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 Predictive Modeling
in Biomedical Data Mining
and Analysis
This page intentionally left blank
 Predictive Modeling
in Biomedical Data Mining
and Analysis

Edited by
Sudipta Roy
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Jio Institute,
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Lalit Mohan Goyal

Department of Computer Engineering, J C Bose University of Science
and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, India

Valentina E. Balas
Professor of Automation and Applied Informatics, Aurel Vlaicu University
of Arad, Arad, Romania

Basant Agarwal
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Information Technology Kota, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Mamta Mittal
Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University, New Delhi, India
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Contents

Contributors xi
About the Editors xv
Preface xix

1. Data mining with deep learning in biomedical data 1

Kuldeep Singh and Jyoteesh Malhotra

1. Introduction 1
2. Role of deep learning techniques in epileptic seizure
detection 3
3. Proposed method of seizure detection 5
4. Results and discussion 12
5. Conclusions 16
References 16

2. Applications of supervised machine learning techniques

with the goal of medical analysis and prediction:
A case study of breast cancer 21
Koushal Kumar and Bhagwati Prasad Pande

1. Introduction 21
2. A brief literature survey 23
3. Dataset and modus operandi 24
4. Data visualization 30
5. Feature selection and dimensionality reduction 33
6. Experimental results and discussions 39
7. Conclusions 45
References 46

v
vi Contents

3. Medical decision support system using data mining 49

N.L. Taranath, H.R. Roopashree, A.C. Yogeesh, L.M. Darshan, and
C.K. Subbaraya

1. Introduction 49
2. Medical decision support system: A review 50
3. Ontological representation of MDSS 53
4. Integrated medical decision support system 57
5. Conclusion and future enhancement 62
References 63

4. Role of AI techniques in enhancing multi-modality

medical image fusion results 65
Harmeet Kaur and Satish Kumar

1. Introduction 65
2. Modalities 66
3. Fusion process 67
4. AI based fusion 70
5. Evaluation 73
6. Experimental results 75
7. Conclusion and future scope 79
Acknowledgment 79
References 79

5. A comparative performance analysis of backpropagation

training optimizers to estimate clinical gait mechanics 83
Jyotindra Narayan, Sanchit Jhunjhunwala, Shivansh Mishra,
and Santosha K. Dwivedy

1. Introduction 83
2. Methods: Related work and dataset 86
3. Backpropagation neural network and training optimizers 88
4. BPNN implementation 92
 Contents vii

5. Results and discussions 94

6. Conclusions 101
References 102

6. High-performance medicine in cognitive impairment:

Brain–computer interfacing for prodromal
Alzheimer’s disease 105
H.M.K.K.M.B. Herath, R.G.D. Dhanushi, and B.G.D.A. Madhusanka

1. Introduction 105
2. Related works 108
3. Methodology 109
4. Results 115
5. Conclusion 119
References 120

7. Brain tumor classifications by gradient and XG boosting

machine learning models 123
Nalini Chintalapudi, Gopi Battineni, Lalit Mohan Goyal,
and Francesco Amenta

1. Introduction 123
2. Research background 125
3. Methods 126
4. Results and discussions 132
5. Conclusions 135
Conflicts of interest 135
References 135

8. Biofeedback method for human–computer interaction

to improve elder caring: Eye-gaze tracking 137
B.G.D.A. Madhusanka, Sureswaran Ramadass, Premkumar Rajagopal,
and H.M.K.K.M.B. Herath

1. Introduction 137
viii Contents

2. Anatomy of the human eye 138

3. Overview of eye-gaze tracking 140
4. Eye-gaze tracking for human–computer interaction 142
5. Proposed design 143
6. Results 147
7. Conclusion 151
References 152

9. Prediction of blood screening parameters for preliminary

analysis using neural networks 157
Aman Kataria, Divya Agrawal, Sita Rani, Vinod Karar,
and Meetali Chauhan

1. Introduction 157
2. Related work 158
3. Methodology 160
4. Results 163
5. Conclusion 167
References 167

10. Classification of hypertension using an

improved unsupervised learning technique and
image processing 171
Usharani Bhimavarapu and Mamta Mittal

1. Introduction 171
2. Related work 174
3. Methodology 175
4. Experimental results 178
5. Conclusion 184
References 184
 Contents ix

11. Biomedical data visualization and clinical decision-making

in rodents using a multi-usage wireless brain stimulator
with a novel embedded design 187
V. Milner Paul, Loitongbam Surajkumar Singh, S.R. Boselin Prabhu,
T. Jarin, Shuma Adhikari, and S. Sophia

1. Introduction 187
2. Architectural design and circuit modeling 189
3. Implementation and experimental verification 193
4. Results and discussions 201
5. Conclusion and future directions 202
References 204

12. LSTM neural network-based classification of sensory

signals for healthy and unhealthy gait assessment 207
Jyotindra Narayan, Sanghamitra Johri, and Santosha K. Dwivedy

1. Introduction 207
2. Dataset collection 209
3. LSTM neural network model 209
4. Implementation of LSTM neural network 215
5. Results and discussions 217
6. Conclusions 221
References 221

13. Data-driven machine learning: A new approach to

process and utilize biomedical data 225
Kalpana, Aditya Srivastava, and Shashank Jha

1. An introduction to artificial intelligence and machine

learning in healthcare 225
2. Challenges and roadblocks to be addressed 231
3. The need to address these issues 238
4. Recommendations and guidelines for the improvement
of ML-based algorithms 238
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x Contents

5. Applications in the present scenarios 241

6. Future prospects and conclusion 244
References 246

14. Multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on

decomposition for feature selection in medical diagnosis 253
Sudhansu Shekhar Patra, Mamta Mittal, and Om Prakash Jena
1. Introduction 253
2. Medical applications 255
3. Feature selection 257
4. Literature review 261
5. Metaheuristics and MOO 262
6. Multiobjective optimization problems (MOOPs) 266
7. Role of EA in MOO 272
8. MOEA based on decomposition 274
9. Application of MOEA/D in feature selection for
medical diagnosis 281
10. Experimental results 286
11. Conclusion 289
References 289

15. Machine learning techniques in healthcare informatics:

Showcasing prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus
disease using lifestyle data 295
Majid Bashir Malik, Shahid Mohammad Ganie, and Tasleem Arif

1. Introduction 295
2. Machine learning in healthcare 296
3. Proposed framework 302
4. Results and discussion 303
5. Conclusion and future scope 306
References 309

