5.

LINEAR TRANSFORMATION IN ELECTRICAL

MACHINES
Transformation is the process of replacing one set of variables by another
related set of variables.
Linear Transformation: the transformation from old to new set of variables or
vice-versa is governed by linear equations.
Transformations Equations are equations expressing old variables in terms of
new variables or vice-versa.
In matrix form:
[New Variables] = [Transformation Matrix] [Old Variables]
or
[Old Variables] = [Transformation Matrix] [New Variables]
Transformation Matrix is a matrix containing the coefficients relating the old
and new variables.

Linear Transformations in Electrical Machines

Purpose
- Obtaining new equations fewer in number
- Simplifying the solution of the problem

5.1 Invariance of Power

Generally two transformations are considered; one for the voltage and the other
for the current. The two transformations may be different. But the power should
be maintained same under transformation from old to new set of variables. This
principle is known as Invariance of power.
The necessary condition is that the mmf (magnetomotive force) must be time and
space invariant.

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 5. 2 Transformation from a Displaced Brush Axis
One Set of Brushes
Suppose one set of brushes (AA) makes an angle  with the d-axis (Fig. 5.1a).
The armature establishes an mmf Fa along the brush axis. Fa can be resolved
along d-axis as Fd and along q-axis as Fq, where
Fd  Fa cos α
Fq  Fa sin α

q-Axis q-Axis

A Fq
ia Fa
Q
iq
r r
 d-Axis  D Fd
d-Axis
id

A
ia

(a) (b)
Fig. 5.1 (a) One set of displaced brushes (b) Its dq- equivalent

Assuming equal number of turns in both armature and d-q coils, we get
Nid  Nia cos α
Niq  Nia sin α

or
id  ia cos α
(3.1)
iq  ia sin α

The two coils D and Q in Fig. 5.1b with the currents given above are required to
establish the equivalent mmfs.

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Two Sets of Brushes
Suppose two sets of brushes: one set (AA) makes an angle  with the d-axis and
another (BB) makes an angle  with the q-axis (Fig. 5.2a). The mmfs set up by
the brush-pairs AA and BB, Fa and Fb, respectively, (Fig. 5.2c)

Fig. 5.2 (a) Two sets of displaced brushes (b) Its d-q equivalent
(c) brush-shifting transformation

The D and Q coils set up mmfs Fd and Fq along their respective axis (Fig. 5.2b).
The resolution of mmfs Fa and Fb along d-q axes gives
Fd  Fa cos α - Fb sin β
Fq  Fa sin α  Fb cos β

Assuming equal number of turns as above, we get

id  ia cos α - ib sin β
(5.2)
iq  ia sin α  ib cosβ

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5. 3 Transformation from Three Phases to Two Phases
(a, b, c to α, β, 0)
A symmetrical 2-pole, 3-phase winding on the rotor is represented by three coils
A, B, C each of N effective turns and mutually displaced by 120, see Fig. 5.3a.

3-phase balanced system 2-phase balanced system

F
Fb

N3  N2
B
ib
r A r
i 
Fa F
ic ia i N 2
N3
N3

Fc

Fig. 5.3a Fig. 5.3b

3-phase currents 2-phase currents

ia  I m cos ωt iα  I m cos ωt
2π π
ib  I m cos (ω t  ) iβ  I m cos( ωt  )
3 2
4π  I m sin ωt
ic  I m cos (ω t  )
3

3
mmf  N 3 I m mmf = N2 Im
2

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Fa, Fb and Fc are the maximum values of mmfs. The resultant mmf has a
constant magnitude and rotates at a constant angular velocity depending on the
poles and frequency.
Fig. 5.3a shows a symmetrical 2-pole, 3-phase windings on the rotor:
A, B, C three coils mutually displaced by 120
N3 effective number of turns of each coil
Fig. 5.3b shows a balanced 2-phase windings:
,  two orthogonal coils
N2 effective number of turns of each coil
F, F maximum values of mmfs
For convenience in transformation, the axes of phases 'A' and '' are taken to be
coincident.
The two mmfs can be made equal in magnitude either by:
(i) changing the magnitude of the 2-phase current, or
(ii) changing the number of turns of the 2-phase windings, or
(iii) changing both.
(i) N2 = N3
Resolving the instantaneous 3-phase mmfs along the - axes (Fig. 5.3):

