MATHEMATICS

PROJECT

NAME- AKSHAT RASTOGI

CLASS- 12A
ROLL NUMBER-100
 PROJECT 1: Explain the
concept of increasing and
decreasing functions, using
geometrical significance of
dy/dx
PROJECT 2:Draw a rough
sketch of Cost (c), Average
Cost(AR) & Marginal
Cost(MC). Give their
mathematical interpretation
using the concepts of
increasing – decreasing
functions & maxima-
minima.
 PROJECT 1
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

Increasing Functions:
The function which is increasing at a given interval of time is called an
increasing function. The function of y = f(x) involves an increasing function
having two points of intervals (x1 and x2) such that x1 < x2 with the functional
inequality of f(x1) ≤ f(x2), then the function can be said to be an increasing
function.
A strictly increasing function involves that function which does not get equal to
both the axes in between the increasing process of the function at the given
interval of time. The strictly increasing function for the fixed interval of time
having the intervals of x1 and x2 can be stated as f(x1) < f(x2). This increasing,
as well as strictly increasing functions.

Decreasing functions:
The functions which are decreasing at the given interval of time are called
decreasing functions. The function y = f(x) shows that the function has the
interval points of x1 and x2 through which a function can be decreasing or
strictly decreasing at the given interval of time. The function which is
decreasing holds the unique inequality of f(x1) ≥ f(x2).
A strictly decreasing function can be defined as the function which strictly
holds the inequality and does not have the same value for both the axes at a
given interval of time and shows the function as f(x1) > f(x2). The main
difference between the strictly decreasing and decreasing function is that at
any interval of time the function does not remain the same in the strictly
decreasing type function.
EXAMPLES OF INCREASING FUNCTIONS
For a function, y = f(x) to be increasing (dy/dx) ≥ 0 for all such values of
interval (a, b), and equality may hold for discrete values.
Example: Check whether y = x3 is an increasing or decreasing function.
Solution: dy/dx= 3x2
3x2 ≥ 0, So it is an increasing function.
EXAMPLES OF DECREASING FUNCTIONS
For a function, y = f(x) to be decreasing (dy/dx) ≤ 0 for all such values of
interval (a, b), and equality may hold for discrete values.
Example: Check whether the function y = -3x/4 + 7 is an increasing or
decreasing function.
Differentiate the function with respect to x, and we get
Dy/dx= -3/4
-3/4 ≤ 0, So we can say it is a decreasing function

Starting from −1 (the beginning of the interval [−1,2]):

• at x = −1 the function is decreasing,
• it continues to decrease until about 1.2
• it then increases from there, past x = 2
Without exact analysis we cannot pinpoint where the curve turns from
decreasing to increasing, so let us just say:
Within the interval [−1,2]:
 • the curve decreases in the interval [−1, approx 1.2] • the curve
increases in the interval [approx 1.2, 2]
Questions

Question : Determine the interval(s) on which f(x) = xe-x is increasing using

the rules of increasing and decreasing functions.
Solution: To determine the interval where f(x) is increasing, let us find the
derivative of f(x).
f(x) =
xe-x
f'(x) =
e-x -
xe-x
= e-x(1 - x)
To determine the critical point, equate f'(x) with 0, that is,
e-x(1 - x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 [Because exponential function cannot be equal
to 0]
• For x < 1, (1 - x) > 0 ⇒ e-x(1 - x) > 0 [because exponential
is always positive]
• For x > 1, (1 - x) < 0 ⇒ e-x(1 - x) < 0 [because exponential
is always positive]
Hence, we have f'(x) > 0 for x < 1. Therefore, the interval where f(x)
= xe-x is increasing on (-∞, 1).
Answer: f(x) = xe-x is increasing on (-∞, 1)
Question : Use the graph of the derivative function f'(x) to determine the
intervals where f(x) is increasing or decreasing.
Solution: We know that for a differentiable function f(x) to be increasing on an
interval I, we need to have f'(x) > 0 for all x in I and or a differentiable function
f(x) to be decreasing on an interval I, we need to have f'(x) < 0 for all x in I.
As we can see in the image above, the graph of f'(x) > 0 (above x-axis) in the
interval (-2, 2) and the graph of f'(x) < 0 (below x-axis) in the intervals (-∞, -2)

(-∞, -2) ∪ (2, ∞).

and (2, ∞). Therefore, the function f(x) is increasing in (-2, 2) and decreasing in

decreasing is (-∞, -2) ∪ (2, ∞).

Answer: Intervals where f(x) is increasing is (-2, 2) and where f(x) is

Question : Find the interval in which the following function is increasing or

decreasing. f(x)=2x3−24x+7
Solution: Given,
f(x)=2x3−24x+7
f′(x)=6x2−24
put f′(x)=0, for critical points i.e., 6x2−24=0
x2−4=0
x=±2
Clearly, f′(x)>0 if x>2 & x<−2 f′(x)<0 if −2<x<2
Thus, f(x) is increasing in (−∞,−2)U(2,∞), decreasing in (−2,2)

