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AS Physics-Unit 2

This document provides examination details for the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level Physics paper scheduled for January 20, 2020. It includes instructions for candidates, information about the total marks, and a series of questions covering topics such as wave interference, resistance, and the photoelectric effect. The exam consists of multiple-choice questions and structured answers, with a total of 80 marks available.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

13 views

AS Physics-Unit 2

Uploaded by

ignecioglus

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 164

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Monday 20 January 2020

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WPH12/01

Physics
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 2: Waves and Electricity

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all your working out in calculations and include units
where appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• toIn questions marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically showing how the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

*P60489A0124*
P60489A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

For questions 1–10 select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Two waves, of wavelength λ, from a single source diverge and then meet again.
Which of the following situations would cause constructive interference?
λ
A a path difference of
2

B a path difference of λ

π
C a phase difference of
2

D a phase difference of π

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which of the following describes the oscillations in polarised waves?

A in a single plane which is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
B in many planes, which include the direction of wave travel
C in many directions and parallel to the direction of wave travel
D in one direction and perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Which row in the table shows the total resistance if two 5 Ω resistors are connected
in series and in parallel?

Series Parallel

A 2.5 Ω 10 Ω
B 2.5 Ω 2.5 Ω
C 10 Ω 10 Ω
D 10 Ω 2.5 Ω

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P60489A0224*
4 The current‑potential difference graph for an ideal diode is shown. The graph has been
labelled at three separate points by the letters X, Y and Z.

Current

Z
X

Potential
difference

At which point(s) is the resistance of this diode infinite.

A X and Y
B Y and Z
C X only
D Z only

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 A copper wire has a cross‑sectional area of 5.0 × 10–7 m2. There is a current in the wire of 0.93 A.
Copper has 8.4 × 1028 conduction electrons per metre cubed.
Which of the following gives the magnitude of the drift velocity v in m s–1 for the
conduction electrons in this wire?
0.93
A v =
(8.4 × 10 )(5.0 × 10 −7 )
28

(8.4 × 1028 )(1.6 × 10 −19 )(5.0 × 10 −7 )

B v =
0.93

(8.4 × 1028 )(5.0 × 10 −7 )

C v =
0.93

0.93
D v =
(8.4 × 10 )(1.6 × 10 −19 )(5.0 × 10 −7 )
28

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P60489A0324* Turn over
6 When the photoelectric effect occurs, light incident on the surface of a metal releases electrons.
Which of the following is an experimental observation of the photoelectric effect?

A Electrons are only released after light has been incident for a long time.
B Increasing the frequency of the light increases the maximum kinetic energy of the
released electrons.
C Increasing the intensity of the light increases the maximum kinetic energy of the
released electrons.
D Only light with a wavelength above a threshold value releases electrons.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 A negative temperature coefficient thermistor is connected in a circuit as shown.

V1 V2

The temperature of the thermistor is increased.

Which row of the table shows how the readings on meters V1 and V2 and A change?

Reading on V1 Reading on V2 Reading on A

A decreases increases increases

B decreases stays the same increases
C increases decreases decreases
D increases stays the same decreases

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

4
*P60489A0424*
8 Waves may be longitudinal or transverse.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A All transverse waves travel at the same speed.
B All transverse waves have vibrations that are parallel to the direction of wave travel.
C Both transverse and longitudinal waves can be refracted.
D No transverse waves can travel through liquids.

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 In an experiment, laser light is shone through a diffraction grating so that a series of

bright dots appears on a screen. The equation nλ = d sin θ can be used to determine the
wavelength of the laser light.
Which of the following is a correct description of how the experiment should be performed?
A The angle θ is measured using a protractor.
B The diffraction grating is set up so that it is parallel to the laser light beam.
C The diffraction grating is set up so that it is parallel to the screen.
D The distance between the bright dots is measured with a micrometer.

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 The evidence for the wave nature of electrons came from experiments involving
A diffraction.
B polarisation.
C reflection.
D refraction.

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

5
*P60489A0524* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

11 An experiment is carried out to investigate the speed of transverse waves on a stretched

string of length L. A vibration generator causes the string to oscillate so that a stationary
wave is produced. The frequency of the vibration generator is adjusted until the wave
pattern shown in the diagram is produced.

vibration generator
P
Q

Sourced from: https://people.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/physnotes/media/waves_9.jpg

(a) Determine the wavelength of the waves on the string when vibrating as shown.
length L = 1.70 m
(2)

............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Calculate the speed of waves on the string.

mass m = 0.20 kg
mass per unit length of string = 4.5 × 10–3 kg m–1
(3)

Speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P60489A0624*
(c) The frequency of the vibration generator is reduced until the wave pattern shown
below is produced.

P Q

Explain the effect that this would have on the speed of the waves on the string.
(2)

(Total for Question 11 = 7 marks)

7
*P60489A0724* Turn over
12 Solar panels generate electricity when sunlight is incident on the surface of the panel.
(a) The total generation of electricity worldwide in the year 2014 was approximately
23 800 TWh (1 TWh = 3.6 × 1015 J).
Some scientists claim that if the Sahara Desert were covered with solar panels,
sufficient electricity could be generated to supply the whole world.
(i) Calculate the maximum energy received by the solar panels in one hour.
maximum intensity of solar radiation at the Earth’s surface = 1100 Wm–2
area of Sahara Desert = 9.2 × 1012 m2
(2)

Maximum energy received in one hour = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Determine whether covering the Sahara Desert with solar panels would be able to
generate enough electricity for the whole world.
(2)

(b) Sand storms are common in the Sahara Desert.

Explain why sand storms reduce the power generated by the solar panels.
(2)

(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

8
*P60489A0824*
*13 A pulse‑echo technique, using ultrasound, can be used to produce images of an unborn
baby as shown.

Explain how the ultrasound scan of the unborn baby is produced.

(6)

(Total for Question 13 = 6 marks)

9
*P60489A0924* Turn over
14 Photocells make use of the photoelectric effect. The following circuit can be used to
determine the work function of a metal used in a photocell.

incident light

photocell
A

variable power supply

(a) State what is meant by the work function of a metal.

(1)

(b) This photocell works with ultraviolet light but does not work with visible light.
Explain why.
(2)

10
*P60489A01024*
(c) An experiment was carried out using this circuit. The potential difference applied
to the photocell opposes the movement of the electrons through the photocell,
reducing the current.
(i) The variable power supply was initially set at 0 V and the reading on the ammeter
was 2.4 μA.
The intensity of the ultraviolet light was then increased without changing the
frequency.
Explain what happened to the reading on the ammeter.
(3)

(ii) The variable power supply was adjusted until the reading on the ammeter became 0 μA.
The reading on the voltmeter was 3.59 V.
Calculate the work function, in joules, of the metal used in the photocell.
frequency of ultraviolet used = 2.00 × 1015 Hz
(4)

Work function = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

(Total for Question 14 = 10 marks)

11
*P60489A01124* Turn over
15 A water wave approaches a boundary between deep water and shallow water and is
refracted. The diagram shows how the direction of travel of the wave changes.

deep water

shallow water
r
Not to scale

(a) Explain why the wave is refracted as shown, as it travels from deep water into
shallow water. You may add to the diagram.
(2)

(b) When waves travel across the surface of water, their speed v is dependent on the
depth d of the water and the wavelength λ of the waves.

λ gλ
For waves travelling in deep water, where d > , v =
2 2π

For waves travelling in shallow water, v = ( gd )

12
*P60489A01224*
(i) Calculate the angle of refraction r.
wavelength of waves in deep water = 15 m
depth of deep water = 10 m
depth of shallow water = 0.50 m
angle of incidence = 40°
(5)

r = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) In 1933, the crew of the US Navy ship USS Rampo took measurements from one
of the largest waves ever recorded. The wavelength of the wave was 342 m and
the time period was 14.8 s.
Show that the depth of the water where the crew measured the wave was greater
than 170 m.
(3)

(Total for Question 15 = 10 marks)

13
*P60489A01324* Turn over
16 When laser light is directed through a small circular gap, a diffraction pattern can be
observed on a screen as shown.

screen

circular gap

laser

(Source: © GIPHOTOSTOCK / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY)

(a) Explain, using Huygens’ construction, how diffraction occurs as waves pass through a gap.
(2)

14
*P60489A01424*
(b) The diffraction pattern consists of a central bright spot surrounded by concentric
circles of light of decreasing intensity. A close‑up of the pattern is shown below.