Index 313
Contributors

Shuma Adhikari Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology

Manipur (NITM), Imphal, India
Divya Agrawal CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India
Francesco Amenta Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicinal and Health Products
Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino; Research Department, International Radio
Medical Centre (C.I.R.M.), Rome, Italy
Tasleem Arif Department of Information Technology, BGSB University, Rajouri, UT J&K,
India
Gopi Battineni Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicinal and Health Products
Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
Usharani Bhimavarapu Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru
Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Meetali Chauhan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gulzar Institute of
Engineering and Technology (Affiliated To I.K.G. Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala)
Gulzar Group of Institutes, Khanna (Ludhiana), Punjab, India
Nalini Chintalapudi Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicinal and Health Products
Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
L.M. Darshan School of CSE, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
R.G.D. Dhanushi Faculty of Livestock Fisheries & Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri
Lanka, Makandura, Sri Lanka
Santosha K. Dwivedy Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Shahid Mohammad Ganie Department of Computer Sciences, BGSB University, Rajouri,
UT J&K, India
Lalit Mohan Goyal Department of Computer Engineering, J C Bose University of Science
and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, India
H.M.K.K.M.B. Herath Faculty of Computing and IT, Sri Lanka Technological Campus,
Padukka, Sri Lanka

xi
xii Contributors

T. Jarin Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,

Thrissur, India
Om Prakash Jena Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack,
India
Shashank Jha Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for
Handicapped, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sanchit Jhunjhunwala Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Sanghamitra Johri Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Kalpana Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for
Handicapped, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Vinod Karar CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India
Aman Kataria CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India
Harmeet Kaur DCSA, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Koushal Kumar Sikh National College, Qadian, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar,
Punjab, India
Satish Kumar SSG Regional Centre Hoshiarpur, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
B.G.D.A. Madhusanka School of Science and Engineering, Malaysia University of Science
and Technology (MUST), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Jyoteesh Malhotra Department of Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev
University Regional Campus Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Majid Bashir Malik Department of Computer Sciences, BGSB University, Rajouri, UT J&K,
India
V. Milner Paul Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Manipur (NITM), Imphal, India
Shivansh Mishra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National
Institute of Technology, Surat, India
Mamta Mittal Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University, New Delhi, India
Jyotindra Narayan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Bhagwati Prasad Pande Department of Computer Applications, LSM Government PG
College, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India
 Contributors xiii

Sudhansu Shekhar Patra School of Computer Applications, KIIT Deemed to be

University, Bhubaneswar, India
S.R. Boselin Prabhu Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Surya
Engineering College, Mettukadai, India
Premkumar Rajagopal Malaysia University of Science and Technology (MUST), Petaling
Jaya, Malaysia
Sureswaran Ramadass School of Science and Engineering, Malaysia University of Science
and Technology (MUST), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Sita Rani Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gulzar Institute of
Engineering and Technology (Affiliated To I.K.G. Punjab Technical University,
Kapurthala) Gulzar Group of Institutes, Khanna (Ludhiana), Punjab, India
H.R. Roopashree Department of CS & E, GSSSITEW, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Kuldeep Singh Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University
Amritsar, Punjab, India
Loitongbam Surajkumar Singh Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur (NITM), Imphal, India
S. Sophia Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Krishna
College of Engineering and Technology, Kuniyamuthur, India
Aditya Srivastava Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, India
C.K. Subbaraya Adichuchanagiri University, Nagamangala, Karnataka, India
N.L. Taranath Department of CS & E, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand,
India
A.C. Yogeesh Department of CS & E, Government Engineering College, Kushalnagar,
Karnataka, India
This page intentionally left blank
About the Editors

Dr. Sudipta Roy is working as an assistant professor in the Artificial Intelligence and Data
Science Department at JIO Institute, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Prior to that, he
was a postdoctoral research associate at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United
States. He has received his PhD in Computer Science and Engineering from the Depart-
ment of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal,
India. He is the author of more than 50 publications in refereed international journals and
conference proceedings published by IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, and many other publishers.
He has authored/edited four books and many book chapters. He holds a US patent in
medical image processing and has filed an Indian patent in the field of smart agricultural
systems. He has served as a regular reviewer for many international journals including
those published by IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, IET, and many other publishers, and interna-
tional conferences. He has served as an international advisory committee member and
program committee member of INDIAcom-2020, AICAE-2019, INDIACom-2019, CAAI
2018, ICAITA-2018, ICSESS-2018, INDIACom-2018, ISICO-2017, AICE-2017, and many
other conferences. Currently, he is serving as associate editor of IEEE Access (IEEE) and
International Journal of Computer Vision and Image Processing (IJCVIP; IGI Global) and
topic editor of Journal of Imaging (MDPI). In recognition of his exceptional contributions
to the IEEE Access journal as associate editor, the IEEE Access Editorial Board and Editorial
Office honored him as an Outstanding Associate Editor of 2020. He has more than 5 years
of experience in teaching and research. His fields of research interests are biomedical
image analysis, image processing, steganography, artificial intelligence, big data analysis,
machine learning, and big data technologies.

Dr. Lalit Mohan Goyal has completed PhD in Computer Engineering from Jamia Millia
Islamia, New Delhi, India, MTech (Honors) in Information Technology from Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India, and BTech (Honors) in Computer Engi-
neering from Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India. He has 17 years of teaching
experience in the areas of theory of computation, parallel and random algorithms, distrib-
uted data mining, and cloud computing. He has completed a project sponsored by the
Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi. He has published and communicated more
than 40 research papers in SCI, SCIE, and Scopus-indexed journals and attended many
workshops, Faculty Development Programs, and seminars. He has filed nine patents in
the area of artificial intelligence and deep learning, out of which four have been granted
and others are published online. He is a reviewer of many reputed journals and confer-
ences. He is a series editor for CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, and has edited many books

xv
xvi About the Editors

for Elsevier and Springer. Presently, he is working in the Department of Computer Engi-
neering, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, India.

Prof. Valentina E. Balas is currently full professor in the Department of Automatics and
Applied Software at the Faculty of Engineering, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania.
She holds a PhD cum laude in Applied Electronics and Telecommunications from Poly-
technic University of Timisoara. Dr. Balas is the author of more than 400 research papers
in refereed journals and international conferences. Her research interests are in intelligent
systems, fuzzy control, soft computing, smart sensors, information fusion, and modeling
and simulation. She is the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Advanced Intel-
ligence Paradigms (IJAIP) and International Journal of Computational Systems Engineer-
ing (IJCSysE), editorial board member of several national and international journals, and
expert evaluator for national/international projects and PhD theses. Dr. Balas is the direc-
tor of Intelligent Systems Research Centre in Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad and director
of the Department of International Relations, Programs and Projects in the same univer-
sity. She served as the general chair for nine editions of the International Workshop on Soft
Computing and Applications (SOFA) organized during the period 2005–2020 and held in
Romania and Hungary. Dr. Balas participated in many international conferences as orga-
nizer; honorary chair; session chair; member of the steering, advisory, or international
program committees; and keynote speaker. Recently, she was working on a national pro-
ject with EU funding support “BioCell-NanoART ¼ Novel Bio-inspired Cellular Nano-
Architectures—For Digital Integrated Circuits,” 3M Euro from the National Authority
for Scientific Research and Innovation. She is a member of the European Society for Fuzzy
Logic and Technology (EUSFLAT), member of the Society for Industrial and Applied
Mathematics (SIAM), a senior member of IEEE, member of Technical Committee—Fuzzy
Systems (IEEE Computational Intelligence Society), chair of the Task Force 14 in Technical
Committee—Emergent Technologies (IEEE CIS), and member of Technical Committee—
Soft Computing (IEEE SMCS). Dr. Balas was past vice president of the International Fuzzy
Systems Association (IFSA) Council (2013–2015), is a joint secretary of the governing
council of the Forum for Interdisciplinary Mathematics (FIM, a multidisciplinary aca-
demic body based in India), and is a recipient of the “Tudor Tanasescu” Prize from the
Romanian Academy for contributions in the field of soft computing methods (2019).

