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Lab Manual Notes (Act. 1-3)

The document outlines the historical development of the periodic table, highlighting key contributors such as Lavoisier, Newlands, and Mendeleev. It explains fundamental concepts like atomic number, average mass number, and the arrangement of elements in periods and groups, along with periodic trends such as atomic radii and ionization energy. Additionally, it categorizes elements as metals and non-metals, noting fluorine as the most electronegative element.

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14 views

Lab Manual Notes (Act. 1-3)

The document outlines the historical development of the periodic table, highlighting key contributors such as Lavoisier, Newlands, and Mendeleev. It explains fundamental concepts like atomic number, average mass number, and the arrangement of elements in periods and groups, along with periodic trends such as atomic radii and ionization energy. Additionally, it categorizes elements as metals and non-metals, noting fluorine as the most electronegative element.

Uploaded by

Kai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Activity 1: The Periodic Table

A.

Antoine-Laurent Lavoiser
 Arranged the 1st true periodic table; only 33 elements were present during his
time

Johann Wolfgang Deboreiner


 Established the concept of TRIADS.
 1st TRIAD = Iron(Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel(Ni)
 2nd TRIAD = Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium(Rh), Palladium (Pd)
 3rd TRIAD = Osmium(Os), Iridium(Ir), Platinum(Pt)

John Newlands
 Created the Octet Rule

Lathar Meyer & Dimitri Mendeleev


 Arranged the periodic table according to INCREASING MASS NUMBER

Henry Mosely
 Also known as the Father of the Modern Periodic Table
 Arranged the periodic table according to INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER

B.

Atomic Number - Represents the number of protons or electrons


Average Mass Number (aka Atomic Mass) - The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons

Period - Horizontal arrangement


Group - Vertical arrangement; this is also the basis of the categories of the elements
with respect to their properties; the numbers also represent the Number of
Valence Electrons

GROUPS
1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 1b 2b 0
H Be B C N O F Cu Zn He
Li Mg Al Si P S Cl Ag Cd Ne
Na Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Au Hg Ar
K Sr In Sn Sb Te I Rg Cn Kr
Rb Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Xe
Cs Ra Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Rn
Fr Og
Periodic Trends - are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that
illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its size and its electronic
properties.

Periodic Trend Definition Pattern


The distance from the → Decreases
nucleus to the outermost
Atomic radii electron of a neutral atom, ↓Increases
which decreases across a
period and increases down
a group.
The radius of an ion, which → Decreases
Ionic radii decreases for cations (due
to electron loss) and ↓Increases
increases for anions (due
to electron gain).
The tendency of an → Decreases
element to lose electrons
Metallic property and exhibit characteristics ↓Increases
like luster, conductivity,
and malleability, which
increases down a group
and decreases across a
period.
The energy required to
remove an electron from a
→ Increases
Ionization energy neutral atom in its gaseous ↓Decreases
state, which increases
across a period and
decreases down a group.

Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to
attract electrons in a
→ Increases
chemical bond, which ↓Decreases
increases across a period
and decreases down a
group.
The energy change when
an atom gains an electron,
→ Increases
Electron affinity with higher values ↓Decreases
indicating a stronger
attraction for additional
electrons.
The tendency of an
element to gain electrons
→ Increases
and exhibit properties like ↓Decreases
Non-metallic property brittleness, poor
conductivity, and high
Electronegativity, which
increases across a period
and decreases down a
group.

 Leftmost part of the periodic table are said to be Metals


 Rightmost part of the periodic table are said to be Non-metals
 The most electronegative element is said to be Flourine (F)

Element Symbol Traditional/Former Name


Sodium Na Natrium
Silver Ag Argentium
Antimony Sb Stibium
Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum
Tungsten W Wolfram
Potassium K Kalium
Gold Au Aurum

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