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NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY
AND MULTIMODAL
CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY
AND MULTIMODAL
CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
A COMPANION TO BRAUNWALD’S HEART DISEASE

MARCELO FERNANDO DI CARLI, MD

Executive Director, Cardiovascular Imaging
Departments of Medicine and Radiology
Chief, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Department of Radiology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Seltzer Family Professor of Radiology and Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston
Massachusetts
Elsevier
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Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY AND MULTIMODAL CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING ISBN: 978-0-323-76303-5

Copyright © 2022 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

 Dedication
To my dear wife, Maritxu,
and my daughters, Gilda and Milena,
for their relentless support, patience, and encouragement to complete the book.
 Contributors

Ayaz Aghayev, MD Sabahat Bokhari, MD, FACC, FASNC

Cardiovascular Radiologist Associate Professor
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Medicine
Instructor in Radiology Columbia University Medical Center
Harvard Medical School New York, New York
Boston, Massachusetts
Salvador Borges-Neto, MD
Santiago Aguadé-Bruix, MD, PhD Professor of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine and Medicine/
Nuclear Medicine Physician Cardiology
University Hospital Vall d’Hebron Duke University
Barcelona, Spain Durham, North Carolina

Mouaz H. Al-Mallah, MD, MSc, FACC, FAHA, FESC Jamieson M. Bourque, MD, MHS
Beverly B. and Daniel C. Arnold Distinguished Chair in Director of Nuclear Cardiology
Cardiology Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology
Director of Cardiovascular PET Associate Director University of Virginia
of Nuclear Cardiology Charlottesville, Virginia
Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center
Houston, Texas Paco E. Bravo, MD
Director of Nuclear Cardiology
Navkaranbir S. Bajaj, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Radiology and Medicine
Assistant Professor in Medicine and Radiology University of Pennsylvania
Internal Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama Juliana Brenande, MD
Clinical and Research Fellow
Timothy M. Bateman, MD, MASNC, FACC Cardiac Imaging
Co-Director University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Cardiovascular Radiologic Imaging Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Saint Luke’s Health System;
Professor of Medicine James A. Case, PhD, MASNC
University of Missouri-Kansas City Technical Director
Kansas City, Missouri Cardiovascular Imaging Technologies
Kansas City, Missouri
Rob S. Beanlands, MD
Head, Division of Cardiology Panithaya Chareonthaitawee, MD
University of Ottawa Heart Institute Director of Nuclear Cardiology
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Associate Professor
Cardiovascular Diseases
Frank M. Bengel, MD Mayo Clinic
Director of Nuclear Medicine Rochester, Minnesota
Hannover Medical School
Hannover, Germany Sarah G. Cuddy-Walsh, BSc, MSc, PhD
Post-Doctoral Fellow
Ron Blankstein, MD, FACC, FASNC, MSCCT, FASPC Nuclear Cardiology
Associate Director, Cardiovascular Imaging University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Director, Cardiac Computed Tomography Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Departments of Medicine and Radiology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Professor of Medicine and Radiology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

vi
 vii
Yazan Daaboul, MD Marat Fudim, MD
Tufts University Medical Center Duke University
Boston, Massachusetts Durham, North Carolina

