Science10-Q4 Module 3-4 (Week 3-4) MATTER AND ITS INTERACTIONS

Lesson 1 Biomolecules
What I Need To Know

In this particular lesson, you will learn about substances that are essential to all living things.
Competency: Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids (S10MT-IVc-d-22)
Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Define biomolecules;
2. Identify the elements that made up a biomolecules; and
3. State the different basic classes of biomolecules.

What I Know
TRUE OR FALSE: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
_____ 1. Biomolecules are inorganic molecules produced by living organisms.
_____ 2. Biomolecules are organic because they contain carbon and hydrogen.
_____ 3. Biomolecules are combinations of smaller molecules covalently joined together.
_____ 4. Biomolecules are mailnly consist of four general elements, namely; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen.
_____ 5. Biomolecules provide structural components of the cell.
What’s In
In Grade 9 Science, you have learned that the bonding characteristics of carbon result in formation of
larger variety of compounds. In this module, you will learn about biomolecules as building block of life.

What’s New
Biochemistry is a field in science that combines biology as well as chemistry to describe carbon
compound and the reactions they undergo in living organisms. This branch in science mainly deals with the
study of the structure and functions of biomolecules.

What Is It
Biomolecules are organic molecules that are produced by living organisms. They are mainly consist of
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). These elements are nonmetals and covalently bond
in various ways to form biomolecules. There are a wide range of biomolecules, from micromolecules (small
molecules) to macromolecules (large molecules).
Biomolecules have four major classes, These are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Each class is an important cell component and performs a wide array of functions.
What’s More
Fill in the blanks with the necessary information to complete the concept about biomolecules. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

The organic molecules that are produced by living organisms are (1) . These biological
macromolecules are mainly consist of (2) , (3) , (4) , and (5) that bonded (6) to form
a wide range of biomolecules. Biomolecules are categorized into four major classes, namely: (7) , (8)
, (9) , and (10) .

What I Have Learned

Answer the question briefly and concisely. Why are biomolecules essential to organisms?
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What I Can Do
Answer the question briefly and concisely. Can you consider foods as rich sources of biomolecules? Why?
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Additional Activities
What is the significance of understanding biomolecules to human lives?
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 Science10 Q4 Module 3-4 MATTER AND ITS INTERACTIONS
Lesson 2 Synthesis of Biomolecules

What I Need To Know

In this particular lesson, you will learn about reactions of biomolecules.
Competency: Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids (S10MT-IVc-d-22)
Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Differentiate dehydration from hydrolysis reaction.

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned that all matter including organisms are made up of elements in
various combinations. These combinations form the essential macromolecules that are also built from smaller
organic molecules, micromolecules. In this lesson, you will learn about the two reactions, hydrolysis and
dehydration.

What’s New
Most macromolecules are made from subunits or building blcks, called monomers. The monomers
combine with each other linked by covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. But, at times,
polymers are broken down into monomers for easy absorptions of energy for cellular activities.

What Is It
Macromolecules are made up of single units known as monomers that are joined by covalent bonds to
form larger polymers. As a monomer joins with another monomer to form a covalent bond, it release a water
molecule. On the other hand, when polymers are broken down into smaller units or monomers, a molecule of
water is used for each bond broken.
These two types of reactions are dehydration or condensation and hydrolysis. Dehydration and
hydrolysis reactions are similar for all macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific to
its class. Condensation or dehydration reaction is a process by which two monomers form a bond with the
removal of a water molecule, while hydrolysis reaction typically add water to a reactant thus breaking the
reactant into two product molecules.

What’s More
IDENTIFICATION: Identify the word/s being describe. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
__________1. What do we call the single unit that can bond to another single unit to form a polymer?
__________2. What do we call the process when a monomer bond with another monomer?
__________3. What do we call the process when a polymer is broken down into single units or monomers?
__________ 4 & 5 Monomers combine to form _________ through the process of __________.