A B

Sketch a graph showing how the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern on the
screen varies along the line AB.
(3)

Intensity

A Distance B

(Total for Question 16 = 5 marks)

15
*P60489A01524* Turn over
17 A car battery is constructed using six cells connected in series, with a combined
electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 12.00 V.
(a) State what is meant by e.m.f.
(1)

(b) A student set up the circuit shown, using the car battery.

12.00 V

The student adjusted the variable resistor until the reading on the voltmeter was 11.81 V.
The reading on the ammeter was 9.83 A.
(i) Calculate the internal resistance of the car battery.
(2)

Internal resistance = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P60489A01624*
(ii) The student adjusted the variable resistor several times and recorded
corresponding values from the ammeter and voltmeter.
Describe how the values can be used to determine the internal resistance of the
battery using a graphical method.
(3)

(c) With use, the internal resistance of a battery will increase. Eventually the power
available from a battery will become too small to be useful.
The student calculated the power available from a battery of e.m.f 9.0 V and internal
resistance 0.10 Ω when connected across a 5.0 Ω resistor.
He concluded that when the internal resistance had risen to 0.50 Ω, the power
dissipated in the 5.0 Ω resistor would reduce to 70% of its original value.
Determine whether the student’s conclusion is correct.
(4)

(Total for Question 17 = 10 marks)

17
*P60489A01724* Turn over
18 The photograph shows a typical lightning strike which occurs as a result of an electrical
discharge through the atmosphere in a narrow channel between a cloud and the ground.

(Source: © Joshua Lewis/EyeEm/Getty Images)

The high current in a lightning strike heats the air sufficiently to cause rapid expansion;
the resulting shock wave is heard as thunder.
(a) A teacher says that a lightning strike taking place 1 km away from the observer will
result in a time of 3 s between seeing the lightning and hearing the thunder.
Determine whether the teacher is correct.
speed of sound in air = 340 m s–1
(3)

18
*P60489A01824*
(b) The following data was collected for one particular lightning strike:
distance between cloud and ground = 400 m
current = 25 000 A
duration of lightning strike = 30 μs
potential difference between cloud and ground = 1.2 × 109 V
diameter of lightning channel = 5.0 cm
(i) Calculate the total charge transferred during the lightning strike.
(2)

Total charge transferred = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the power dissipated by the lightning strike.

(2)

Power dissipated = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Show that the resistivity of the air in the lightning channel is about 0.2 Ω m.
(3)

19
*P60489A01924* Turn over
(iv) The accepted value for the resistivity of air is 1016 Ω m.
Suggest why the value calculated from the data is so much less than the accepted value.
(1)

(c) Air consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen molecules. Analysis of the light produced
during a lightning strike shows a weak line spectrum.
(i) Explain the process by which nitrogen atoms produce a line spectrum.
(4)

(ii) State why the line spectrum produced by oxygen atoms in the air would be
different from the line spectrum produced by nitrogen atoms.
(1)

(Total for Question 18 = 16 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

20
*P60489A02024*
BLANK PAGE

21
*P60489A02124*
List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Electron charge e = −1.60 × 10−19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u + v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t

Efficiency useful energy output

efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input

22
*P60489A02224*
Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6�ηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
∆x
Strain ε =
x

23
*P60489A02324* Turn over
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ
Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy P = VI
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
∆Q
Current I=
∆t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = + +
R R1 R2 R3
Quantum physics

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2max
2
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material.
Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in
future editions

24
*P60489A02424*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Friday 15 May 2020

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WPH12/01

Physics
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 2: Waves and Electricity

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, Ruler

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

*P62593A0128*
P62593A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

For questions 1–10 select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Waves can be represented on graphs of displacement against distance and displacement

against time.
Which of the following properties can only be determined by combining information
from both graphs?
A amplitude
B frequency
C speed
D wavelength

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

3λ
2 Two waves from the same source arrive at a point with a path difference of , where λ is
the wavelength. 8

Which of the following is the phase difference of the waves at this point?
A 34°
B 68°
C 135°
D 270°

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P62593A0228*
3 A diffraction grating has 300 lines per mm. When laser light is directed towards the
diffraction grating, a diffraction pattern is observed on a screen. The position of a first
order maximum on the screen is shown in the diagram.

screen

diffraction grating Not to scale

laser 2.00 m

0.40 m

first order maximum

Which of the following calculations should be used to determine the wavelength, in mm,
of the laser light used?
0.40
A 300sin θ where θ = sin−1
2.00

0.40
B 300sin θ where θ = tan−1
2.00

sin θ 0.40
C where θ = sin−1
300 2.00

sin θ 0.40
D where θ = tan−1
300 2.00

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 Which of the following statements about physical quantities or units is correct?

A Current is a derived quantity.
B Power is a derived quantity.
C The coulomb is a base unit.
D The volt is a base unit.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

3
*P62593A0328* Turn over
5 Ultrasound has a number of different uses in medicine.
Which of the following is the main reason why ultrasound is not used to perform scans of
the chest and lungs?
A The air in the lungs causes most of the ultrasound to be reflected back.
B The duration of the pulses of ultrasound limits the amount of detail that can be seen.
C The wavelength of the ultrasound is too long.
D Ultrasound can damage the lungs.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Which electrical component has the current-potential difference graph shown?

A diode
B filament lamp
C resistor
D thermistor

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

4
*P62593A0428*
7 A small metal cube, with sides of length x, is connected in a circuit. The current through
the cube, between opposite faces, is I and the potential difference across the cube is V.
Which of the following gives the resistivity of the metal?

Vx
A
I
V
B
Ix
Ix
C
V
I
D
Vx
(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which of the following statements about waves is correct?

A Both longitudinal and transverse waves can be polarised.
B Neither longitudinal nor transverse waves can be polarised.
C Only longitudinal waves can be polarised.
D Only transverse waves can be polarised.

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

5
*P62593A0528* Turn over
9 Two copper wires are placed in series in a complete circuit. The electrons in the two
wires have different values of drift velocity.
Which of the following must be different for the two wires?
A charge carrier density
B cross-sectional area
C current
D length

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 The circuit shows a potential divider, including a battery of negligible internal resistance
and a light dependent resistor (LDR). The potential difference (p.d.) across the fixed
resistor is measured using a voltmeter.
12.0 V

Which of the following statements about this circuit is correct?

A If the resistance of the LDR halves, the voltmeter reading halves.
B Increasing the light intensity would decrease the voltmeter reading.
C Increasing the light intensity would have no effect on the voltmeter reading.
D The voltmeter reading added to the p.d. across the LDR will always be 12.0 V.

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

6
*P62593A0628*
BLANK PAGE

7
*P62593A0728* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions.

11 A block of glass is submerged in a container of water. A ray of light travelling in the

water is directed towards the glass surface as shown.

air

water
θ

glass

refractive index of water = 1.33

refractive index of glass = 1.52
(a) Calculate the angle of refraction within the glass block when θ = 43.0°.
(2)

Angle of refraction = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Determine the critical angle for light at a glass-water boundary.
(2)

Critical angle = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

8
*P62593A0828*
12 A student is given the circuit diagram shown.

1.5 V cell

12 kΩ 55 kΩ

(a) Calculate a value for the voltmeter reading.

(2)

Voltmeter reading = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The student sets up the circuit and observes that the reading on the voltmeter is lower
than the value calculated in (a).
Explain two reasons for the lower voltmeter reading.
(4)

(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

9
*P62593A0928* Turn over
13 Active Noise Reduction (ANR) is a system used to reduce unwanted noise. In ANR a
second sound wave is produced that cancels the first. ANR is used in aircraft to reduce
the noise heard from the engine.
(a) On a particular flight, the noise from the engine has a frequency of 0.85 kHz.
The graph shows a possible second wave.
Displacement

Distance / m
0.5 1.0

Determine whether this wave could be suitable to cancel the noise from the engine.
speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1
(3)

10
*P62593A01028*
*(b) For a particular passenger in an aircraft, the noise from the engine travels as a wave
towards the passenger from the front. An ANR system creates a second sound wave
that is directed towards the passenger from the side, as shown.

noise from engine

PLAN VIEW

sound from ANR system

Explain how this can lead to the sound being cancelled for one ear but louder for the
other ear.
(6)

(Total for Question 13 = 9 marks)

11
*P62593A01128* Turn over
14 The work functions of four metals are shown in the table.