Contributors
Frederik Dalgaard, MD Alessia Gimelli, MD
Cardiology Head of Nuclear Cardiology Lab
Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte Imaging Department
Copenhagen, Denmark Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio
Pisa, Italy
Robert A. deKemp, PhD, PEng, PPhys
Head Imaging Physicist John D. Groarke, MD
Cardiac Imaging Associate Physician
University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Cardiovascular Medicine
Associate Professor Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Department of Medicine (Cardiology) Boston, Massachusetts
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Robert J. Gropler, MD
Chief of the Division of Radiological Sciences
Marcelo Fernando Di Carli, MD Professor of Radiology
Executive Director, Cardiovascular Imaging Washington University School of Medicine
Departments of Medicine and Radiology Department of Radiology
Chief, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging St. Louis, Missouri
Department of Radiology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Rory Hachamovitch, MD, MSc
Seltzer Family Professor of Radiology and Medicine Staff Cardiologist
Harvard Medical School Cardiovascular Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio
Johanna Diekmann, MD
Medical Resident Robert Hendel, MD, FACC, FSCCT, MASNC
Nuclear Medicine Professor of Medicine and Radiology
Hannover Medical School Medicine/Cardiology
Hannover, Germany Tulane University School of Medicine
New Orleans, Louisiana
Sanjay Divakaran, MD
Associate Physician Marie Foley Kijewski, ScD
Cardiovascular Medicine Associate Physicist
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Radiology
Instructor in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital;
Harvard Medical School Associate Professor of Radiology
Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Sharmila Dorbala, MD, MPH
Director, Nuclear Cardiology Mariana Lamacie, MD, MSc
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Assistant Professor
Professor of Radiology Department of Medicine (Cardiology)
Harvard Medical School University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Boston, Massachusetts Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Marc R. Dweck, MD, PhD John Mahmarian, MD

Professor Professor of Cardiology, Academic Institute
Centre for Cardiovascular Science Full Clinical Member, Research Institute
University of Edinburgh Houston Methodist
Edinburgh, United Kingdom Weill Cornell Medical College

Zahi A. Fayad, PhD

Professor and Director
BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute
Icahn School of Medicine
New York, New York
 viii
Saurabh Malhotra, MD, MPH Michael T. Osborne, MD
Director of Advanced Cardiac Imaging Associate Cardiologist
Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital
Contributors

Cook County Health; Instructor in Medicine

Associate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School
Division of Cardiology Boston, Massachusetts
Rush Medical College
Chicago, Illinois Muhammad Panhwar, MD
Fellow in Cardiology
Carola Maraboto Gonzalez, MD Cardiovascular Medicine
Cardiologist Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute
Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans, Louisiana
Mi-Ae Park, PhD
Judith Meadows, MD, MPH Director of Nuclear Medicine Physics
Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Yale University School of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut Associate Professor of Radiology
Harvard Medical School
Lisa M. Mielniczuk, FRCPC, MD Boston, Massachusetts
Professor of Medicine
University of Ottawa; Krishna K. Patel, MD, MSc
Director of Advanced Heart Diseases, Fellow in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiology Cardiology
University of Ottawa Heart Institute Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Kansas City, Missouri

Edward Miller, MD, PhD Linda R. Peterson, MD

Director of Nuclear Cardiology Professor of Medicine and Radiology
Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology Washington University School of Medicine
Yale University Saint Louis, Missouri
New Haven, Connecticut
María Nazarena Pizzi, MD, PhD
Danilo Neglia, MD, PhD, FESC Nuclear Cardiologist
Director Multimodality Imaging Program University Hospital Vall d’Hebron;
Cardiology Barcelona, Spain
Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio;
Affiliate Researcher Albert Roque, MD
Faculty PhD Course Translational Medicine Cardiovascular Radiologist
Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies; University Hospital Vall d’Hebron
Associate Researcher Barcelona, Spain
CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology
Pisa, Italy James H. F. Rudd, PhD, FRCP, FESC, MB, BCh (Hons)
Senior Lecturer
David E. Newby, BA, BSc (Hons), PhD, BM, DM, FRCP, FESC, Department of Medicine
FRSE, FMedSci Cambridge University
British Heart Foundation Duke of Edinburgh Professor Cambridge, United Kingdom
of Cardiology
British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Terrence David Ruddy, MD, FRCPC, FACC, FCCS, FASNC
Diseases Director of Nuclear Cardiology
University of Edinburgh University of Ottawa Heart Institute;
Edinburgh, United Kingdom Professor of Medicine and Radiology
University of Ottawa
Anju Nohria, MD Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Director, Cardio-Oncology Program
Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center Rupa M. Sanghani, MD, FACC, FASNC
Assistant Professor in Medicine Director of Nuclear Cardiology
Harvard Medical School Associate Professor of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Rush University Hospital
Chicago, Illinois
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 ix
Ronald G. Schwartz, MD, MS Jason M. Tarkin, PhD, MBBS, MRCP
Director of Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac PET CT Wellcome Clinical Research Career Development Fellow
Departments of Medicine and Imaging Sciences Cardiovascular Medicine