iα N 2  N 3 ia cos 0  ib cos120  ic cos 240 
Since N2 = N3, we obtain for the 2-phase currents:
 
iα  ia  ib  ic 
1
(5.3)
 2 

Similarly
 
i β N 2  N3 ia sin0  ib sin120  ic sin 240

or
 3 3 
i β  0  ib  ic  (5.4)
 2 2 

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For a balanced system
ia  ib  ic  0

Hence
 
iα  ia  ib  ic   ia  ia  ia
1 1 3
 2  2 2

3
iα  ia (5.5)
2
3
Thus the magnitude of the 2-phase currents is times the magnitude of the 3-
2
phase currents.
3
The total power of 2-phase system = 2 V  I  3V I = the total power of the 3-
2
phase system. Thus the invariance of power has been attained.
Disadvantages:
 transformations of current and voltage differ
 parameters of the 3- and 2-phase machines are not same

3
(ii) N2 = N3
2
For equal mmfs then:
i = ia
3
The per phase voltage of 2-phase machine = the per phase voltage of the 3-
2
phase machine.
3
The total power of 2-phase system = 2  V  I  3 V I = the total power of the
2
three-phase system. The invariance of power has been attained.
Disadvantages:
 transformations of current and voltage differ
 parameters of the 3- and 2-phase machines are not same

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 3
(iii) N 2  N3
2

For equal mmfs:

3
iα  ia (5.6)
2

3
The per phase voltage of 2-phase machine = the per phase voltage of the 3-
2

phase machine.
Transformations for voltage and current are identical. Impedance per phase is
same.

Example 5.1
A 3-phase induction motor has the following per phase parameters referred to
stator:
Stator resistance, Rs = 0.3 
Rotor resistance, Rr = 0.45 
Stator leakage reactance, Xls = 2.1 
Rotor leakage reactance, Xlr = 2.1 
Magnetizing reactance, Xm = 30 
Find the parameters of an equivalent 2-phase induction if its per phase turns are:
(a) same as that of the 3-phase induction motor, N3 = N2,
(b) 3/2 times that of the 3-phase induction motor, N2 = 3/2 N3,
3 3
(c) times that of the 3-phase induction motor, N 2  N 3 .
2 2

Solution
(a) N2 = N3
Let

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 ia  I m cos(ω t   )
ib  I m cos(ω t  120ο   )
ic  I m cos(ω t  240ο   )

Since, N2 = N3, for equal mmfs, the magnitude of currents in the 2-phase motor
must be 3/2 times the magnitude of currents in the 3-phase motor. From Eqn.
5.3:

ia  I m cosω t   
3 3
iα 
2 2
From Eqn. 5.4:

iβ 
3
ib  ic 
2


2
3
   
I m cos ω t    120ο  cos ω t    240ο 

2
3

I m cosω t   cos 120ο  sinω t    sin 120ο  cosω t    cos 240ο  sinω t    sin 240ο 
3  1 
I m  cosω t     sinωt     cosωt     sinωt   
3 1 3

2  2 2 2 2 
3   3
sinω t     I m sinω t   
3
 I m 2 *
2  2  2
Further, let
va Vm cos ω t
vb Vm cos (ω t  120 ο )
vc Vm cos (ω t  240 ο )

Since N2 = N3 and the rotating mmfs have same magnitude

vα  va  Vm cosω t

vβ 
1
vb  vc  1
   
Vm cos ω t  120   cos ω t  240  
3 3


1

Vm cos ω t cos 120   sin ω t sin120   cos ω t cos 240   sin ω t sin 240  
3

1  1 3 1 3 
 Vm  cos ω t  sin ω t  cos ω t  sin ω t 
3  2 2 2 2 
 Vm sin ω t

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2  phase inductionmotor parameters Per  phase voltage/per  phase current

