SESSION - 1

OVERVIEW OF NETWORKING
NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
LAN NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
NETWORK DATA TRANSMISSION
MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL - MAC ADDRESSES
THE OSI MODEL

SESSION - 2

NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
What is network
Type of networks
Classification of network
Network devices
NETWORK CABLING
OSI MODEL
ETHERNET Technologies
Network Protocols

o what is a network ?
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may
be linked through cables,fiber optics, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

 Cables : Cable is that the medium through which data/information usually transfer from one
network device to another.
 Network cables: Network cables are used to connect different components in a networking
system. It is also known as data communication type of cable. Based on the size and structure of
the systems, different types of network cables are used. These are listed below,
 twisted pair cable
 coaxial cable
 fiber optic cable.

1. Coaxial Cables:

This consists of solid copper or steel conductor plated with copper which is enclosed in the metallic
braid and metallic tape. This is entirely covered with an insulated protective outer jacket. These types of
cables are used for computer networking and audio-video networking.

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 2. Twisted Pairs:

Twisted pair cables have two conductors that are generally made up of copper and each conductor has
insulation. These two conductors are twisted together, thus giving the name twisted pair cables.One of
the conductors is used to carry the signal and the other is used as a ground reference only.Twisted Pair
Cables are further of two types :

1. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables (UTP) :

These are a pair of two insulated copper wires twisted together without any other insulation or
shielding and hence are called unshielded twisted pair cables. They reduce the external interference due
to the presence of insulation. Unshielded twisted pair cables are arranged in pairs so that we can add a
new connection whenever required.

Advantages –

These cables are cost-effective and easy to install owing to their compact size.

They are generally used for short-distance transmission of both voice and data.

It is less costly as compared to other types of cables.

Disadvantages –

The connection established using UTP is not secure.

They are efficient only for a distance up to 100 meters and have to be installed in pieces of up to 100
meters.

These cables have limited bandwidth.

2. Shielded Twisted Pair Cables (STP) :

These types of cables have extra insulation or protective covering over the conductors in the form of a
copper braid covering. This covering provides strength to the overall structure of the cable. It also
reduces noise and signal interference in the cable. The shielding ensures that the induced signal can be
returned to the source via ground and only circulate around the shield without affecting the main
propagating signal.

Advantages –

They are generally used for long-distance communication and transmission and are installed
underground.

The protective shield prevents external electromagnetic noise penetration into the cable.

They have a higher bandwidth as compared to UTP.

-Disadvantages –

These cables are very expensive.

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They require a lot of maintenance which increases the cost more.

These can be installed underground only.

The length of the segment is similar to UTP for these cables.

*Applications of Twisted pair cables :

-Twisted Pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide data and voice channels.

-The DSL lines make use of these cables.

-Local Area Networks (LAN) also make use of twisted pair cables.

-They can be used for both analog and digital transmission.

-RJ-45 is a very common application of twisted pair cables.

3. Ribbon Electric Cables

It consists of multiple insulated wires running parallel with one another and is used for transmission of
multiple data simultaneously. For example, this is used to connect the CPU with the motherboard and is
generally used for the interconnection of networking devices.

4. Fiber Optics Cable

There are these types of cables which transport optical data signals from an attached light source to the
receiving device. We are pretty much aware of what is optical fiber and its uses in a wide variety of
applications.

5. Patch Cable: Patch cables are used to connect or “patch” different devices/information.
6. Internet Cables: Types of internet cables are also known as ethernet cables (shielded and
twisted type). Ethernet cables attached to a computer or a game console to a modem. These
cables transmit information across the internet. Some cables, called “cross-over cables” can
attach with two devices.

*What Does Crossover Cable Mean?

A crossover cable is a type of cable installation that is used for the interconnection of two similar
devices. It is enabled by reversing the transmission and receiving pins at both ends, so that output from
one computer becomes input to the other, and vice versa.

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 7. Power Cables:
What is a power cable?
Electrical Power cable assemblies are wont to transmit electric power. These are often used as
permanent wiring in buildings. Power line types are cord, extension cable, twisted, shielded,
extensible, communication cable, and lots of more. These are all the types of power cables.
These cables are often used overhead or buried underground.

Types of Computer Cables:

Classification of Cables and colours

Different colors of wires are used for various purposes. In DC circuits, the colours are,

Red: Wires for positive current.

Black: Wires for negative current.

White or Grey: Ground wires.

For AC circuits (power 120/208/240 Volts),

Black: Phase 1 lines are colored black. These wires are for power generation.

Red: Phase 2 or transmission wires.

Blue: Phase 3 or power distribution wires.

White: Neutral wires.

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Green or Green with Yellow Stripes: Ground wires.

********know about cables in detail - https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-cables/

https://www.turito.com/blog/physics/types-of-cables***********

What is fiber network

A fiber-optic cable contains anywhere from a few to hundreds of optical fibers within a plastic casing.
Also known as optic cables or optical fiber cables, they transfer data signals in the form of light and
travel hundreds of miles significantly faster than those used in traditional electrical cables

o Types of Computer Networks

Need for Computer Network

Resource Sharing- One can use a single resource to be shared along with multiple computers. i.e. In an
organization, we can use a single printer for various computers.

Information Sharing- One can share information with the help of networking.

Communication- Ease of messaging.

Types Of Computer Networks

There are various types of computer networks categorized by their size.

Personal Area Network(PAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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Storage Area Network (SAN)

System-Area Network (SAN)

Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Home Area Network (HAN)

Need for Computer Network

Resource Sharing- One can use a single resource to be shared along with multiple computers. i.e. In an
organization, we can use a single printer for various computers.

Information Sharing- One can share information with the help of networking.

Communication- Ease of messaging.

In detail of all the above networks including all the classification : https://artoftesting.com/types-of-
network#Need_for_Computer_Network

o Network Devices :
https://www.naukri.com/learning/articles/network-devices-in-computer-networks-and-its-
types/#1

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/

o Network Cables

https://powerlec.com.au/what-are-the-different-types-of-network-cabling/

https://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htm

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https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/networking-tutorials/network-cable-types-and-
specifications.html#:~:text=To%20connect%20two%20or%20more,pair%2C%20and%20fiber%2Doptic.

o Ethernet Technologies

https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/networking/articles/what-is-ethernet/

https://www.routeralley.com/guides/ethernet.pdf

o Network protocols

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-network-protocols-and-their-uses/

https://www.w3schools.in/types-of-network-protocols-and-their-uses

https://www.manageengine.com/network-monitoring/network-protocols.html

https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-a-protocol/

https://www.cdw.com/content/cdw/en/articles/networking/types-of-network-protocols.html

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