Contributors
University of Rochester Medical Center University of Cambridge
Rochester, New York Cambridge, United Kingdom;
Clinical Lecturer
Leslee J. Shaw, PhD Cardiovascular Medicine
Professor of Medicine National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London
Weill Cornell, NYC London, United Kingdom
New York, New York
Ahmed Tawakol, MD
Albert J. Sinusas, MD Director of Nuclear Cardiology
Professor of Medicine and Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital
Yale University School of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Hicham Skali, MD, MSc
Associate Physician James T. Thackeray, PhD
Cardiovascular Medicine Research Group Leader
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Nuclear Medicine
Assistant Professor of Medicine Hannover Medical School
Harvard Medical School Hannover, Germany
Boston, Massachusetts
Mark I. Travin, MD
Piotr J. Slomka, PhD Director of Cardiovascular Nuclear Medicine
Director of Innovation in Imaging Montefiore Medical Center
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Professor of Radiology and Medicine
Professor of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine
UCLA School of Medicine Bronx, New York
Los Angeles, California
James E. Udelson, MD
Gary R. Small, BSc, PhD, MB ChB, MRCP Chief, Division of Cardiology
Staff Cardiologist Professor of Medicine
Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Tufts University Medical Center
University of Ottawa Heart Institute Boston, Massachusetts
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
R. Glenn Wells, PhD, FCCPM
Prem Soman, MD, PhD Medical Physicist, Nuclear Cardiology
Director of Nuclear Cardiology Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiology)
Associate Professor of Medicine University of Ottawa Heart Institute
University of Pittsburgh Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Rudolf A. Werner, MD
Michael Steigner, MD Nuclear Medicine Physician
Cardiovascular Radiologist Medical School Hannover
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Hannover, Germany
Associate Professor of Radiology
Harvard Medicical School Michael Wilber, MD
Boston, Massachusetts Cardiology Fellow
University of Rochester Medical Center
Viviany R. Taqueti, MD, MPH Rochester, New York
Director of the Cardiac Stress Laboratory
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Riccardo Liga, MD
Assistant Professor of Radiology Imaging Department
Harvard Medical School Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio
Boston, Massachusetts Pisa, Italy
 x
Thomas H. Schindler, MD Robert H. Miller, MD
Associate Professor of Radiology Assistant Professor of Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine University of Calgary
Contributors

Saint Louis, Missouri Alberta, Canada

Ivana Isgum, PhD Evangelos Tzolos, PhD

Professor in Ar-fical Intelligence and Medical Imaging Clinical Research Fellow, Deanery of Clinical Sciences
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine & Centre for Cardiovascular Science
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics University of Edinburgh
Amsterdam University Medical Center Scotland, United Kingdom
University of Amsterdam

Damini Dey, PhD

Research Scien-st
Biomedical Imaging Research Institute
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Associate Professor of Medicine
UCLA School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California
 Preface