Metal Work function / J

potassium 3.62 × 10−19
magnesium 5.89 × 10−19
tungsten 7.18 × 10−19
iron 7.41 × 10−19

(a) State what is meant by work function.

(1)

(b) When light with a frequency of 6.32 × 1015 Hz is incident on a metal, photoelectrons
are released with a maximum kinetic energy of 3.60 × 10−18 J.
Determine which of the four metals the light is incident on.
(3)

12
*P62593A01228*
(c) Ultraviolet radiation is incident on a potassium plate. If the radiation behaved as a
wave, there would be a time delay before electrons were emitted from the plate.
(i) Calculate the time taken for a potassium atom to absorb enough energy to release
an electron.
intensity of ultraviolet radiation = 38.0 mW m−2
area over which a potassium atom absorbs energy = 8.10 × 10−20 m2
(3)

Time taken = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) In practice, electrons are emitted from the plate as soon as the ultraviolet radiation
is incident on the plate.
Explain how this provides evidence for the particle nature of
electromagnetic radiation.
(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 9 marks)

13
*P62593A01328* Turn over
15 Niels Bohr developed an early model of the atom where electrons could only exist in
fixed orbits around a nucleus.
When an atom is ionised, an electron moves from its orbit around the nucleus to be
free of the atom. Bohr derived an expression for the ionisation energy E, in joules, for a
hydrogen atom:
2
e2 m

kh 8

where
m = mass of electron
e = charge of electron
k = 8.85 × 10−12 C V−1 m−1
h = Planck constant
(a) Calculate E for a hydrogen atom, in eV.
(3)

E = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eV

14
*P62593A01428*
(b) The Bohr model can also be used to predict an approximate radius for an atom.
The equation for the radius r of the hydrogen atom is:

h2k
r =
πme2

where
m = mass of electron
A student suggests that, for a speed of 1.4 × 107 m s−1, neutrons would have a
wavelength similar to the radius of a hydrogen atom.
Determine whether the student is correct.
mass of neutron = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
(5)

(Total for Question 15 = 8 marks)

15
*P62593A01528* Turn over
16 The speed of sound in sea water varies with depth as shown in diagram A.

1520
1515
1510
1505
Speed / m s−1

1500
1495
1490
1485
1480
1475
1470
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

Depth / m

Diagram A

Sound produced at a depth of 900 m initially travels towards the water surface. As the
sound approaches a depth of 700 m it changes direction and follows the path shown to the
point P in diagram B.

600
700
800
Depth / m

900 P
1000
1100
1200
0
Distance from source / km

Diagram B

16
*P62593A01628*
(a) Explain why the sound follows the path shown in diagram B.
Your answer should refer to refraction and diagram A.
(5)

(b) Sound that travels in a straight line from the source to point P takes longer to arrive
than sound that travels along the path shown in diagram B.
Suggest why.
(2)

(Total for Question 16 = 9 marks)

17
*P62593A01728* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

18
*P62593A01828*
17 A student investigated how the frequency of vibration of a string varies with the tension
in the string. The student connected masses to one end of the string and attached the
other end to a vibrator as shown.

vibrator L pulley

hanging masses

(Source: http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Sound/text/Vibrating_strings/index.html)

A signal generator was connected to the vibrator. The signal generator was adjusted until
a stationary wave was produced on the string. The stationary wave had nodes at both
ends of the vibrating length of the string, L, and an antinode in the middle.
(a) Explain how nodes and antinodes are created on a string.
(3)

19
*P62593A01928* Turn over
(b) The student changed the weight W applied to the string and adjusted the frequency f
of the signal generator until the same stationary wave was set up on the string.
The student plotted a graph of f 2 against W.
Explain why the graph was a straight line through the origin.
(5)

(c) Describe a method that can be used to confirm that the frequency value stated on the
signal generator is correct.
(2)

20
*P62593A02028*
(d) When W is 80.0 N, f is 659 Hz.
Calculate the mass per unit length of the string.
length L = 0.328 m
(3)

Mass per unit length = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 13 marks)

21
*P62593A02128* Turn over
18 Four identical resistors, A, B, C and D, are placed in a circuit as shown.

10 V

B C

(a) Determine the power dissipated in each of the resistors.

resistance of each resistor = 2.0 Ω
(6)

22
*P62593A02228*
(b) Explain, without further calculation, what would happen to the power dissipated by
resistor A if resistor D were disconnected from the circuit.
(2)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) If the resistors in the circuit used in (a) were replaced with filament lamps, the
resistance of each lamp would be different depending on the potential difference
across it.
Explain, in terms of particles, why the resistance of a filament lamp increases as the
potential difference across the filament increases.
(4)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 18 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P62593A02328* Turn over
List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Electron charge e = −1.60 × 10−19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t

Efficiency useful energy output

efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input

24
*P62593A02428*
Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6�ηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
x
Strain ε =
x

25
*P62593A02528* Turn over
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ
Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy P = VI
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
Q
Current I=
t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = + +
R R1 R2 R3
Quantum physics

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2max
2
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

26
*P62593A02628*
BLANK PAGE

27
*P62593A02728*
BLANK PAGE

Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright
material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any
such rectifications in future editions

28
*P62593A02828*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Wednesday 13 January 2021

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WPH12/01

Physics
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 2: Waves and Electricity

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working out in calculations and include units
where appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• structure
In questions marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability to
your answer logically showing how the points that you make are related
or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check
Turn over

*P65799A0128*
P65799A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The unit of power is the watt.

Which of the following is included in the SI base units for power?

A newton

B kilogram

C joule

D ampere

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 The diagram shows a combination of three resistors of resistance X, Y and Z.

Which of the following gives the total resistance of this combination?

1 1
A X + +
Y Z
1
B +Y + Z
X
YZ
C X +
Y+Z
1 Y+Z
D +
X YZ
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P65799A0228*
3 Ultrasound can be used to investigate organs inside the human body.
Which of the following statements about ultrasound is correct?

A All of the ultrasound is reflected at a boundary between different tissues.

B Ultrasound travels faster in air than inside the body.

C Ultrasound with a greater wavelength gives an image with a higher resolution.

D Ultrasound with a shorter pulse duration gives an image with a higher resolution.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a photon model.

Which of the following demonstrates the photon model of light?

A diffraction patterns

B Huygens’ construction

C photoelectric effect
D plane polarisation

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

3
*P65799A0328* Turn over
Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following information.
The diagram shows a circuit used to determine the internal resistance r and e.m.f. ε of a cell.

ε r

V A

5 Corresponding values of potential difference V and current I were taken after adjusting
the variable resistor. A graph of V on the y-axis against I on the x-axis was plotted.
Which of the following is correct?

A The area underneath the graph is the total energy dissipated in the cell.
B The gradient of the graph is r.

C The graph shows that V and I are directly proportional.

D The y-intercept of the graph is ε.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 The resistance of the variable resistor is R.

Which of the following gives the current in the cell?

ε
A
R

ε
B
r

ε
C
(R + r)

ε
D
(R − r)
(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

4
*P65799A0428*
7 A graph of displacement against time for a point on a transverse progressive wave is shown.

Displacement / cm
5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
–5

–10
Time / s

Which of the following statements is correct?

A The amplitude of the wave is 20 cm.

B The frequency of the wave is 2.5 Hz.

C The period of the wave is 0.2 s.

D The wavelength of the wave is 0.4 m.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 A ray of light travels through glass, towards a boundary between glass and air.
The critical angle for this boundary is 42°.
Which row of the table is correct?

Angle of incidence What happens at the boundary?