Dr. Basant Agarwal is working as an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Informa-
tion Technology Kota (IIIT-Kota), India, which is an institute of national importance. He
holds a PhD and MTech from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India. He has more than nine years of
experience in research and teaching. He has worked as a postdoc research fellow at the
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway, under the prestigious
European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM) fellowship in
2016. He has also worked as a research scientist at Temasek Laboratories, National
 About the Editors xvii

University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore. His research interests are in artificial intelli-
gence, cyber-physical systems, text mining, natural language processing, machine learn-
ing, deep learning, intelligent systems, expert systems, and related areas.

Dr. Mamta Mittal is working as program head and associate professor (Data Analytics and
Data Science) in Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University (under the Government of
NCT Delhi), New Delhi, India. She received her PhD in Computer Science and Engineering
from Thapar University, Patiala; MTech (Honors) in Computer Science and Engineering
from YMCA, Faridabad; and BTech in Computer Science and Engineering from Kurukshe-
tra University, Kurukshetra, in 2001. She has been teaching for the last 18 years and spe-
cializes in data mining, machine learning, DBMS, and data structure. Dr. Mittal is a
lifetime member of CSI and has published more than 80 research papers in SCI, SCIE,
and Scopus-indexed journals. She holds five patents, two copyrights granted, and three
more published patents in the areas of artificial intelligence, IoT, and deep learning. Dr.
Mittal has edited/authored many books with reputed publishers like Springer, IOS Press,
Elsevier, and CRC Press and is working on a DST-approved project “Development of
IoT-Based Hybrid Navigation Module for Mid-sized Autonomous Vehicles” with a research
grant of 25 lakhs. Currently, she is guiding PhD scholars in the areas of machine learning,
computer vision, and deep learning. Dr. Mittal is an editorial board member for publishers
like Inderscience, Bentham Science, Springer, and Elsevier, and has handled special issues
and chaired a number of conferences. She is book series editor of Innovations in Health
Informatics and Healthcare: Using Artificial Intelligence and Smart Computing and
another series Edge AI in Future Computing for CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, United States.
She is associate editor, advisory member, and editor for Springer journals, Dyna (Spain),
and Elsevier journals, respectively.
This page intentionally left blank
Preface

Machine learning (ML) techniques are used as predictive models for many applications
including those in the field of biomedicine. These techniques have shown impressive
results across a variety of domains in biomedical engineering research. Biology and med-
icine are data-rich disciplines, but the data are complex and often not properly under-
stood. Most biomedical data are categorized into structured, semi-structured, and
unstructured types with very high volume. The volume and complexity of these data pre-
sent new opportunities, but also pose new challenges. Automated algorithms that extract
meaningful patterns could lead to actionable knowledge and change how we develop
treatments, categorize patients, or study diseases, all within privacy-critical environ-
ments. This book addresses the issues described to predict and model biomedical data
mining and analysis. The book has been organized into 15 chapters.
Chapter 1 titled “Data Mining with Deep Learning in Biomedical Data” presents a time-
domain study of EEG signals to detect various neurological disorders with a specific focus
on epilepsy. The presented convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory
network (LSTM), and CNN-LSTM hybrid models were used to detect seizure activities in
precisely filtered EEG segments. The experimental results reveal the suitability of the
CNN-LSTM hybrid model for accurate and prompt detection of epileptic seizures with
an accuracy of 98%, sensitivity of 98.48%, and specificity of 99.19%, so that patients could
be saved from major injuries or sudden expected deaths. These models can be useful in
the detection of various diseases or disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease,
and the identification of breast cancer and bone- or skin-related diseases.
Chapter 2 titled “Applications of Supervised Machine Learning Techniques with the
Goal of Medical Analysis and Prediction: A Case Study of Breast Cancer” analyzes the Wis-
consin Breast Cancer Diagnosis dataset for identifying essential features and assessing the
performance of some popular machine learning (ML) classifiers in breast cancer predic-
tion. The dataset is first cleaned by eliminating non-numerical values and normalizing the
data. The processed data are then visualized to grasp the hidden patterns and non-
essential attributes are trimmed. Eight different ML models are trained and tested over
the refined data for prediction of the two tumor classes. The presented study identified
vital features that were must-haves for the analysis, and the empirical results investigated
the superiority of particular ML classifiers over the others.
Chapter 3 titled “Medical Decision Support System Using Data Mining” describes how
a medical decision support system can support the medical decision-making processes at
both clinical and diagnostic levels. To provide an error-free and accurate service, clinicians

xix
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Other documents randomly have
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Loss of
His Majesty's Frigate Anson
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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Title: The Loss of His Majesty's Frigate Anson

Author: Unknown

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LOSS OF HIS

MAJESTY'S FRIGATE ANSON ***
The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public
domain.
 W Elmes
Loss of the Anson, frigate, off Cornwall.
Pub. by Thos. Tegg. 111, Cheapside, Aug. 1808.
 THE

LOSS

OF HIS MAJESTY’S FRIGATE

ANSON,
Which was Wrecked

WITHIN THREE MILES OF HELSTON,

December 28, 1807,

AND ABOUT
FIFTY PERSONS LOST.

ALSO AN
AUTHENTIC NARRATIVE OF THE LOSS

OF

The Sidney,
WHICH RAN UPON A DANGEROUS ROCK OR SHOAL,

May 20, 1808,

AND ONLY A FEW OF THE CREW PRESERVED;
 TOGETHER WITH

Several genuine Anecdotes,

AND ACCOUNTS OF
DREADFUL FAMINES AT SEA.

LONDON:
Printed for THOMAS TEGG, 111, CHEAPSIDE.

PRICE ONLY SIXPENCE.

 LOSS

OF HIS

MAJESTY’S FRIGATE

ANSON,
Which was wrecked near Helston,

DECEMBER 29, 1807.

