
Vertex - the point on the mirror’s it focuses light rays towards its focal
surface where the principal axis point.
meets the mirror
Concave mirror ( ray diagramming
Center of curvature, C - the point in ) - downward direction
the center of the sphere from which
the mirror was sliced. A concave mirror can form different
kinds of images depending on where
Focal point, F - Halfway between objects are located in relation to the
the center of curvature and vertex center of curvature and focal point.

Focal length, F - The distance

between the vertex and the focal
point
​
​
​
6.3 - Mirror Equation R, f Mirror has =
no
curvature
Mirror equation - The object
distance, image distance, and radius
Magnification of an image
of curvature are interdependent. The
FORMULA:
equation that relates the three.
M = h^1 / h = - q / p

FORMULA:
Wherein h^1 = image height
1/P + 1/Q = 1/F
H = object height
Q = image distance
Wherein p = object distance, ​
P = object distance​
q = image distance, f = focal length
​
of the image.
CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Symbol Situation Sign Illustration Identify the relationship of the
following. Indicate it as directly
p The object +
is in front proportional if one of the quantities
of the
mirror increases or decreases after the
other increases or decreases at the
q Image is +
in front of same time; otherwise, indicate it as
the mirror
(real inversely proportional.
image)

q Image is - DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL 1.

behind the
mirror magnification and image height
(virtual
image
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL 2.
magnification and image distance
R, f Radius of + INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL 3.
curvature
is in front
of the magnification and object distance
mirror DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL 4.
(concave
mirror) image height and image distance
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL 5.
R, f Radius of -
curvature
is behind
object height and image distance
the mirror
(convex
mirror)