: Determine intervals in which following functions are strictly

Question
increasing or strictly decreasing. f:R→R,f(x)=x4−4x.
Solution:
f:R→R, f(x)=x4−4x f′(x)=4x
=4(x−1)(x +x+1)
f(x) is strictly increasing if f′(x)>0
x>1 (x2+x+1>0x∈R)
f(x) is strictly decreasing if f′(x)<0
x<1
Question : Find the value of “a” if the function x3 – 6x2 + ax is increasing
for all the values of x.
Solution:
Here f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + ax
⇒ f’(x) = 3x2 – 12x + a
For a function to be increasing f’(x) > 0
So, 3x2 – 12x + a > 0
⇒ 3(x2 – 4x + a/3) > 0
⇒ x2 – 4x + a/3 > 0
⇒ (x – 2)2 – 22 + a/3 > 0
⇒ (3(x – 2)2 – 12 + a)/3 > 0
⇒ 3(x – 2)2 – 12 + a > 0
We know that 3(x – 2)2 can’t be negative and having the minimum value 0 at x
= 2 The minimum value of f’(x) is at x = 2 min. f’(x) = -12 + a
So for f’(x) > 0
⇒ -12 + a > 0
⇒ a > 12.
Question : Prove that f(x) = x – sin(x) is an increasing function. Solution:
f(x) = x – sin(x)
dy/dx=1–cosx
(dy/dx) ≥ 0 as cos(x) having a value in the interval [-1, 1] and (dy/dx) = 0 for
the discrete values of x and do not form an interval.
Hence, we can include this function as a monotonically increasing function.
Question : Prove that f(x) = cos x is decreasing function in [0, π]. Solution:
f(x) = cos x f’(x) = – sin x
As sin x is positive in the first and second quadrants, i.e., sin x ≥ 0 in [0, π], so
we can say that
(dy/dx) = – (positive ) = negative ≤ 0
dy/dx≤0
So, function f(x) = cos x is decreasing in [0, π].
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 PROJECT 2
SECTION C

COST CURVES
AND THEIR

MATHEMATICAL
INTERPRETATION
USING INCREASING AND
DECREASING FUNCTIONS
In terms of mathematical interpretation, here's how we can relate these concepts
using the concept of increasing-decreasing functions and maxima- minima:
Cost (C): The cost function represents the total cost incurred to produce a given
quantity of goods or services. It is typically an increasing function, meaning
that as the quantity increases, the cost also increases.
Average Cost (AC): The average cost is calculated by dividing the total
cost (C) by the quantity produced. Mathematically, AC = C / Quantity. The
average cost curve is U-shaped, initially decreasing and then increasing. It
reaches a minimum at a certain level of production and then starts increasing
again. This is because initially, as production
increases, the fixed costs are spread over a larger quantity, leading to a decrease
in average cost. However, beyond a certain point, the diminishing returns to
scale and increasing variable costs cause the average cost to rise.
Marginal Cost (MC): Marginal cost represents the additional cost incurred
when producing one additional unit of output. Mathematically, MC = ΔC /
ΔQuantity. The marginal cost curve intersects the average cost curve at its
minimum point. This is because when the marginal cost is below the average
cost, producing an additional unit lowers the average cost. On the other hand,
when the marginal cost is above the average cost, producing an additional unit
increases the average cost.
Total Cost
Total cost is graphed with output quantity on the horizontal axis and dollars of
total cost on the vertical axis. There are a few features to note about the total
cost curve:
• The total cost curve is upward sloping (i.e. increasing in quantity).
This simply reflects the fact that it costs more in total to produce more
output.
• The total cost curve is generally bowed upwards. This isn't
necessarily always the case- the total cost curve could be linear in
quantity, for example- but is fairly typical for a firm for reasons that will
be explained later.
• The intercept on the vertical axis represents the firm's fixed total
fixed cost since this is the cost of production even when output quantity is
zero.

• Total Fixed Cost and Total Variable

Cost
•
• As stated earlier, total cost can be broken down into total fixed
cost and total variable cost. The graph of total fixed cost is simply a
horizontal line since total fixed cost is constant and not dependent on
output quantity. Variable cost, on the other hand, is an increasing
function of quantity and has a similar shape to the total cost curve, which
is a result of the fact that total fixed cost and total variable cost have to
add to total cost. The graph for total variable cost starts at the origin
because the variable cost of producing zero units of output, by definition,
is zero.
•
• Average Total Cost Can Be
Derived from Total Cost
•

• Since average total cost is equal to total cost divided

by quantity, the average total cost can be derived from
the total cost curve. Specifically, the average total cost
for a given quantity is given by the slope of the line
between the origin and the point on the total cost curve
that corresponds to that quantity. This is simply because
the slope of a line is equal to the change in the y-axis
variable divided by the change in the x-axis variable,
which in this case is, in fact, equal to total cost divided by
quantity.
• Marginal Cost an be Derived
from Total Cost
•

• Since, as stated earlier, marginal cost is the derivative of total cost,

marginal cost at a given quantity is given by the slope of the line tangent
to the total cost curve at that quantity.

• Average Fixed Cost

•
 • As shown above, the average fixed cost has a downward-sloping
hyperbolic shape, since average fixed cost is just a constant number
divided by the variable on the horizontal axis. Intuitively, an average
fixed cost is downward sloping because, as quantity increases, fixed cost
gets spread out over more units.

Marginal Cost

It's worth acknowledging, however, that it's entirely possible for

marginal cost to initially be decreasing before it starts increasing in
quantity.
FORMULAS TO CALCULATE DIFFERENT COSTS
1. TVC + TFC = TC
2. AVC = TVC/Q
3. AFC = TFC/Q
4. ATC = TC/Q
5. MC = change in TC/change in Q; MC= TC(n) - TC(n-1)
QUESTION: Find the missing values of costs using the above formulas.

Q T T T A A A M
F V T F V
C C C C C
 C C

8
0
0

1 80

2 110

3 70

4 90

Q TC TFC TVC ATC AFC AVC MC

0 80 80 0 – – – –

1 160 80 80 160 80 80 80

2 220 80 140 110 40 70 60

3 290 80 210 96.7 26.7 70 70

4 380 80 300 95 20 75 90
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