THE following account of the unfortunate loss of his Majesty’s

frigate Anson, and of the much lamented death of Captain Lydiard, is
communicated by the captain’s steward, who was continually about
his person, and on whose veracity our readers may depend.
“On the 27th of December, 1807, cruizing off the Black Rocks, and
perceiving the approach of a gale, kept a look out for the
commodore in the Dragon. The next morning (Monday) the gale
increasing from the S.W. and not perceiving the Dragon in any
direction, at nine o’clock, shaped our course for the Lizard, with a
view of getting into Falmouth.
 “At twelve o’clock all hands upon deck, the sea running very high;
two bowsprits on the starboard-side washed away by the violence of
the sea; also a port abreast the main-mast, by which means she
shipped a great deal of water.
“The captain sent for the master at the time, to determine the
situation of the ship; and at half-past twelve o’clock, or thereabout,
land was seen about two miles distant, but from the extreme
thickness of the weather, we could not ascertain what part. Captain
Lydiard ordered the ship to be wore to the S.E. not thinking it safe to
stand in any nearer under such circumstances of weather. Soon after
ten o’clock the master wished them to run in again, and make the
land, which was supposed to be the Lizard; and that if we could
make it out, we should get into Falmouth; Captain Lydiard asked if
he thought it could be done without risk? he (the master) said, he
thought it could.
“The ship was then wore, but the weather still continuing thick,
we had a cast of the lead, and having 27 fathom, we were convinced
we must be to the westward of the Lizard, and immediately wore
ship again, and made all sail.
“Soon after three o’clock, as the captain was going to dinner, he
looked out of the quarter gallery, from whence he saw the breakers
close to us, and the land along distance ahead. The ship wore
instantly, and Captain Lydiard’s mind made up to come to an anchor,
for had we kept under weigh the ship must have struck upon the
rocks in a few hours. The top-gallant masts were got upon deck, and
she rode very well until four o’clock on Tuesday morning, when the
cable parted. The other anchor immediately let go, and the lower
yards and top-masts struck. At day-light the other cable parted, and
we were then so close to the land that we had no alternative but to
go on shore, when Captain Lydiard desired the master to run the
ship into the best situation for saving the lives of the people, and
fortunately a fine beach presented, upon which the ship was run.
Shortly after she struck the mainmast went, but hurt no one.
 “Captains Lydiard and Sullivan, with the first lieutenant, were
resolved to remain with the ship as long as possible; many people
were killed on board; the first lieutenant, and a number of others,
washed overboard. It was the captain’s great wish to save the lives
of the ship’s company, and he was employed in directing them the
whole of the time. He had placed himself by the wheel, holding by
the spokes, where he was exposed to the violence of the sea, which
broke tremendously over him, and from continuing in this situation
too long, waiting to see the people out of the ship, he became so
weak that upon attempting to leave the ship himself, and being
impeded by a boy who was in the way, and whom he endeavoured
to assist, he was washed away and drowned.”
Such is the steward’s account of this melancholy accident. Another
correspondent furnishes us with the following particulars.
“His Majesty’s Frigate Anson, of 40 guns, after completing her
stores of all kinds, for a four-months cruise, sailed from Falmouth on
the 24th of December, 1807, to resume her station off Brest. As it
blew very hard from the S.W.S. we were never able to get so far to
the westward; however, Captain Lydiard persevered in his
endeavours until the 28th.
“On the morning of that day we made the Isle of Bas, on the
French coast, which they had seen the preceding evening. There
being now every appearance of bad weather, Captain Lydiard
determined to return to port, and accordingly shaped a course for
the Lizard, the gale still increasing, and it coming on very heavy.
About three o’clock P.M. the land was seen about five miles west of
the Lizard, but at the time not exactly known, as many opinions
were expressed, as to what land was then in sight; the ship was
wore to stand of at sea, but had not long been on that tack before
the land was again descried right a-head.
“It was now quite certain that the ship was embayed, and every
exertion was made to work her off the shore; but finding she lost
ground every tack, she was brought to an anchor in 25 fathoms, at
five P.M. with the best bower anchor veered away to two cable’s
length. By their anchor, the ship rode in a most tremendous sea, and
as heavy a gale as was ever experienced, until 4 A.M. of the 29th,
when the cable parted. The small bower anchor was then let go, and
veered away to two cable’s length, which held her until 8 A.M. when
that also parted; and as the last resource, in order to preserve the
lives of as many as possible, the foretop sail was cut, and the ship
run on shore, on the sand which forms the bar between the Loe Pool
(about three miles from Helston) and the sea. The tide had ebbed
about an hour when she struck; on taking the ground, she broached
to with her broadside to the beach, and most happily heeled into the
shore; had she, on the contrary, heeled off, not a soul could have
escaped alive.
“Now commenced a most heart-rending scene to some hundreds
of spectators who had been in anxious suspence, and who exerted
themselves to the utmost, at the imminent risk of their lives, to save
those of their drowning fellow-men. Many of those who were most
forward in quitting the ship, lost their lives, being swept away by the
tremendous sea, which entirely went over the wreck. The main-mast
formed a floating raft from the ship to the shore, and the greater
part of those who escaped passed by this medium.”
Some of the officers who were fortunately saved have given us
the following further particulars of this unfortunate event.
“The Anson sailed from Falmouth on Christmas-eve, on her station
off the Black-rocks, as one of the look-out frigates of the Channel
fleet. In the violent storm of Monday, blowing about W. to S.W. she
stood across the entrance of the channel, towards Scilly, made the
Land’s End, which they mistook for the Lizard, and bore up, as they
thought, for Falmouth. Still doubtful, however, in the evening of
Monday, Captain Lydiard stood off again to the southward; when a
consultation being held, it was once more resolved to bear up for
Falmouth. Running eastward and northward, still under the fatal
persuasion, that the Lizard was on the north-west of them, they did
not discover their mistake till the man on the look-out a-head, called
out “breakers!” The ship was instantaneously broached-to, and the
best bower let go, which happily brought her up; but the rapidity
with which the cable had veered out, made it impossible to serve it,
and it soon parted in the hawse-hole. The sheet anchor was then let
go, which also brought up the ship; but after riding end-on for a
short time, this cable parted from the same cause, about eight in the
morning, and the ship went plump on shore, upon the ridge of sand
which separates the Loe Pool from the bay. Never did the sea run
more tremendously high. It broke over the ship’s masts, which soon
went by the board; the main-mast forming a floating raft from the
ship to the shore; and the greater part of those who escaped,
passed by this medium. One of the men saved, reports, that Captain
Lydiard was near him on the main-mast; but he seemed to have lost
the use of his faculties, with horror of the scene, and soon
disappeared.”
We have not language to convey an adequate picture of the
terrific view which presented itself; but justice demands that we
notice the conduct of a worthy member of a sect but too much
vilified.
At a time when no one appeared on the ship’s deck, and it was
supposed that the work of death had ceased, a methodist preacher,
venturing his life through the surf, got on board over the wreck of
the main-mast, to see if any more remained; some honest hearts
followed him. They found several persons still below, who could not
get up; among whom were two women and two children. The
worthy preacher and his party saved the two women an some of the
men, but the children were lost. About two P.M. the ship went to
pieces; when a few more men, who, for some crime, had been
confined in irons below, emerged from the wreck. One of these was
saved. By three o’clock, no appearance of the vessel remained. She
was an old ship—(a 64, we believe, cut down)—which accounts for
her beating to pieces so soon on a sandy bottom.
The men who survived, were conveyed to Helston about two miles
distant; where they were taken care of by the magistrates, and
afterwards sent to Falmouth in charge of the Regulating Captain at
that port. General report has stated the number drowned to be
greater than it really is; but of the missing, we understand many are
deserters, who scampered off as soon as they reached the shore.
Among the officers saved, are the following:—Captain Sullivan, a
passenger; Messrs. Hill and Brailey, midshipmen; Mr. Ross, assistant
surgeon, and some others.