The field of nuclear cardiology has witnessed significant to provide a systematic, practical, and in-depth approach
advancements over the past decade, enhanced by the to patient-centered imaging applications in several impor-
emergence of new technologies, an expanded role for PET/ tant areas of cardiovascular disease.
CT imaging, and novel radiopharmaceuticals. Recent new To improve clinical relevance and acceptance, the
technologies (e.g., digital SPECT and PET) have enabled chapters are designed with a few unique features to facili-
high-quality quantitative imaging of myocardial physiol- tate learning:
ogy and pathophysiology and dramatic reductions in pa- • The chapters on clinical applications of nuclear cardiol-
tient radiation exposure. In addition, the emergence of ogy follow a hybrid format that uses case-vignette
multidetector CT and high-field MRI have expanded the presentations (like in an atlas) to organize the discus-
noninvasive imaging armamentarium by providing high- sion of content that is enriched by the addition of tables
quality imaging of coronary and cardiac anatomy and and illustrations (like a traditional textbook).
myocardial physiology. This is the good news. The bad • Key summary points are included at the beginning of
news is that there is now an enormous gap between the each topic to highlight the most important teaching
rapid growth in the complexity of nuclear cardiology and points.
multimodality imaging options for diagnosis and manage- • The chapters on clinical applications include a discus-
ment of patients with heart disease and the unmet knowl- sion of the guidelines and appropriate use documents
edge base obtained by practicing cardiologists and to provide appropriate context and balance to each topic.
imaging experts about when and how to use these tech- • The discussion of each topic includes a balanced
nologies and procedures in patient care. The handful of perspective on the relative role of nuclear imaging in
books on nuclear cardiology are almost exclusively dedi- the context of alternative imaging technologies.
cated to advances in technology with limited discussion of • Multiple-choice questions are included at the end of
where these tests might fit in a patient-centered, multimo- each chapter to round up the learning experience.
dality testing strategy. Those books were designed to With such a novel conception behind the design of this
illustrate the possible applications of these technologies textbook, together with over 250 high-quality images, tables,
in cardiology and not to provide the trainee or imaging and illustrations, it is my hope that its content will enhance
specialist with a systematic approach to the complexities the reader’s learning experience and remain current in an
of cardiac imaging and how to incorporate the quantitative era of rapid technical and scientific evolution.
imaging information into patient management. I am grateful for the expert editorial assistance of our
Nuclear Cardiology and Multimodality Cardiovascular managing and development editors, Robin Carter and
Imaging is intended to narrow the aforementioned gap Meredith Madeira, who have tolerated my frequent re-
between technology and clinical knowledge base. The ob- quests for changes to improve the readers’ experience.
jective is to provide imaging trainees and imaging and I am also grateful for the candid input from many train-
medical specialists with the most current and evidence- ees and colleagues at Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
based information regarding the changing and expanded which helped inform the format of the book’s content.
role of nuclear cardiology and multimodality imaging in Finally, I would like to acknowledge the relentless sup-
the evaluation of patients with known or suspected cardio- port, encouragement, and vast editorial experience of
vascular disease. To this end, I have assembled a multidis- Dr. Eugene Braunwald, whose input and unique insights
ciplinary and authoritative group of clinical and imaging dramatically enhanced the organization and value of
experts from cardiology, nuclear medicine, and radiology this book.

xi
 Contents

SECTION I Instrumentation and Principles SECTION IV Applications Of Nuclear Cardiology

of Imaging 1 in Select Populations 177
1 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 1
13 Patients With Suspected Coronary Microvascular
Sarah G. Cuddy-Walsh and R. Glenn Wells
Dysfunction 177
2 Positron Emission Tomography 15 Jamieson M. Bourque and Marcelo F. Di Carli
Mi-Ae Park and Marie Foley Kijewski
14 Patient With Cardiometabolic Disease 192
3 Principles of Myocardial Blood Flow Quantification With Michael T. Osborne, Navkaranbir S. Bajaj and
SPECT and PET Imaging 25 Marcelo F. Di Carli
James A. Case and Robert A. deKemp
15 Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease 204
Hicham Skali and Marcelo Di Carli
SECTION II Imaging Protocols and
Interpretation 37 16 Women With Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease 216
Viviany R. Taqueti and Leslee J. Shaw
4 Radiopharmaceuticals for Clinical SPECT and PET and
Imaging Protocols 37 17 Key Concepts in Risk Stratification and Cost-
Edward J. Miller Effectiveness Using Nuclear Scintigraphy in Stable
Coronary Artery Disease 229
5 Recognizing and Preventing Artifacts With SPECT and
Rory Hachamovitch
PET Imaging 51
Rupa M. Sanghani and Saurabh Malhotra
SECTION V Applications of Nuclear Cardiology
6 Approaches to Minimize Patient Dose in Nuclear in Heart Failure 245
Cardiology 72
18 The Patient With New-Onset Heart Failure 245
Alessia Gimelli and Riccardo Liga
Prem Soman and Danilo Neglia

