VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to JNTUH

A5001 – LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Handout # 3
Solution of system of non homogeneous equations
3.1. System of linear algebraic equations

Consider the system of linear equations in -unknowns is

The matrix representation of above system is (1)

Where
is the coefficient matrix, is the column variable matrix and is the column constant matrix.

The system is said to be

 Non-Homogeneous if i.e., at least one of is non-zero.

 Homogeneous if i.e., all are zero.

 Augmented matrix of the system is denoted by and defined as

3.1.1. Conditions for consistency of non-homogeneous linear system of equations:

Consider the non-homogeneous system

1) If (number of unknowns) then the system is consistent and

has unique solution.

2) If (number of unknowns) then the system is consistent and

has an infinite number of solutions in terms arbitrary constants.

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3) If then the system is inconsistent i.e. it has no solution at all.

3.1.2. Procedure to find the solution of linear system non-homogeneous equations:

1) Write the given system in the form

2) Write the augmented matrix

3) Reduce the augmented matrix to echelon form and then solve for the unknowns by back substitution.

Example 3.1. Test for consistency of .

Solution. The matrix representation of given system is

Where , ,

The augmented matrix is

, and

Applying

Applying and

Applying which is in echelon form

and
The given system of equations is inconsistent and it has no solution.

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Example 3.2. Test for consistency of equations and solve if consistent;

.
Solution. The matrix representation of given system is

Where

The augmented matrix is

and
Applying .

Applying which is in echelon form.

and

(Number of unknowns)
The given system of equations is consistent and it has an infinite number of solutions in terms

arbitrary constants.

From echelon form, the given system can be written as

… (1)

… (2)

Let and

From equation (2), we get

From equation (1), we get

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 The solution of given system is where are arbitrary constants.

Example 3.3. For what values of the equations , ,

have a solution and solve them completely in each case .
Solution. The matrix representation of given system is

Where

The augmented matrix is

and
Applying .

Applying

Which is in echelon form and

given system has a solution then

If the

This is possible when

Case (i): Solution when

Put in echelon form of we get

It can be written as

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 (1)

(2)

Let

From equation (2), we get

From equation (1), we get

The solution of given system is is where is an arbitrary constant.

Case (ii): Solution when

Put in echelon form of we get

It can be written as

(1)

(2)

Let

From equation (2), we get

From equation (1), we get

The solution of given system is is where is an arbitrary constant.

Exercise 3

1. Test for the consistency the and solve

2. Investigate for consistency of the following equations and if possible find the solutions;

3. Solve the system of equations

4. Test for the consistency and solve

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 . Investigate for what values of and the simultaneous equations
5

have (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite no. of solutions.

6. Find the values of for which the equations , are

consistent. When will these equations have a unique solution?

7. Show that the equations do not have a solution

unless

8. Solve .

. Show that the system of equations

9
is consistent and solve them.

10. For what values of the parameter will the following equations fails to have solution

11. Solve .

2. Find the values of so that the equations

1
have (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite no. of solutions.

Answers:

1. Inconstant 2. 3.

4. 5. for any .

6. When consistent and have infinite no. of solutions and When for any

consistent and has unique solution.

8. Inconsistent 9. 10.

11. 12. for any

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