We regret to say that about fifty of our countrymen are missing;
amongst these unfortunate men is Captain Charles Lydiard; also, the
first lieutenant, a very valuable officer; also the doctor, a very worthy
man, and his son; besides some midshipman, and petty officers. The
principal things saved from the wreck are a few casks, containing
spirits, butter, &c. Captain Lydiard was nearly half-way to the beach,
when a most dreadful sea overwhelmed him, so that he was seen no
more!
The body of Captain Lydiard was found, and interred with military
honours. Several officers, both naval and military, attended the
funeral, together with the mayor, &c. of Helston. The body was
afterwards conveyed to his family vault in Haslimere, Surrey. This
worthy and distinguished officer was married to an amiable woman,
by whom he had five children. He was highly esteemed as a
gentleman; and as an officer, he was of sterling merit. His conduct in
attacking the Fourdroyant, (Admiral Williametz), under the Spanish
batteries, near the Havannah;—in the capture of the Spanish frigate
Pomona, under the batteries of Mure Castle; and at the capture of
Curaçao, obtained him a name for skill and bravery, that will “live
after him.”
We are happy to hear that the inhabitants of Helston, and its
neighbourhood, have, in this instance, as well as the late one of a
transport, which was also wrecked, rescued their character from
those odious epithets of savage and barbarian, which have
heretofore been thrown upon them; for by their unexampled and
hazardous activity, all the crew that remained on board, and escaped
a watery grave by not being precipitate in getting on shore, were
landed by eleven o’clock; and too much praise cannot be given, that
Mr. Tobias Roberts, shopkeeper, of Helston, does not deserve, for the
imminent and perilous danger he ran by remaining close to the
Anson, (while the sea, in all its rage broke over her mast high),
lifting the benumbed crew from impending ruin.
On the 31st of December, Mr. Rogers, the Coroner, took an inquest
on the bodies of Mr. Robert Smith, the Surgeon, and Mr. Richard
Leach, one of the midshipmen, belonging to the Anson, in the
church-yard, at Helston. Dead bodies were continually washing on
ashore in great numbers along the coast, and most of them very
much mangled and disfigured.
During the interval of the Anson being on the beach, the situation
of our brave seamen was perilous beyond description: the sea
running mountains high, so that it was quite impossible for any boat
to live on the water; and the only method which remained for the
crew to land was, by ropes from the masts to the beach (as
fortunately she was thrown with her masts towards the land), and
through the assistance of which, by the aid and blessing of a
merciful and kind providence, about two hundred and fifty were
saved from destruction.
We cannot help here recording, as an illustration of the naval
character, a most heroic and benevolent act of one of these seamen
in the hour of danger. This brave fellow was supporting himself in
the water on a plank, expecting every moment a watery grave. At
this critical time, he perceived one of his companions, who had been
swimming for about an hour in the vain hope of reaching land, in
such an exhausted state, that he could no longer persevere in his
exertions. Our hero magnanimously threw him the plank, with which
he had so long defended himself, desiring him to take that, the only
assistance he could at present give him, while he would see how far
he himself could swim. Having thus parted with his staff, he swam
for about twenty minutes, and fortunately met with another piece of
the wreck, by which he was enabled to prolong his worthy existence,
till a boat came to his relief. We sincerely trust that the valour and
commiseration of this noble tar may be properly rewarded, whose
merit is certainly worthy of a more exalted station.
Another anecdote of a more entertaining though, perhaps, less
interesting nature, but equally authentic, has happily reached us in
time for insertion.
One of the poor fellows, who narrowly escaped drowning, took
refuge in the first cottage he could find. In this cottage there
happened to live an old lady and her niece, who received the
distressed mariner in the most kind and compassionate manner. As,
however, they were provided with no male apparel, and it was
necessary that their guest should have some comfortable clothing,
till his own was perfectly dry, the niece supplied him with a change
of her own; and Jack having plenty of flannel petticoats on, soon
recovered his strength and spirits. Though plenty did not adorn their
board, yet a sufficiency was provided, and the hospitality with which
it was given, rendered it more delicious; suffice it to say, that the
sailor passed a very comfortable night here, and owing to a pressing
invitation from the niece, who thought it would be dangerous for
him to stir out too soon for fear of catching a cold that might be
fatal, he also spent two or three comfortable days. It was not,
however, the apprehensions of catching cold, a phrase unknown to
mariners, that induced Jack to make a longer stay; the fact was, he
became delighted with the conversation and manners of his younger
hostess, and as every hour of his stay tended to augment that
delight, he at last declared to the old woman his passion for the
niece. This information was by no means disagreeable to the latter,
and the end of the matter was, that our hero found a wife in
Helston; he does not therefore repent his being shipwrecked, but
humorously remarks, “It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.”
The philanthropy of the inhabitants of Helston, in endeavouring to
save their fellow creatures from perishing by shipwreck, reminds us
of another similar instance of feeling and humanity, which was also
united with courage; and which we think, may, with great propriety
be introduced here, as a further stimulus to the people of sea coasts
to use, at all times on these occasions, their utmost exertions in
favor of distressed mariners.
A ship having been wrecked at the cape of Good Hope, a guard
was sent from Horse Island, consisting of thirty men and a
lieutenant, to the place where the ship lay, in order to keep a strict
look-out, and to prevent any of the cargo being stolen. A gibbet was
erected, and at the same time an edict was issued, importing, that
whoever should come near that spot should be hanged immediately,
without trial, or sentence of judgment passed on him. From this
cause the compassionate inhabitants, who had gone out on
horseback to afford the wretched sufferers in the ship some
assistance, were obliged to return back without being able to do
them any service; but, on the contrary, were occular witnesses of
the brutality and want of feeling shewn by some persons on this
occasion, who did not bestow a thought of affording their fellow-
creatures, that sat on the wreck perishing with cold, hunger, and
thirst, and were almost in the arms of death, the least assistance or
relief.
An old man of the name of Woltemad, by birth an European, had
a son in the citadel, who was a corporal, and among the first who
had been ordered out, to Horse-Island, where the guard was to be
set for the preservation of the shipwrecked goods. This worthy
veteran borrowed a horse, and rode out in the morning, with a
bottle of wine and a loaf of bread for his son’s breakfast. This
happened so early that the gibbet had not been erected, nor the
edict posted up, to point out to the traveller the nearest road to
eternity. This hoary sire had no sooner delivered his son’s breakfast,
than he heard the lamentations of the distressed crew from the
wreck, when he resolved to ride his horse, which was a good
swimmer, to the wreck, with a view to save some of them. He
repeated this dangerous trip six times more, bringing each time two
men alive on shore, and thus saved in all fourteen persons.
The horse was by this time so much fatigued, that he did not think
it prudent to venture out again; but the cries and entreaties of the
poor wretches on the wreck increasing, he ventured once more,
which proved so unfortunate, that he lost his own life, as on this
occasion too many rushed upon him at once, some of them catching
hold of the horse’s tail, and others of the bridle, by which means the
horse, both wearied out and now too heavy laden, turned head over
heels, and all were drowned together. When the storm and waves
had subsided, the ship was found to lie at so small a distance from
the land, that a person might have almost leaped from it on shore.
The East India Directors in Holland, on receiving this intelligence,
ordered one of their ships to be called after the name of Woltemad,
and the story of his humanity to be painted on her stern; they
further enjoined the regency at the Cape to provide for his
descendants.
Unfortunately in the southern hemisphere they had not the same
sentiments of gratitude. The young corporal, Woltemad, who had
been an unavailing witness of his father’s having sacrificed himself in
the service of the company and of mankind, wished in vain to be
gratified with his father’s place, humble as it was, (keeper of the
beasts in the menagerie.) Stung with the disappointment, he had left
that ungrateful country, and was gone to Batavia, where he died,
before the news of so great and unexpected a recommendation
could reach him.
 LOSS