A 40° All of the light is refracted
B 40° All of the light is reflected
C 45° All of the light is refracted
D 45° All of the light is reflected

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

5
*P65799A0528* Turn over
9 In 1924 de Broglie suggested that electrons have wave properties.
The de Broglie equation states:

h
λ=
p

Which of the following is correct?

A The de Broglie wavelength is independent of the mass of the particle.

B The de Broglie equation can be used to calculate the momentum of a photon.

C The term p represents the mass of an electron multiplied by the speed of light.

D The value of h depends on the particle involved.

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 In a series circuit, 3.1 ´ 1019 electrons pass a particular point in a time of 30 seconds.
Which of the following gives the magnitude of the current in amperes in this circuit?

(3.1 × 1019 ) × (1.6 × 10 −19 )

A
30
3.1 × 1019
B
(1.6 × 10 −19 ) × 30
−19
C (3.1 × 10 ) × (1.6 × 10 ) × 30
19

(3.1 × 1019 ) × 30
D
1.6 × 10 −19
(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

6
*P65799A0628*
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

11 A copper wire of radius 0.40 mm carries a current of 5.1 A.

Calculate the drift velocity of the electrons in the wire.
number of charge carriers per m3 for copper = 8.5 ´ 1028
(2)

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Drift velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 2 marks)

7
*P65799A0728* Turn over
12 A student investigated the superposition of water waves in a ripple tank. There are two
sources of waves S1 and S2, which are in phase.
The diagram shows the positions of successive crests of each wave at an instant in time.

S1 A

Crest

Explain the type of superposition taking place at position A and at position B on the diagram.
(4)

Position A. ... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Position B................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 12 = 4 marks)

8
*P65799A0828*
13 A student investigated how light intensity affects the resistance of a light dependent
resistor (LDR).
She set up a circuit using a cell with negligible internal resistance, as shown.

5.00 kΩ

The e.m.f. of the cell was 1.50 V. When the lights in the laboratory were switched off,
the voltmeter reading was 1.19 V.
(a) Calculate the resistance of the LDR when the lights were off.
(2)

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Resistance of LDR = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) When the lights were switched back on, the student discovered that it was
impossible to calculate the resistance of the LDR using this circuit. The teacher said
that with the lights on, the resistance of the LDR was about 9 Ω.
Explain why the student was unable to use the circuit to determine the resistance of
the LDR with the lights on. The resolution of the voltmeter was 0.01 V.
(2)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 13 = 4 marks)

9
*P65799A0928* Turn over
14 The diagram shows some of the energy levels for an atom of hydrogen.

0 eV
− 0.85 eV
− 1.5 eV

− 3.4 eV

− 13.6 eV

When an electron with a kinetic energy of 12.3 eV interacts with this atom, an electron
in the atom moves from the −13.6 eV level to the −1.5 eV level.
When a photon with a photon energy of 12.3 eV is incident on this atom, the electron in
the atom at the −13.6 eV level remains at the –13.6 eV level.
Explain these observations.
(4)

(Total for Question 14 = 4 marks)

10
*P65799A01028*
BLANK PAGE

11
*P65799A01128* Turn over
15 A physics teacher placed a coin at the bottom of a cup.
When viewing the cup from an angle, the coin was not visible, as shown in Photograph 1.

Photograph 1
While still observing from the same angle, the teacher slowly poured water into the cup.
The coin gradually became visible, as shown in Photograph 2.

Photograph 2
This effect is caused by refraction.
(a) Explain what is meant by refraction.
(2)

12
*P65799A01228*
(b) The simplified diagram below shows how a ray of light travels from the edge of the
coin to the teacher’s eye, when the cup is partially filled with water.

Diagram not
to scale

4.0 cm

3.0 cm

3.7 cm 1.8 cm

Determine the refractive index of the water in the cup.

(3)

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Refractive index of water = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 15 = 5 marks)

13
*P65799A01328* Turn over
*16 The graphs show how current I varies with potential difference V for a filament bulb
and for a negative temperature coefficient thermistor.

I I

V V
Filament bulb Thermistor
Explain the shape of each graph. Your answer should include reference to the
movement of conduction electrons in each component.
(6)

(Total for Question 16 = 6 marks)

14
*P65799A01428*
17 Ultraviolet light of wavelength 20.0 nm is incident on a metal surface. The metal has a
work function of 3.68 eV. Electrons are released by the photoelectric effect.
(a) Calculate the maximum speed of the electrons as they are released from the metal surface.
(5)
......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maximum speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A student suggests that if the wavelength and intensity of the light used are both increased,
the maximum speed of the electrons released from the metal surface also increases.
Explain whether the student’s suggestion is correct.
(4)
......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 9 marks)

15
*P65799A01528* Turn over
18 A teacher has a laser pointer. The laser pointer emits a narrow beam of plane polarised light.
(a) Describe how the teacher can demonstrate that the light from the laser pointer is
plane polarised.
(2)

(b) The teacher shines light from the laser pointer onto a diffraction grating as shown.
This produces a diffraction pattern on a screen.

first order maximum

light from laser pointer

central maximum

diffraction grating

screen

(i) The diffraction grating equation is

nλ = d sin θ
State the quantity represented by d.
(1)

16
*P65799A01628*
(ii) The teacher made the following measurements:
distance from central maximum to first order maximum = 1.61 m
distance from diffraction grating to screen = 2.74 m
The wavelength of the light from the laser pointer was 532 nm.
Calculate the number of lines per millimetre on the diffraction grating.
(3)

........................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of lines per millimetre = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Using this diffraction grating and laser pointer, only the first order maxima and
the central maximum are produced.
Explain how the teacher, using the same laser pointer, could improve his value for the
number of lines per millimetre.
(3)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 18 = 9 marks)

17
*P65799A01728* Turn over
19 A student carried out an experiment to determine the resistivity of nichrome wire. Her
circuit included an ammeter, a voltmeter and a variable resistor.
(a) Complete the circuit diagram for this experiment.
(2)

nichrome wire

(b) The student varied the length of the nichrome wire in the circuit. For each length,
she measured the potential difference across the nichrome wire. She used the
variable resistor to keep the current in the wire at 0.200 A during the experiment.
The student plotted a graph of potential difference against length of nichrome wire.

4.5

4.0

3.5
Potential difference / V

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Length / m

18
*P65799A01828*
(i) Determine the resistivity of nichrome.
cross sectional area of nichrome wire = 5.31´10−8 m2
(4)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Resistivity of nichrome = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate the power dissipated from the nichrome wire to the surroundings
when the length of the wire is 0.75 m.
(3)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Power dissipated = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 19 = 9 marks)

19
*P65799A01928* Turn over
20 A ‘smart meter’ collects information about the use of electricity in the home. This
information is transmitted to the electricity company using radio waves.
(a) A typical smart meter emits radio waves with a power output of 1.00 W.
An intensity of radiation greater than 4.5 W m−2 is dangerous to people.
A person stands 25 cm from a smart meter.
Deduce whether the radiation emitted by this smart meter would be dangerous to the
person at this distance.
(3)

(b) It is suggested that the energy per photon could be important in determining if the
radiation emitted by the smart meter is dangerous.
The smart meter transmits radio waves of frequency 902 MHz.
Calculate the energy per photon, in eV, of the photons emitted by the smart meter.
(3)

Energy per photon = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eV

20
*P65799A02028*
(c) The display of the smart meter in one household is shown. This shows the total
electrical energy used in one day.

1 kW h is a unit of energy equivalent to 1 kW of power used for 1 hour.

The kettle in this house has a power of 1200 W. The kettle takes 125 seconds to
heat the water to boiling. The kettle then switches off.
A student suggests that boiling the kettle once uses less than 1% of the total energy
shown on the smart meter display.
Assess the student’s suggestion.
(3)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 20 = 9 marks)

21
*P65799A02128* Turn over
21 A recorder is a musical instrument with a mouthpiece at one end, as shown.

open end
mouthpiece

(a) When a musician blows into the mouthpiece, a stationary wave is produced in the
air column inside the recorder.
(i) The stationary wave has antinodes at both ends of the air column as shown.

antinode antinode

Calculate the frequency of the sound produced by this stationary wave.

speed of sound in air = 330 m s−1
length of recorder = 23.6 cm
(3)

........................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frequency = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P65799A02228*
(ii) The recorder is made from three separate sections that slide together as shown.