SECTION III Applications of Nuclear Cardiology 19 Metabolic Remodeling in Heart Failure 258
in Coronary Artery Disease 79 Linda R. Peterson, Thomas Schindler and
Robert J. Gropler
7 Patients With New-Onset Stable Chest Pain
Syndromes 79 20 Patient With Ischemic Heart Failure: Ischemia and
Mouaz Al-Mallah and John J. Mahmarian Viability Assessment and Management 273
Mariana M. Lamacie, Gary R. Small, Rob S. Beanlands,
8 Applications of Nuclear Cardiology in Known Stable
and Lisa M. Mielniczuk
Coronary Artery Disease 90
Krishna K. Patel and Timothy M. Bateman 21 Novel Approaches for the Evaluation
of Arrhythmic Risk 291
9 Patient With Prior Revascularization 110
Saurabh Malhotra and Mark I. Travin
Gary R. Small, Michael Wilber, Juliana Brenande, Ronald G.
Schwartz and Terrence D. Ruddy 22 Screening for Transplant Vasculopathy 307
Paco E. Bravo and Marcelo F. Di Carli
10 Preoperative Risk Evaluation: When and How? 125
Carola Maraboto Gonzalez, Muhammad Panhwar and 23 Patient With Known or Suspected Cardiac
Robert C. Hendel Sarcoidosis 318
Ron Blankstein and Panithaya Chareonthaitawee
11 Imaging in Patients with Acute Chest Pain in the
Emergency Department 142 24 Patients With Known or Suspected Amyloidosis 334
Yazan Daaboul and James E. Udelson Sharmila Dorbala and Sabahat Bokhari

12 Assessing the Biology of High-Risk Plaque Features With 25 Patients Undergoing Cancer Treatment 348
Molecular Imaging 157 Sanjay Divakaran, John D. Groarke, Anju Nohria and
Jason M. Tarkin, James H. F. Rudd, Ahmed Tawakol Marcelo F. Di Carli
and Zahi A. Fayad

xiii
 xiv
26 Molecular Imaging of Myocardial Infarction and 30 Large-Vessel Vasculitis 414
Remodeling 361 Ayaz Aghayev, Michael Steigner and Marcelo F. Di Carli
Rudolf A. Werner, Johanna Diekmann, James T. Thackeray
31 Peripheral Arterial Disease 435
Contents

and Frank M. Bengel

Judith Meadows and Albert J. Sinusas
27 Patient With Mechanical Dyssynchrony 371
Frederik Dalgaard, Marat Fudim and Salvador Borges-Neto SECTION VII Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear
Cardiology 451
SECTION VI Emerging Clinical Applications 385 32 Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Cardiology 451
28 Aortic Stenosis and Bioprosthetic Valve Piotr J. Slomka, Robert J. H. Miller, Ivana Isgum and
Degeneration 385 Damini Dey
Evangelos Tzolos, David E. Newby and Marc R. Dweck

29 Infective Endocarditis 396

Answer Key 463
María Nazarena Pizzi, Albert Roque and Santiago
Aguadé-Bruix
Index 465
 Video Contents

5 Recognizing and Preventing Artifacts With SPECT and 18-4B 4- and 2-chamber cine cardiac magnetic
PET Imaging 51 resonance (CMR) demonstrating regional
dyssynergy involving the inferior and infero-
5-1 Example of left arm down artifact 55
septal LV walls with moderately reduced LV
5-2 Example of ECG gating error 58 global systolic function (LVEF 35%) 251
18 The Patient with New-Onset Heart Failure 245 18-5A 4-chamber and short axis cine CMR images
demonstrating akinesia of the true apex and
18-1A Vasodilator stress and rest first pass
the apical segments of the lateral, inferior and
myocardial perfusion imaging using gadolinium
septal walls with hypokinesia of the remaining
enhanced CMR 246
segments 253
18-1B Four-chamber view on two-dimensional
18-5B 4-chamber and short axis cine CMR images
echocardiography showing normal LV systolic
demonstrating akinesia of the true apex and
function 246
the apical segments of the lateral, inferior and
18-2 Transaxial cine view of the coronary CT septal walls with hypokinesia of the remaining
angiographic images 246 segments 253
18-4A 4- and 2-chamber cine cardiac magnetic 18-5C T2-STIR CMR image documents myocardial
resonance (CMR) demonstrating regional hyperintensive areas indicating myocardial
dyssynergy involving the inferior and infero- edema 253
septal LV walls with moderately reduced LV
global systolic function (LVEF 35%) 251