OF THE

SIDNEY,
BOUND TO BENGAL,

Which ran upon a dangerous rock, May 20, 1806.

IN the “Asiatic Mirror,” (an Indian newspaper,) the commander of

the Sidney gives an account of her loss, and the subsequent
preservation of the greater part of the crew, in a letter, which for the
satisfaction of our readers, is here copied verbatim.
SIR,
Calcutta, October 14, 1806.
“The Sidney left Port Jackson on the 12th of April, 1806, bound to Bengal.
Intending to proceed through Dampier’s Straits, her course was directed as
nearly as possible in the track of Captain Hogan, of the Cornwallis, which, as
laid down in the charts, appears a clear safe passage. On the 20th of may, at
one A.M. in lat. 3° 20′ south, long. 146° 50′ east, we ran upon a most
dangerous rock or shoal; and as this reef is not noticed in any map or chart, it
appears that we were its unfortunate discoverer.
 “On Sunday, over the taffrail, we found 25 fathoms water; over the larboard
gangway six fathoms; on the starboard side only nine feet; and over the bows
twelve feet. One of the boats was immediately got out, with a bower anchor;
but on sounding ten fathoms distance from the ship, found no ground at sixty
fathoms.
“It must have been high water when we struck; for at that time there was
no appearance of any reef or breaker; but as the water subsided, the shoal
began to shew itself with a number of small black rocks. The ship had been
striking very hard, and began to sue forward. At three A.M. there were six
feet water in the hold, and increasing rapidly; at five o’clock the ship was
setting aft, and her top sides parting from the floor-heads.
“Upon consultation with my officers, it was the unanimous opinion, that the
ship was irrecoverably gone, and that no exertions could avail for her safety.
We therefore employed all hands in getting the boats ready to receive the
crew, 108 in number. Eight bags of rice, six casks of water, and a small
quantity of salted beef and pork, were put in the long-boat, as provisions for
the whole. We were prevented taking a large stock, as, from the number of
people, the three boats were barely sufficient to receive the whole with
safety.
“We remained with the Sidney till five P.M. on the 21st of May, when there
were three feet water on the orlop deck; we now thought it full time to leave
the ship to her fate, and to seek our safety in the boats. Accordingly I
embarked in the long-boat, with Mr. Trounce, second officer, and 74 Lascars;
Mr. Robson, first officer, and Stalkart, third, with 16 Lascars, were in the
cutter; and the jolly boat was allotted to 15 Dutch Malays and one Sepoy.
“Being desirous to ascertain the position of the reef, by making the
Admiralty islands, shaped our course accordingly, steering N. by E. half E.
During the night it blew fresh, and the long-boat making much water, we
were obliged to lighten her, by throwing overboard a great deal of lumber,
and two casks of water. The three boats kept close in company, the long-boat
having the jolly boat in tow. Finding at day-light that the cutter sailed
considerably better, I directed Mr. Robson to take the jolly boat in tow. The
wind increased as the morning advanced, and a heavy swell rising, at 10 A.M.
the jolly boat sunk, while in tow by the cutter, and all on board, to the
number of 16, unfortunately perished. It was lamentable to witness the fate
of these unhappy men, and the more so, as it was not in our power to render
them the smallest assistance.
“At noon on the 22d we saw the Admiralty islands, bearing N.N.E. distant
three or four leagues, and as we had run about 58 miles in the boats, upon a
N. by E. half E. course, the situation of the shoal, on which the Sidney struck,
was accurately ascertained, and will be found as above laid down.
 “From the Admiralty islands we continued standing to the westward; and on
the 25th made a small island: we stood towards it, and from its appearance I
was induced to land, in the hope of obtaining a supply of water. Mr. Robson,
myself, and 20 of the best of our hands, armed with heavy clubs, brought
from New Caledonia, our fire arms being rendered useless from exposure to
heavy rains, approached in the cutter, and landed through a heavy surf, to the
utmost astonishment of the inhabitants, who, as far as we could judge from
appearance, had certainly never before seen people of our complexion. The
men were tall and well made, wearing their hair plaited and raised above the
head—they had no appearance of Malays, nor of caffrees; and, excepting
their colour, which was of a light copper, they had the form and features of
the natives of Europe; they were entirely naked. We saw a number of women,
who were well formed, with mild pleasing features.
“We were received on the beach by about 20 or 30 of the natives, who
immediately supplied each of us with a cocoa nut. We then succeeded in
making them understand that we wanted water, upon which they made signs
for us to accompany them towards the interior of the island:—we did so; but
after walking above a mile, they conducted us into a thick jungle, and as their
number was quickly increasing, I judged it imprudent to proceed further, and
returned to the beach, where I was alarmed to find the natives had
assembled to the number of 150 or upwards, armed with spears, eight or ten
feet long. One of them, an old man, of venerable appearance, and who
seemed to be their Chief, approached, and threw his spear at my feet,
expressive, as I understood it, that we should part with our clubs in like
manner. Perceiving at this time a crowd of women to have got hold of the
sternfast of the cutter, and endeavouring to haul her on shore, from the
grapnell with which we had come to, we hastily endeavoured to gain the
boat; the natives followed us closely, some of them pointed their spears at us,
as we retreated to the boat, and some were thrown, though happily without
effect; and to us they appeared to be very inexpert in the management of
their weapons. On my getting into the water, three or four of the natives
followed me, threatening to throw their spears, and when I was in reach of
the boat, one of them made a thrust, which was prevented taking effect by
the interference of Mr. Robson, who warded off the weapon. When we had
got into the boat, and were putting off, they threw at least 200 spears, none
of which took effect, excepting one, which gave a severe wound to my cook,
entering immediately above the jaw, and passing through the mouth.
“Having thus escaped from this perilous adventure, we pursued our course,
and got as far as Dampier’s Straits, as favourably as our situation could well
admit. Being now within reach of land, the Lascars became impatient to be
put on shore. It was in vain that I endeavoured to persuade them to
persevere; they would not listen to argument, and expressed their wish,
rather to meet with immediate death on shore, than to be starved to death in
the boats. Yielding to their opportunity, I at length determined to land them
on the N.W. extremity of the island of Ceram, from whence they might travel
to Amboyna in two or three days. On the 9th of June, being off that part of
the island, Mr. Robson volunteered to land a part of the people in the cutter,
to return to the long-boat, and the cutter to be then given to such farther part
of the crew as chose to join the party first landed. Mr. Robson accordingly
went on shore with the cutter; but to my great mortification, after waiting two
days, there was no appearance of his return or the cutter.
“We concluded that the people had been detained either by the Dutch or
the natives; yet as the remaining part of the Lascars were desirous to be
landed, we stood in with the long-boat, and put them on shore near the point
where we supposed the cutter to have landed her people.
“Our number in the long-boat was now reduced to seventeen, viz. myself,
Mr. Trounce, Mr. Stalkart, fourteen Lascars, and others. Our stock of
provisions consisted of two bags of rice, and one gang cask of water; with
this stock we conceived we might hold out till we reached Bencoolen, for
which port we determined to make the best of our way.—We fixed the
allowance of provisions to each man at one tea-cup full of rice and a pint of
water per diem; but we soon found it necessary to make a considerable
reduction in this allowance.
“We proceeded on through the Straits of Bantam, meeting in our course
several Malay prows, none of which took notice of us, excepting one, which
gave chase for a day, and would have come up with us, had we not got off
under cover of a very dark night. Continuing our course, we passed through
the Straits of Sapay, where we caught a large shark. Our spirits were much
elated by this valuable prize, which we lost no time in getting on board, and,
having kindled a fire in the bottom of the boat, he was roasted with all
expedition; and such was the keenness and extent of our appetite, that
although the shark must have weighed 150 or 160 lbs. not a vestige of it
remained at the close of the day. We suffered most severely from our
indulgence; on the following day we were all afflicted with the most violent
complaint of the stomach and bowels, which reduced us exceedingly, and left
us spiritless and languid, insomuch that we now seriously despaired of our
safety.
“On the 2d of July, I lost an old and faithful servant, who died from want of
sustenance. On the 4th we made Java Head; and at the same time caught
two large boobies, which afforded all hands a most precious and refreshing
meal. On the 9th, at midnight, came-to off Pulo Penang, on the west coast of
Sumatra. At day-light we endeavoured to weigh our anchor, and to run close
in shore; but we were so much exhausted that our united strength was
 insufficient to get up the anchor. We made a signal of distress, on which a
sandpan, with two Malays, came off. As I was the only person in the long-
boat who had sufficient strength to move, I went on shore with the Malays.
On landing, I found myself so weak, that I fell upon the ground, and was
obliged to be carried to an adjoining house. Such refreshments as the place
afforded were immediately sent off to the long-boat; and we recruited so
quickly, that in two days we found ourselves in a condition to proceed on our
voyage. On the 12th of July we weighed, and on the 19th anchored off Rat
island, at Bencoolen.
“Here I met with an old friend, Captain Chauvet, of the Perseverance, and
whose kindness and humanity I shall ever remember, and gratefully
acknowledge. On the day following my arrival, I waited on the resident, Mr.
Parr, from whom I received every kindness and attention.
“I left Bencoolen on the 17th of August, in the Perseverance, for Penang,
where I arrived on the 27th, and where I was most agreeably surprised to
meet with my late chief mate, Mr. Robson, who, with the Lascars, landed on
Ceram, and had safely reached Amboyna, where they were received by Mr.
Cranstoun, the Dutch governor, with a humanity and benevolence that reflect
honour on his character. The governor supplied them with whatever their
wants required; he accommodated Mr. Robson at his own table, and on his
leaving Amboyna, furnished him with money for himself and his people,
refusing to take any acknowledgement or receipt for the amount. He also
gave Mr. Robson letters to the governor-general of Batavia, recommending
him to his kind offices. Such honourable conduct from the governor of a
foreign country, and with which we were at war, cannot be too widely
promulgated.
“From Amboyna, Mr. Robson embarked in the Dutch frigate Pallas, for
Batavia, and on their passage thither, fell in with and was captured by his
Majesty’s ships Greyhound and Harrier, and brought to Prince of Wales’s
Island.
“From Penang I went to Bengal, with the Varuna, Captain Dennison, and
arrived safely in Calcutta a few days ago.”