A musician plays the recorder and produces the same frequency sound as in (i).
The temperature of the air increases. As the temperature of the air increases, the
speed of sound also increases.
Explain how the musician can adjust the recorder to produce the same
frequency sound as in (i).
(3)

......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P65799A02328* Turn over
(b) On a violin, a stationary wave is created when a string is plucked. A violin string has a
fixed length but the tension can be adjusted.
When a string is plucked, it produces a sound with a frequency of 432 Hz. This string is
adjusted to produce a sound of frequency 440 Hz.
Calculate the percentage increase in the tension in the string.
(3)

Percentage increase = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 21 = 9 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

24
*P65799A02428*
BLANK PAGE

25
*P65799A02528*
List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Efficiency useful energy output

efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input

26
*P65799A02628*
Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6�ηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
∆x
Strain ε =
x

27
*P65799A02728* Turn over
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ
Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy P = VI
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
∆Q
Current I=
∆t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = + +
R R1 R2 R3
Particle nature of light

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2max
2
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

28
*P65799A02828*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes

Paper
reference WPH12/01
Physics
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
UNIT 2: Waves and Electricity

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working out in calculations and include units
where appropriate.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Instructure
questions marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability to
your answer logically showing how the points that you make are related or
follow on from each other where appropriate.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
• Good luck with your examination.
Turn over

*P66614A0128*
P66614A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions.
For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Which of the following derived units can be expressed in SI base units as kg m2 s–3 ?

A coulomb

B joule

C volt

D watt

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A wave has amplitude A, period T, and wavelength λ.

Which of the following can be used to calculate the speed of the wave?

A AT

A
B
T

C λT

λ
D
T
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 A light bulb with an efficiency of 12% is positioned 2.0 m above a light sensor.
The intensity of light at the light sensor is 0.14 W m−2.
Which of the following could be used to calculate the power of the light bulb?

A (0.14) × (0.12) × (4π) × (2.0)2

(0.14) (4 (2.0) 2

B
0.12

C (0.14) × (0.12) × (π) × (2.0)2

(0.14) ( (2.0) 2

D
0.12
(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P66614A0228*
4 A student investigates how different variables affect the speed of waves on a vibrating string.
Which of the following would increase the speed of waves along the string?

A increasing the frequency

B increasing the length of the string

C increasing the mass per unit length of the string

D increasing the tension in the string

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 A moving electron has a de Broglie wavelength of 656 nm.

Which of the following could be used to determine the speed of the electron?

6.63 1034
A
(656 109 ) (9.11 1031 )

(656 109 ) (9.11 1031 )

B
6.63 1034

(656 109 ) (6.63 1034 )

C
9.11 1031

9.11 1031
D
(656 109 ) (6.63 1034 )
(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P66614A0328* Turn over
6 A graph of current against potential difference for an electrical component is shown.

Which component would give this graph?

A diode

B filament bulb
C ohmic conductor

D thermistor

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 Which of the following statements is correct for minimum displacement of the particles
in a longitudinal wave?

A Minimum displacement occurs at compressions only.

B Minimum displacement occurs at rarefactions only.

C Minimum displacement occurs at compressions and rarefactions.

D Minimum displacement occurs at neither compressions nor rarefactions.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

4
*P66614A0428*
8 The diagram shows some of the energy levels of a hydrogen atom.

–0.54 eV

–0.85 eV

–1.51 eV

–3.40 eV

–13.60 eV

An excited electron in the level –0.54 eV drops to the level –13.60 eV, resulting in the
release of at least one photon.
Which of the following photon energy values could not be produced from this
electron transition?

A 0.31 eV
B 0.54 eV

C 12.09 eV

D 13.06 eV

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

5
*P66614A0528* Turn over
9 A pulse of ultrasound is emitted from the bottom of a boat. The ultrasound reflects from
the seabed and is detected at the bottom of the boat after time t. The depth d of water
under the boat is shown.

seabed

The ultrasound has a frequency f and travels at a speed v in the seawater.

Which of the following can be used to calculate d?

A d = vt

v
B d=
f
vt
C d=
2
v
D d=
2f
(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Two waves leave the same source in phase. The waves travel along different paths and
then meet. The wavelength of the waves is 8.0 cm.
Which of the following would cause constructive interference when the waves meet?

A path difference of 16.0 cm

3λ
B path difference of
2

C phase difference of 180°

D phase difference of 3π radians

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

6
*P66614A0628*
SECTION B
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
11 Two copper wires, W and Z, are joined as shown. Wire W has twice the diameter of wire Z.

W Z

W and Z are connected in series with a cell and resistor, as shown.

W Z

(a) State the purpose of the resistor in this circuit.

(1)

(b) The current I in a conductor is given by the formula

I = nqvA
Complete the following table, which shows ratios of quantities for wires W and Z.
The first row has been completed for you.
(4)

Ratio Value Reason

nw
1 Both wires are made of the same material
nz

Iw
Iz

vw
vz

(Total for Question 11 = 5 marks)

7
*P66614A0728* Turn over
12 The circuit diagram shows a resistor of resistance 270 Ω connected to a battery of
e.m.f. 9.0 V. The battery has an internal resistance of 15 Ω.

9.0 V

270 Ω

(a) Explain why the reading on the voltmeter is less than 9.0 V when the switch is closed.
(3)

(b) Calculate the reading on the voltmeter when the switch is closed.
(3)

Reading on voltmeter = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
*P66614A0828*
(c) The switch remains closed and 12 C of charge flows through the battery.
Calculate the decrease in the chemical energy store of the battery.
(2)

Decrease in chemical energy store = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 12 = 8 marks)

9
*P66614A0928* Turn over
13 The refractive index of glass varies with the colour of light.
refractive index of glass for red light = 1.513
refractive index of glass for violet light = 1.532
(a) A ray of white light is incident on side AB of a rectangular glass block, as shown.

54.00°

air
A B

6.400 cm

glass
C D

The red light and violet light from the incident ray arrive at slightly different points
on side CD.
Determine the distance between these points.
(5)

Distance between points = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
*P66614A01028*
(b) White light is incident on a boundary between glass and air, as shown.

air

glass

41.00°

Explain what happens to the red light and the violet light when meeting the boundary.
Your answer should include calculations.
(4)

(Total for Question 13 = 9 marks)

11
*P66614A01128* Turn over
14 A student connected the circuit shown. The battery has negligible internal resistance.
9.00 V

11.5 Ω

The graph shows how the resistance of the thermistor varies with temperature.
60

40
Resistance / Ω

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature / ° C

(a) The reading on the voltmeter is 3.42 V.

Determine the temperature of the thermistor.
(4)

Temperature = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P66614A01228*
(b) The student suggests that if the e.m.f. of the battery is doubled, the reading on the
voltmeter will double.
Assess whether the student’s suggestion is correct.
(4)

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

13
*P66614A01328* Turn over
15 A student used two sources, A and B, of electromagnetic radiation to investigate the
photoelectric effect. Radiation from A has a photon energy of 2.0 eV.
(a) The radiation from B has a wavelength of 280 nm.
Show that this radiation has a photon energy of about 4.4 eV.
(4)

14
*P66614A01428*
*(b) The student used the two sources of radiation to investigate the photoelectric effect
for two different metals, copper and zinc.
The following statements were made by the student.

When radiation of photon energy 2.0 eV from source A is directed

towards either of the metal plates no electrons are released, even
when the intensity of the radiation is increased.
When radiation of photon energy 4.4 eV from source B is directed
towards the copper plate, no electrons are released. However,
when the radiation is directed towards the zinc plate, electrons
are released. As the intensity of radiation is increased, electrons
are released at a greater rate.

Explain the conclusions that can be made from these statements.

(6)

(Total for Question 15 = 10 marks)

15
*P66614A01528* Turn over
16 When unpolarised light passes through a polarising filter, the light becomes plane polarised.
(a) Explain the difference between unpolarised and plane polarised light.
(3)

(b) An unpolarised light source is directed towards a screen. The intensity of radiation
measured at the screen is 1.00 W m−2.
Two polarising filters are placed between the light source and the screen.
Initially there is an angle of 0° between their planes of polarisation, as shown.