What I Have Learned

Complete the diagram below by writing the similarities and differences between dehydration and
hydrolysis process.
Dehydration Hydrolysis

What I Can Do
Answer the question briefly and concisely.
Give your insight on the importance of biomolecules undergoing dehydration or hydrolysis?
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Additional Activities
Answer the question briefly and concisely.
Given the chemical equation, what process or reaction do the macromolecules undergone? Explain
your answer.
NH4 + H2O NH3 + H3O
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Science10 Q4 Module 3-4 MATTER AND ITS INTERACTIONS

Lesson 3 Categories of Biomolecules
What I Need To Know
In this particular lesson, you will learn about major classes of biomolecules.

Competency: Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids (S10MT-IVc-d-22)

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Differentiate biomolecules from each other in terms of their structure and function.

What’s In
You have learned that biomolecules undergone reactions or processes, hydrolysis and dehydration, to
produce necessary nutrients for cellular activities of organisms. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the
major biomolecules essential to life.

What’s New
Food gives the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Different types of food provide different
nutrients for energy, growth and repair. Many of these nutrients are biological macromolecules or large
molecules. There are four major classes of biomolemocules, namely: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids.

What Is It
Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are vital energy source for the cell and provide
structural support to plant cells, fungi and all of the arthropods. Carbohydrates are classified as
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.Glucose, galactose and fructose are common
monosaccharides, whereas common disaccharides include lactose, maltose and sucrose. Starch and
glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively.

Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. Major types include
fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats are a stored form of energy and are also known as
triacylglycerol or triglycerides. Fats are made up of fatty acids and either glycerol or sphingosine. Fatty acids
may be saturated or unsaturated. Phospholipids make up the matrix of membranes. They have a glycerol or
sphingosine backbone to which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-cotaining group are attached. Steroids
are another class of lipids. Their basic structure has four fused carbon rings. Cholesterol is a type of steroid
and is an important constituent of the plasma membrane, where it helps to maintain the fluid nature of the
membrane.

Proteins are a class of macromolecules that perform a diverse range of functions for the cell: providing
structural support, acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones, and many other roles. The monomers of proteins
are amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon that is linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group,
hydrogen atom, and an R group. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids, each of which differs in the R
group. Each amino acid in a polypeptide chain is linked to another amino acid by a peptide bond. A long chain
of amino acids is known as a polypepetide.

Nucleic acids are molecules made up of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division
and protein synthesis. Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate
group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA carries the genetic blueprint of the cell and is
passed on from parents to offspring. It has a double-helical structure, with two strands running in opposite
directions, connected by hzdrogen bonds, and complementary to each other. RNA is usually single-stranded
and is made of ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and phosphate group. RNA is involved in protein synthesis
and its regulation.
What’s More
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Analyze each questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is not a major source of protein?
a. fish b. egg c. milk d. vegetable

2. Which of the following contains the most lipids?

a. banana b. champorado c. olive oil d. cheese

3. Which of the following is a correct pair?

a. glucose:disaccharides c. starch:polysaccharides
b. sucrose:monosaccharides d. triglyceride:polysaccharides

4. Which is a correct pair of protein and function?

a. enzymes: speed up reactions in the body and eventually used up in the process
b. collage: provides strength and flexibility to connective tissues
c. actn and myosin: supplies amino acids to baby mammals
d. hemoglobin: helps regulate blood sugar levels

5. Which of the following sugars are the component of maltose?

a. glucose and galactose c. glucose and fructose
b. fructose and galactose d. glucose and glucose
What I Have Learned
Fill in the table with the necessary information to complete the concept about the structure and
functions of classes of biomolecules.
ELEMENT
BIOMOLECULES MONOMERS FUNCTIONS
CONTENT
Carbohydrates C, H, O
Protein C, H, O, N, S
Lipid C, H, O
Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P

What I Can Do
Answer the question briefly and concisely.
Why is it important to have a healthy and well-balanced diet?
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Additional Activities
Create a 100-word essay titled,”Biomolecules of Life.” The essay should focus on the importance of
the four classes of biomolecules to the oganism’s cellular functions.