3  phase inductionmotor parameters Per  phase voltage/per  phase current
V
3
I
 2
V
I
2

3
The parameters of the equivalent 2-phase induction motor are:
Stator resistance, Rs = 2/3 * 0.3 = 0.2 
Rotor resistance, Rr = 2/3 * 0.45 = 0.3 
Stator leakage reactance, Xls = 2/3 * 2.1= 1.4 
Rotor leakage reactance, Xlr = 2/3 * 2.1= 1.4 
Magnetizing reactance, Xm = 2/3 *30 = 20 
(b) N2 = 3/2 N3
For a 3-phase motor:
Per phase voltage = V
Per phase current = I
For a 2-phase motor:
Per phase voltage = 3/2 V
Per phase current = I
The parameters of the equivalent 2-phase induction motor are:
Stator resistance, Rs = 3/2 * 0.3 = 0.45 
Rotor resistance, Rr = 3/2 * 0.45 = 0.675 
Stator leakage reactance, Xls = 3/2 * 2.1= 3.15 
Rotor leakage reactance, Xlr = 3/2 * 2.1= 3.15 
Magnetizing reactance, Xm = 3/2 *30 = 45 

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 3
(c) N 2  N3
2

For a 3-phase motor:

Per phase voltage = V
Per phase current = I
For a 2-phase motor:
3
Per phase voltage = V
2

3
Per phase current = I
2

The parameters of the equivalent 2-phase induction motor are the same as that of
the 3-phase induction motor.
Transformation Equations in Matrix Form
 1 1  ia 
 
 iα  2 1 2 2  i 
i   
3 3
  b (5.6)
 β 3 0
 ic 
 2 2 

The transformation matrix can be made square if there is a third equation. The
zero sequence current i0 does not produce any rotating mmf and is defined as:

i0 
1
ia  ib  ic 
3
1
The factor is chosen arbitrarily to suit the transformations.
3

The transformation equations are:

 1 1 
 1  
iα  2 2  ia 
 
i   2  0
3

3 i  (5.7)
 β 3 2 2   b
 i0   1 1 1  ic 
 
 2 2 2 

The transformation matrix is:

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ids  1 0 is 
i     
 qs  0 1 is 

 1 1 
  
2 2 
 1 
A 2  0
3

3
3  1 2 2 
 1 1 
 2 
 2 2 

The inverse of matrix is:

 1 
 1 0 
 2
A  1

2 1

3 2
3 1 
2 2
 
 1 
3 1 
 2 2 2 

or
  1 
 cos 0 sin0  
 2
A  1

2
3
cos
2π
sin
2π 1 
3 3 2
 4π 4π 1 
cos sin 
 3 3 2

The inverse matrix A-1 is employed to obtain the currents ia, ib and ic from the
currents i, i and i0 as follows:
  1 
 cos 0 sin 0 
ia   2  iα 
i   2 cos 2π sin
2π 1  i  (3.8)
 b 3  3 3 2  β
ic   4π 4π 1  i0 
cos sin 
 3 3 2

Power Invariance
For a 2-phase machine, the power is
P  i  v 
αβ αβ
T
αβ (5.9)

i and v are the 2-phase currents and voltages respectively.

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The equivalent - currents in terms of ia, ib and ic, are:
i   Ai 
αβ abc (5.10)
Also
v  Av 
αβ abc (5.11)
Taking the transpose of Eq. 3.10:
i   i  A
αβ
T
abc
T T
(5.12)
Making the substitutions:
P   i  A Av 
αβ abc
T T
abc (5.13)
Now
Pabc iabcT vabc 
For power invariance
P  P 
αβ abc

Hence
iabcT AT Avabc iabcT vabc
So for the power to be invariant
AT AU
Here U is the unit matrix.
or
AT  A-1 
If the transpose of the transformation matrix equals the inverse matrix the power
is invariant or constant.
In the present case of transformation from 3-phase to 2-phase it is observed that
AT  A-1  .
And so the power invariance has been maintained.

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