One of the polarising filters is then rotated, as shown.

Sketch a graph to show how the intensity of light measured at the screen varies as
the filter is rotated from 0° to 90°.
(3)

16
*P66614A01628*
Intensity / W m–2

0
Rotation angle / °

(c) Polarisation can be used to identify when some materials are under stress. Placing
the material under stress causes the plane of polarisation of the light passing through
the material to be rotated. The greater the stress, the greater the rotation of the plane
of polarisation of the light.
A piece of transparent material under stress is positioned between two polarising
filters. There is an angle of 90º between the planes of polarisation of the two
polarising filters.

Explain how this photograph can be used to identify areas of the material with
different amounts of stress.
(3)

(Total for Question 16 = 9 marks)

17
*P66614A01728* Turn over
17 A student used the apparatus shown in Photograph 1 to determine the speed of sound in air.

2-beam oscilloscope signal generator

microphone metre rule loudspeaker

Photograph 1

The student switched on the signal generator. The oscilloscope showed one trace from
the signal generator and another trace from the microphone.
Initially the peaks of one trace were directly above the troughs of the other trace, as
shown in Photograph 2.

Photograph 2

The horizontal axis of the oscilloscope screen represents time. The number of milliseconds
per division on the horizontal scale is known.

18
*P66614A01828*
(a) Explain how the apparatus shown in Photograph 1 could be used to determine the
speed of sound in air.
(5)

19
*P66614A01928* Turn over
(b) The student changed the position of the microphone. The traces on the oscilloscope
screen before and after changing the position of the microphone are shown in
Photograph 2 and Photograph 3.

Photograph 2 Photograph 3

Explain what change the student made to the position of the microphone between
Photograph 2 and Photograph 3.
(3)

(Total for Question 17 = 8 marks)

20
*P66614A02028*
BLANK PAGE

21
*P66614A02128* Turn over
18 The circuit diagram shows three identical resistors and two switches, X and Y.
The battery has negligible internal resistance.
12.0 V

Each resistor consists of a wire of diameter 0.181 mm and length 55.0 cm. At room
temperature, the resistivity of the wire is 1.10 × 10−6 Ω m.
(a) Show that the resistance of one resistor at room temperature is about 24 Ω.
(3)

(b) A student suggests that the maximum power output from the resistors in this circuit
will be greater than 12 W.
Assess whether the student’s suggestion is correct.
(4)

22
*P66614A02228*
(c) Switch X was open and switch Y was closed.
(i) Calculate the number of conduction electrons passing through the resistor every
second immediately after switch Y was closed.
(3)

Number of electrons = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) After switch Y had been closed for a few minutes, the power dissipated by the
resistor decreased.
Explain why.
(3)

(Total for Question 18 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P66614A02328*
List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 ×10−23 J K−1
Coulomb’s law constant k = 1/4πε0
= 8.99 × 109 N m2 C–2
Electron charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in a vacuum  c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant  σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Unified atomic mass unit  u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u + v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1
s = ut + at2
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t

24
*P66614A02428*
Efficiency useful energy output
efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input
Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6πηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
∆x
Strain ε =
x

25
*P66614A02528*
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ

Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy P = VI
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
∆Q
Current I=
∆t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = + +
R R1 R2 R3
Particle nature of light

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2
equation 2 max
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

26
*P66614A02628*
BLANK PAGE

27
*P66614A02728*
BLANK PAGE

28
*P66614A02828*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WPH12/01
Physics
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 2: Waves and Electricity

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, ruler, protractor

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working out in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Into the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P67155A0128*
P67155A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

E:1/1/1/
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions.
For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .
1 The graph shows how potential difference V varies with current I for an
electrical component.

Which electrical component is represented by this graph?

A diode

B filament lamp

C ohmic conductor
D thermistor

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A student determines the wavelength of the light emitted by a laser. She uses the laser,
a diffraction grating and a screen.
Which of the following measurements is not required?

A the distance from the diffraction grating to the screen

B the distance from the central maximum to the first order maximum

C the distance from the laser to the diffraction grating

D the distance between the slits in the diffraction grating

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P67155A0228* 
3 The equation I = nqvA relates the current in a sample of a material to the movement of
free charge carriers in the sample.
Which of the following is a correct definition of one of the terms in this equation?

A n represents the number of charge carriers in the sample.

B q represents the total charge stored in the sample.

C v represents the drift velocity of the charge carriers in the sample.

D A represents the surface area of the sample.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 The temperature of a thermistor is increased.

Which row in the table identifies the effect of the temperature increase on the number of
conduction electrons and the amplitude of lattice vibrations?

Number of conduction electrons Amplitude of lattice vibrations

A increases increases
B decreases increases
C increases stays the same
D decreases stays the same

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The unit of resistance is the ohm.

Which of the following is equivalent to the ohm?

A J C−2 s

B J C2 s−1

C J C−1 s−1

D JCs

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
 *P67155A0328* Turn over
6 The speed of waves on a vibrating string is investigated using the apparatus shown.

vibrator pulley

L
3

hanging masses

length of string between vibrator and pulley = L

L
length of string between pulley and hanging masses =
3
mass of whole string = m
mass of hanging masses = M
Which of the following expressions represents the speed of the waves on the string?

A  4 MgL 
 
3m 

B  2 MgL 
 
3m 

C  MgL 
 
m 

 MgL 
D  
3m 

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

4
*P67155A0428* 
7 A microwave oven has a source that emits microwaves in all directions into the oven.
The diagram shows the paths of two microwave rays that meet at point L as shown.

22 cm 8 cm L

source
27 cm
15 cm

The interference between the waves following these two paths could cause heating
effects at L depending on the wavelength of the microwaves.
Which row of the table is possible at point L?

Heating effect at L Wavelength / cm

A maximum heating 24
B maximum heating 18
C no heating 24
D no heating 18

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

5
 *P67155A0528* Turn over
8 A current-carrying wire AB of length x and uniform diameter is connected in a circuit
as shown.

A B
S
y
V

R1 R2

The slider S is moved along the wire until the reading on the voltmeter is 0 V.
Which of the following equations is correct?

y R
A = 1
x R2

y R
B = 1
x−y R2

x R
C = 1
y R2

x R1
D =
y R1 + R2

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

6
*P67155A0628* 
9 The wavefront diagrams show consecutive waves approaching gaps of different sizes.

A B

C D

The wavefronts diffract as they pass through each gap.

In which diagram will the diffracted wavefronts not be semicircular?

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

7
 *P67155A0728* Turn over
10 A sound wave travels through air. The diagram represents the displacement of
air particles along the wave at an instant in time.

displacement
W

Z
V X distance

There is a compression at position V.

At which position is there also a compression?

A W
B X

C Y

D Z

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

8
*P67155A0828* 
BLANK PAGE

9
 *P67155A0928* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

11 Diamonds, cubic zirconia and silicon carbide can be used as gemstones in jewellery.
The speed of light in these materials is shown in the table.

diamond cubic zirconia silicon carbide

speed of light / m s−1 1.24 × 108 1.39 × 108 1.15 × 108

(a) In order to identify the material used, a ray of light is directed towards a boundary
between air and the gemstone.

50°
air

gemstone

21°

Deduce the material used for the gemstone.

(3)

10
*P67155A01028* 
(b) Diamonds are cut into different shapes so that they ‘sparkle’ when light shines
on them.
The diagram shows a ray of light entering a diamond and incident on a boundary
between diamond and air.

34.0°

40.5°

(i) Add to the diagram to show the path of the ray of light as it leaves this
boundary. Your answer should include a calculation.
(4)

(ii) Explain what would happen to the ray at this boundary if the material used was
silicon carbide instead of diamond.
(2)

(Total for Question 11 = 9 marks)

11
 *P67155A01128* Turn over
12 In an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air, a student held a vibrating
tuning fork above a glass tube. The air column in the tube could be adjusted by raising
or lowering the tube into a cylinder containing water. When the length of the air column
was l, a stationary wave with one node and one antinode was produced as shown.
This caused a sound to be heard.

tuning fork

glass tube
l
cylinder

water N

(a) Explain how the stationary wave was formed in this experiment.
(2)

12
*P67155A01228* 
(b) (i) A sound was heard when l was 19.3 cm.