All the other accounts which we have seen, relative to the

calamitous loss of this vessel, are mere repetitions of the captain’s
letter. In one, however, it is stated, that the resistance which they
met with from the natives, originated entirely with the women; who,
notwithstanding their seeming mildness, were the first transgressors.
They intended to make themselves mistresses of the cutter; and by
their wanton proceedings, the men were stimulated to hostilities.
These people, like all those whom nature has left in a wild state,
evidently delighted in plunder.
When Mr. Robson landed on Ceram, it was his intention to return
to the long-boat, with all possible speed, but he was detained on
shore by the Lascars, who insisted on his accompanying them to
Amboyna. The remaining part of the Lascars, who were afterwards
landed, overtook the first party; and from these Mr. Robson learned
that the long-boat had declined waiting for him any longer, and was
now proceeding on through the straits of Bantam. Indeed this
gentleman did not suppose that Capt. Forrest would wait for him so
long as he did, or he would certainly have watched an opportunity of
escaping from the Lascars, and returning to him. He now made up
his mind of prosecuting his journey to Amboyna, where he met with
the kind reception that has been already stated, and which far
exceeded his expectations.
Except the crew of the jolly boat, who were all lost, the rest were
happily, and indeed we may add, most wonderfully preserved.
 DREADFUL

FAMINES AT SEA,
AND THEIR

Melancholy Consequences.