Determine a value for the speed of sound in air.

frequency of tuning fork = 440 Hz

(3)

........................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Speed of sound in air = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The antinode is slightly further from the water than the end of the glass tube.

Explain how this would affect the accuracy of your calculated value for the
speed of sound.
(2)

(Total for Question 12 = 7 marks)

13
 *P67155A01328* Turn over
13 A filament lamp is marked 12 V 60 W. The filament is made from a long metal wire with
a diameter of 0.25 mm. The metal has a resistivity of 5.6 × 10−8 Ω m when the wire is at
normal operating temperature.
(a) Calculate the length of the wire in the filament.
(4)

Length of wire = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P67155A01428* 
(b) A student has two filament lamps. Lamp A is marked 12 V 60 W and lamp B is
marked 12 V 30 W. The student sets up the circuit shown.

24 V

A B

The student states that both lamps will operate normally.

Evaluate whether the student’s statement is correct.
(3)

(Total for Question 13 = 7 marks)

15
 *P67155A01528* Turn over
14 A gold leaf electroscope is used to demonstrate the photoelectric effect. When the
zinc plate of the electroscope is given a negative charge, the conducting rod and
gold leaf also become negatively charged. The gold leaf deflects away from the metal
stem as shown. The deflection of the gold leaf depends on the amount of charge on the
zinc plate and the conducting rod.

zinc plate

insulation

conducting rod

gold leaf

A beam of ultraviolet radiation is incident on the zinc plate. The gold leaf immediately
begins to fall back to the conducting rod.
(a) Explain why this observation cannot be explained by the wave model of
electromagnetic radiation.
(2)

16
*P67155A01628* 
(b) Photons of ultraviolet radiation with an energy of 9.3 × 10−19 J are directed towards
the zinc plate.

(i) Calculate the maximum speed with which electrons are released from the plate.

work function of zinc = 4.3 eV

(4)

Maximum speed of electrons = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) A student suggests that a greater maximum speed of electrons could have been
achieved if both:
– a metal with a lower work function than zinc was used
– ultraviolet radiation with a greater wavelength was used.

Discuss the student’s suggestion.

(3)

(Total for Question 14 = 9 marks)

17
 *P67155A01728* Turn over
15 (a) Two resistors of resistance R1 and R2 are connected in parallel in a circuit.
Derive a formula for the total resistance RT of the combination.
(3)

(b) The diagram shows a combination of five resistors, M, N, O, P and Q. Each resistor
has a resistance of 5.0 Ω.

A N O B

P Q

(i) Show that the resistance between points A and B is about 3 Ω.

(3)

18
*P67155A01828* 
(ii) A student is told to modify the combination of resistors so that the combined
resistance between A and B is greater than 5.0 Ω. She cannot change the
arrangement of the resistors, but she can replace one of the 5.0 Ω resistors with a
20.0 Ω resistor.

Explain, without further calculations, which of the five resistors should

be replaced.
(2)

(Total for Question 15 = 8 marks)

19
 *P67155A01928* Turn over
16 After an atom of hydrogen has been exposed to suitable electromagnetic radiation,
the atom can emit visible light. The emitted light contains a small number of different
wavelengths of visible light.
*(a) Explain the process that results in the emission of different wavelengths of
visible light. Your answer should include reference to energy levels in atoms.
(6)

20
*P67155A02028* 
(b) It is also possible to make the atoms in a sample of air emit visible light.
Explain why the light emitted by the air has a large number of different wavelengths.
(2)

(Total for Question 16 = 8 marks)

21
 *P67155A02128* Turn over
17 A cell of e.m.f. ε is connected in series with a variable resistor with resistance R as
shown. The internal resistance of the cell is r.

When R is 12 Ω, the reading on the ammeter is 107 mA. The circuit is switched on for
300 seconds. In this time, 50 J of energy is transferred by the cell.
(a) Calculate r.
(5)

r = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P67155A02228* 
(b) Increasing R would make the terminal potential difference value closer to ε.
Explain why, without further calculation.
(2)

(c) A voltmeter is added to the circuit as shown.

Explain how this circuit can be used to determine a value for r using a
graphical method.
(4)

(Total for Question 17 = 11 marks)

23
 *P67155A02328* Turn over
18 ICESat-2 is a satellite launched into space by NASA in 2018. One purpose of the
satellite is to measure the thickness of ice on the Earth’s surface. The satellite is
powered using solar panels. A laser in the satellite produces a beam of photons,
which travel to the Earth and back.
(a) Calculate the intensity of solar radiation as it reaches ICESat-2.
distance from the Sun to ICESat-2 = 1.50 × 1011 m
power of the Sun = 3.83 × 1026 W
(3)

Intensity of solar radiation = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The laser emits light with a wavelength of 532 nm. Calculate the energy, in J, of
each photon.
(3)

Energy of photon = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

24
*P67155A02428* 
(c) The photons released by the laser are directed towards the Earth. The mean time for
these photons to return to the satellite is 3.20 ms.

(i) Calculate the height that ICESat-2 orbits above the surface of the Earth.
(2)

Height above Earth = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) When photons arriving at the satellite are detected, only those with a wavelength
of exactly 532 nm are used in the analysis of the results.

Suggest why.
(1)

(d) At one point, ICESat-2 passes over a flat ice sheet. The ice sheet is 1000 m above
sea level.
Explain how the measurements taken by ICESat-2 can be used to show that the ice
sheet has a flat surface and is higher than sea level.
(2)

(Total for Question 18 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

25
 *P67155A02528*
List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 ×10−23 J K−1
Electron charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1
Coulomb’s law constant k = 1/4πε0
= 8.99 × 109 N m2 C–2
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in a vacuum  c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant  σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Unified atomic mass unit  u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u + v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1
s = ut + at2
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t

26
*P67155A02628* 
Efficiency useful energy output
efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input
Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6πηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
∆x
Strain ε =
x

27
 *P67155A02728*
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2
equation 2 max
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

28
*P67155A02828* 
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WPH12/01
Physics
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 2: Waves and Electricity

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, ruler, protractor

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

L:1/1/1/
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which of the following units is equivalent to the volt?

A J s–1

B W s–1

C J C–1

D W C–1

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 The de Broglie wavelength for a moving electron is 5.47 × 10–10 m.

Which of the following expressions gives the speed of the electron in m s–1?

(6.63 × 10 −34 )
A
(9.11 × 10 −31 )(5.47 × 10 −10 )

(6.63 × 10 −34 )
B
(1.60 × 10 −19 )(5.47 × 10 −10 )

(9.11 × 10 −31 )(5.47 × 10 −10 )

C
(6.63 × 10 −34 )

(1.60 × 10 −19 )(5.47 × 10 −10 )

D
(6.63 × 10 −34 )

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P69435A0228* 
3 The diagram shows a cell of e.m.f. ε and internal resistance r. The cell is connected in
series with two resistors of resistance R1 and R2. The potential difference across R1 is V1.
The current in the circuit is I.

ε r

R1 R2
V1

Which of the following expressions is correct?

A ε = V1 + Ir

B ε = IR1 + Ir

C ε = IR2 + Ir
D ε = V1 + IR2 + Ir

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 As temperature increases, the resistance of a negative temperature coefficient

thermistor changes.
Which of the following describes the reason for this change?

A Collisions between electrons and ions occur less frequently.

B More conduction electrons are released.

C The ions in the thermistor vibrate less.

D The ions in the thermistor vibrate more.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

3
 *P69435A0328* Turn over
Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following information.

The diagram shows refraction of a ray of light as it passes through three transparent
substances, L, M and N. The speeds of light in the three substances are vL , vM and vN ,
respectively.

L M N

5 Which of the following shows the relationship between vL , vM and vN?

A vL > vM > vN
B vL > vN > vM

C vN > vM > vL

D vM > vN > vL

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Which of the following could result in a ray of light undergoing total internal reflection?

A light travelling from L to M

B light travelling from L to N

C light travelling from M to L

D light travelling from N to M

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

4
*P69435A0428* 
7 The diagram shows how the displacement varies with distance along a stationary wave
at two instants of time.

Displacement

W X

Distance

Which of the following statements is correct?

A Points W and X are in antiphase.

B Points W and Y are in phase.

C Points X and Y are in phase.

D Points X and Z are in antiphase.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

5
 *P69435A0528* Turn over
8 The graph shows how current I varies with potential difference V for an
electrical component.

Which component is represented by this graph?

A Diode

B Filament lamp

C Ohmic conductor

D Thermistor

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Two waves with wavelength λ are produced by the same source. The waves travel
different distances and then meet.
λ
At the point where they meet, the path difference between the two waves is .
8
Which of the following is the phase difference, in radians, between the two waves?
π
A
2
π
B
4
π
C
8
π
D
16
(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

6
*P69435A0628* 
10 A light dependent resistor (LDR) and a fixed resistor are connected in a circuit,
as shown.

The intensity of the light incident on the LDR is increased.

Which of the following does not take place as the light intensity is increased?

A The current in the circuit increases.

B The potential difference across the fixed resistor increases.

C The total power dissipated in the circuit decreases.

D The resistance of the LDR decreases.

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

7
 *P69435A0728* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

11 A nichrome wire of length 0.45 m has a cross-sectional area of 2.5 × 10–7 m2.
The resistance of the wire is 2.0 Ω.
(a) Calculate the resistivity of nichrome.
(2)

Resistivity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A potential difference of 3.0 V is applied across the nichrome wire.

Calculate the drift velocity of the conduction electrons in the nichrome wire.
number of conduction electrons per m3 = 9.0 × 1028 m–3
(3)

Drift velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
*P69435A0828* 
(c) A student suggests that the drift velocity will double if the length of wire used in the
circuit is halved.
Comment on this suggestion.
(3)

(Total for Question 11 = 8 marks)

9
 *P69435A0928* Turn over
12 Rolled steel joists (RSJs) are used in the construction of buildings, as shown.

RSJ

The strength of an RSJ is greatly reduced if there are air gaps within the steel.
Ultrasound is used to detect any air gaps in the RSJ.
Pulses of ultrasound are sent by a transducer into an RSJ as shown. Any returning
ultrasound is detected by the transducer.

transducer

steel
ultrasound

air gap

(a) Explain how this arrangement can be used to show whether the RSJ contains an
air gap.
(4)

10
*P69435A01028* 
(b) Ultrasound is a sound wave with a frequency greater than 20 kHz. The frequency of
ultrasound used by the transducer in this method is 5 MHz.
Explain why a much higher frequency than 20 kHz is needed in this method.
(3)

(Total for Question 12 = 7 marks)

11
 *P69435A01128* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

12
*P69435A01228* 
*13 In the early 20th century, observations of the photoelectric effect demonstrated that light
behaves as a particle.
Explain how observations from the photoelectric effect demonstrate the particle nature
of light.

(Total for Question 13 = 6 marks)

13
 *P69435A01328* Turn over
14 A laser, a diffraction grating and a screen are set up as shown. The laser emits
monochromatic light.

laser
diffraction
grating
screen

When the laser is switched on, a series of bright dots is seen on the screen.
(a) The diagram below shows the position of the central dot at O. The next bright dot
appears at position X.
The diffraction grating has 450 lines per mm.

0.500 m

O
laser 1.690 m
diffraction
grating
screen

Determine the wavelength of the light from the laser.

(4)

Wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P69435A01428* 
(b) Explain why a series of bright dots is seen on the screen.
(3)

(c) The laser is replaced by a source producing a parallel beam of bright white light.
Suggest what would now be observed on the screen.
(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 9 marks)

15
 *P69435A01528* Turn over
15 A student investigated stationary waves on a string, using the apparatus shown.

pulley
vibrator

hanging masses

The frequency f of the vibrator was adjusted until a stationary wave was formed with
a node at each end. This was repeated for various stationary waves on the string.
A metre rule was used to measure the distance d between adjacent nodes on the string.
(a) The resolution of the metre rule was 1 mm, but the measurements were recorded to
the nearest 0.5 cm.
Suggest why.
(1)

(b) The student plotted a graph of d against 1/f as shown.

3.0

2.5

2.0
d/m

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
1/f / s

16
*P69435A01628* 
(i) Determine the total mass of the hanging masses used in the investigation.
mass per unit length of string = 4.5 × 10–4 kg m–1
(5)

Total mass of hanging masses = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The string was replaced with one that had twice the mass per unit length.
The length of the string and the mass of the hanging masses did not change.
Add a line to the graph to show how d varied with 1/f for the new string.
(2)

(Total for Question 15 = 8 marks)

17
 *P69435A01728* Turn over
16 Light is a transverse wave.
(a) Describe the difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
(2)

(b) Two prisms, A and B, made from different types of glass are placed in contact
as shown. An incident ray of light enters prism A.

prism A
60°
air air

incident ray

60°
prism B

(i) State why the incident ray of light does not change direction as it enters prism A.
(1)

18
*P69435A01828* 
(ii) The refractive index of the glass in prism B is greater than the refractive index
of the glass in prism A. When the ray of light reaches the boundary between the
prisms, some light is reflected and some is refracted.
Complete the diagram to show the two paths taken by the reflected and refracted
light until they have returned to the air.
(4)
(iii) Calculate the angle of refraction as this ray of light travels across the boundary
between prism A and prism B.
refractive index of glass in prism A = 1.40
refractive index of glass in prism B = 1.55
(3)

Angle of refraction = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The light emerging from prism B is observed through a polarising filter. The
polarising filter is rotated gradually, and the light transmitted by the filter varies
in intensity.
Explain how this observation demonstrates that light waves are transverse.
(2)

(Total for Question 16 = 12 marks)

19
 *P69435A01928* Turn over
17 A student set up the circuit shown.

12 V

3.0 Ω
4.0 Ω
6.0 Ω
X

(a) Calculate the number of electrons passing point X each second.

(6)

Number of electrons in one second = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P69435A02028* 
(b) Another resistor, Y, is added to the circuit as shown.

12 V

Y
3.0 Ω
4.0 Ω
6.0 Ω

The student wrote the following statement.

When resistor Y is added, the resistance of the parallel section

increases, the resistance of the whole circuit increases, and so, by
P = I 2R, the power dissipated by the whole circuit also increases.

Evaluate the student’s statement.

(4)

(Total for Question 17 = 10 marks)

21
 *P69435A02128* Turn over
18 Sirius A is the brightest star in the night sky and is mostly composed of hydrogen.
(a) When light from Sirius A passes through the hydrogen in the outer layers of the
star, some light is absorbed. This causes electrons in the hydrogen to be excited.
The diagram shows an electron being excited from the –3.40 eV level to the
–1.50 eV level.

0 eV

–1.50 eV

–3.40 eV

Ground state
–13.6 eV

The wavelengths of the different colours of visible light are shown in the
table below.

violet blue green yellow orange red

380–450 nm 450–495 nm 495–570 nm 570–590 nm 590–620 nm 620–750 nm

Deduce the colour of the visible light that caused the electron transition shown in
the diagram.
(4)

22
*P69435A02228* 
(b) A light year is the distance travelled by light in one year.
Sirius A is 8.60 light years from Earth. The intensity of radiation from Sirius A
received on Earth is 1.17 × 10–7 Wm–2.
Calculate the power of Sirius A.
(4)

Power of Sirius A = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 18 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
 *P69435A02328*
List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1
Coulomb’s law constant k = 1/4πε0
= 8.99 × 109 N m2 C–2
Electron charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in a vacuum  c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant  σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Unified atomic mass unit  u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u + v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t

24
*P69435A02428* 
Efficiency useful energy output
efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input
Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6πηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
∆x
Strain ε =
x

25
 *P69435A02528* Turn over
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2max
2
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

26
*P69435A02628* 
BLANK PAGE

27
 *P69435A02728*
BLANK PAGE

28
*P69435A02828* 

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