Letters received from St. Helena, in 1802, give a most singular and
affecting narrative respecting six deserters from the artillery of the
island. Their extraordinary adventures produced a course of inquiry
on the 12th of December last, when John Brown, one of the
survivors, delivered the following account upon oath, before Captain
Desfontaine, president, Lieutenant B. Hodson, and Ensign Young.
“In June, 1799, I belonged to the first company of artillery, in the
service of this garrison, and on the 10th of that month, about half an
hour before parade time, M’Kinnon, gunner, and orderly of the 2d
company, asked me if I was willing to go with him on board an
American ship, called the Columbia, Captain Henry Lelar, the only
ship then in the Roads. After some conversation, I agreed, and met
him about seven o’clock at the play-house, where I found one
M’Quinn, of Major Searle’s Company, another man called Brighouse,
another called Parr, and the sixth, Matthew Conway.
 “Parr was a good seaman, and said he would take us to the island
of Ascension, or lay off the harbour till the Columbia could weigh
anchor and come out. We went down about eight o’clock to the
West Rocks, where the American boat was waiting for us, manned
with three American seamen, which took us alongside the Columbia.
We went on board. Parr went down into the cabin; and we changed
our clothes after having been on board half an hour.
“Brighouse and Conway proposed to cut out a whale-boat from
out of the harbour, to prevent the Columbia from being suspected;
which they effected, having therein a coil of rope and five oars, with
a large stone she was moored by. This happened about eleven
o’clock at night.
“We observed lanterns passing on the line towards the Sea-gate,
and hearing a great noise, thought we were missed, and searched
for. We immediately embarked in the whale-boat, with twenty-five
pounds of bread in a bag, and a small keg of water, supposed to
contain about thirteen gallons, one compass, and one quadrant,
given to us by the commanding officer of the Columbia; but in our
great hurry the quadrant was either left behind or dropped over-
board.
“We then left the ship, pulling with two oars only, to get a-head of
her. The boat was half full of water, and nothing to bale her out. In
this condition we rowed out to sea, and lay off the island a great
distance, expecting the American ship hourly.
“About twelve o’clock the second day, no ship appearing, by Parr’s
advice, we bore away, steering N. by W. and then N.N.W. for the
island of Ascension, using our handkerchie as substitutes for sails.
We met with a gale of wind, which continued two days. The weather
then became very fine, and we supposed we had run ten miles an
hour. M’Kinnon kept a reckoning, with pen, ink, and paper, supplied
by the Columbia, as also charts and maps.
“We continued our course till about the 18th in the morning, when
we saw a number of birds, but no land. About twelve that day Parr
said he was sure we must be past the island, accounting it to be
eight hundred miles from St. Helena. We then each of us took our
shirt, and with them made a small sprit-sail, and laced our jackets
and trowsers together at the waistband, to keep us warm; and then
altered our course to W. by N. thinking to make Rio de Janeiro, on
the American coast. Provisions running very short, we allowanced
ourselves only one ounce of bread for twenty-four hours, and two
mouthfuls of water.
“We continued until the 20th, when all our provisions were
expended. On the 27th, M’Quinn took a piece of bamboo in his
mouth to chew, and we all followed his example. On that night, it
being my turn to steer the boat, and remembering to have read of
persons eating their shoes, I cut a piece off one of mine; but it being
soaked with salt water, I was obliged to spit it out, and take the
inside sole, which I ate part of, and distributed to the rest, but found
no benefit from it.
“On the 1st of July, Parr caught a dolphin with a graff, that had
been left in the boat. We all fell on our knees, and thanked God for
his goodness to us. We tore up the fish, and hung it to dry: about
four we ate part of it, which agreed with us pretty well. On this fish
we subsisted till the 4th, about eleven o’clock, when, finding the
whole expended, bones and all, Parr, myself, Brighouse, and
Conway, proposed to scuttle the boat, and let her go down, to put us
out of our misery. The other two objected, observing, that God who
had made man, always found him something to eat.
“On the 5th, about eleven, M’Kinnon proposed, that it would be
better to cast lots for one of us to die, in order to save the rest; to
which we consented. William Parr, being sick two days before with
the spotted fever, was excluded. He wrote the numbers out, and put
them in a hat, which we drew out blindfolded, and put them in our
pockets. Parr then asked whose lot it was to die—none of us
knowing what numbers we had in our pockets—each one praying to
God that it might be his lot. It was agreed that No. 5 should die, and
the lots being unfolded, M’Kinnon’s was No. 5.
 “We had agreed, that he whose lot it was should bleed himself to
death; for which purpose we had provided ourselves with nails
sharpened, which we got from the boat. M’Kinnon with one of them
cut himself in three places, in his hand, foot, and wrist, and praying
God to forgive him, died in about a quarter of an hour.
“Before he was quite cold, Brighouse, with one of those nails, cut
a piece of flesh off his thigh, and hung it up, leaving the body in the
boat. About three hours after we ate of it—only a very small bit. This
piece lasted us until the 7th. We dipped the body every two hours
into the sea, to preserve it. Parr having found a piece of slate in the
bottom of the boat, he sharpened it on the other large stone, and
with it cut another piece of the thigh, which lasted us until the 8th;
when, it being my watch, and observing the water about break of
day to change colour, I called the rest, thinking we were near shore;
but saw no land, it not being quite day-light.
“As soon as day appeared, we discovered land right a-head, and
steered towards it. About eight in the morning we were close to the
shore. There being a very heavy surf, we endeavoured to turn the
boat’s head to it: but being very weak, we were unable. Soon after
the boat upset! Myself, Conway, and Parr, got on shore, M’Quinn and
Brighouse were drowned.
“We discovered a small hut on the beach, in which were an Indian
and his mother, who spoke Portuguese; and I understanding that
language, learnt that there was a village about three miles distant,
called Belmont. This Indian went to the village, and gave information
that the French had landed, and in about two hours the governor of
the village, (a clergyman), with several armed men, took Conway
and Parr prisoners, tying them by their hands and feet, and slinging
them on a bamboo stick; and in this manner took them to the
village. I being very weak, remained in the hut some time, but was
afterwards taken.
“On our telling them we were English, we were immediately
released, and three hammocks provided. We were taken in them to
the governor’s house, who let us lie on his own bed, and gave us
milk and rice; but not having eaten any thing for a considerable
time, we were lock-jawed, and continued so till the 23d, during
which time the governor wrote to the governor of St. Salvador, who
sent a small schooner to a place called Porto Seguro, to take us to
St. Salvador. We were then conducted to Porto Seguro on horseback,
passing through Santa Croix, where we remained about ten days.
Afterwards we embarked; and, on our arrival at St. Salvador, Parr, on
being questioned by the governor, answered, “that our ship had
foundered at sea, and we had saved ourselves in the boat; that the
ship’s name was the Sally, of Liverpool, and belonged to his father,
and was last from Cape Coast Castle, on the coast of Africa, to touch
at the Ascension for turtle, and then bound for Jamaica.” Parr said
he was the captain.
“We continued at St. Salvador about 13 days, during which time
the inhabitants made up a subscription of 200£. each man. We then
embarked in the Maria, a Portuguese ship, for Lisbon; Parr as mate,
Conway boatswain’s-mate, myself being sickly as passenger. In
thirteen days we arrived at Rio de Janeiro. Parr and Conway sailed
for Lisbon, and I was left in the hospital. In about three months
Captain Elphinstone, of the Diomede, pressed me into his majesty’s
service, giving me the choice of remaining on that station or to
proceed to the admiral at the Cape. I chose the latter, and was put,
with seven suspected deserters, on board the Ann, a Botany Bay
ship, in irons, with the convicts. When I arrived at the Cape I was
put on board the Lancaster, of 64 guns. I never entered. I at length
received my discharge; since which I engaged in the Duke of
Clarence as a seaman. I was determined to give myself up the first
opportunity, in order to relate my sufferings to the men at this
garrison, to deter them from attempting so mad a scheme again.”
“In attending to the above narrative, as simple as it is affecting,
we cannot help noticing the justice of Providence, so strikingly
exemplified in the melancholy fate of M’Kinnon, the deluder of these
unhappy men, and the victim of his own illegal and disgraceful
scheme. May his fate prove a memento to soldiers and sailors, and a
useful though awful lesson to the encouragers and abettors of
desertion.”

The following is an account of another famine, given by Captain

Bradshaw, commander of the Andalusia, in a letter, dated Halifax,
April 30, 1759.
On the 27th day of February, about two o’clock in the afternoon, we saw a
vessel without masts, about three miles to leeward of us; and immediately
bore down to see what she was: I found it to be the Dolphin sloop, Captain
Baron, from the Canaries, bound to New York; they had been from the
Canaries ever since September 11th, 165 days; 115 of which they had
nothing to eat. I sent my boat on board to see what condition they were in;
my people called to me and told me they were helpless and starving, and
desired to know whether I would take them on board.—I ordered my people
to put them in the boat, and bring them on board, which accordingly they did.
When they came alongside our ship we were obliged to haul them in with
ropes, they were so very weak: there were the captain and seven others; but
such poor miserable creatures sure never were seen: had it been a week
longer they must all have died. When I came to examine the captain and the
people, they told me, that they had not any provisions for upwards of three
months before they saw me; they had eaten their dog, their cats, and all their
shoes, and in short, every thing that was eatable on board. On the 10th of
January they all agreed to cast lots for their lives, which accordingly they did;
the shortest lot was to die; the next shortest to be the executioner. The lot fell
upon Anthony Gallitia, a Spanish Gentleman, a passenger; they shot him
through the head, which they cut off and threw overboard; they then took out
his bowels and ate them, and afterwards ate all the remaining part of the
body, which lasted but a very short time. The captain told me, they were
about to cast lots a second time, but it happened very luckily that he
bethought himself of a pair of breeches, which he had lined with leather; he
soon found them, took out the lining, and cut off for each man’s share a piece
of about an inch and a half square, for the day’s allowance; that, with the
grass that grew upon deck, was all the support they had for about twenty
days before I met with them: the grass was in some places four or five inches
high. The captain brought on board the remaining part of the leather lining,
which I have got, and a piece of the same that was the allowance of one man
for the day. No words in my power to express, are sufficient to describe the
truly deplorable and wretched condition these poor unfortunate sufferers were
in when I met with them.
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