xv
 Braunwald’s Heart Disease
Family of Books

HERRMANN DI CARLI BHATT

Cardio-Oncology Practice Manual Nuclear Cardiology and Multimodal Opie’s Cardiovascular Drugs
Cardiovascular Imaging

OTTO AND BONOW KIRKLIN AND ROGERS CREAGER

Valvular Heart Disease Mechanical Circulatory Support Vascular Medicine

FELKER AND MANN ISSA, MILLER, AND ZIPES LILLY

Heart Failure Clinical Arrhythmology and Braunwald’s Heart Disease Review and
Electrophysiology Assessment

xvii
Braunwald’s Heart Disease Family of Books xviii

MANNING AND PENNELL SOLOMON, WU, AND GILLAM DE LEMOS AND OMLAND
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Essential Echocardiography Chronic Coronary Artery Disease

BAKRIS AND SORRENTINO MORROW BHATT

Hypertension Myocardial Infarction Cardiovascular Intervention

MCGUIRE AND MARX BALLANTYNE

Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Lipidology
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Other documents randomly have
different content
 Mr. Oliver. You will find it on the page, the rest of which consists
of excerpts from the Dallas Morning News, headed in large black
pencil 12/6.
Mr. Jenner. And the date, or the heading at the top, boldfaced
heading is “Soviet Insinuations call for Query Oswald.” On the
bottom right-hand side of the page appears what apparently is a
news clipping.
Mr. Oliver. It is from the Deutsche National Zeitung.
Mr. Jenner. We have been identifying, Mr. Reporter, a page in
Commission Exhibit No. 1015. Is that correct?
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. I have marked as Oliver Exhibit No. 4 the December
20, 1963, issue of The Councilor volume 2, No. 3, published by
Citizens Council of Louisiana, Inc., for Americans everywhere, which
Dr. Oliver has produced for me, which I will return to him, or I will
return it to you, Mr. Unger, as soon as we have duplicated it.
Mr. Oliver. Do you not have a file of the papers yourselves?
Mr. Jenner. If we don’t have it it will be a modern miracle. You
are asking for my personal knowledge. I must say I don’t know.
Mr. Oliver. Right.
(The document referred to was marked Oliver Exhibit No. 4 for
identification.)
Mr. Jenner. But if we don’t have it, it will amaze me. I, in my
work, have not seen it.
I take it then that the Oliver Exhibit No. 4 and the portion of
Commission Exhibit No. 1015 which I have identified are the sources
for your statement that Oswald was arrested as a suspect in
connection with the attempt on the life of General Walker?
Mr. Oliver. They are the sources for my statement that there was
a report that that had happened.
 Mr. Jenner. All right. And that General Walker happened to turn
his head and for that reason he escaped death.
Mr. Oliver. Well, as I have said, that was based partly on
statements made by General Walker.
Mr. Jenner. And in part on the Zeitung news report, of course?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Also, those two sources, I take it, are the source of
your statement that Oswald, “was released through the personal
intervention of Robert F. Kennedy.”
Mr. Oliver. That is part of the statement in the report that I am
quoting.
Mr. Jenner. In other words, that the source upon which you base
that statement was Oliver Exhibit No. 4, and its reproduction in
whole or in part in Commission Exhibit No. 1015?
Mr. Oliver. And specifically the German text.
Mr. Jenner. Which appears in?
Mr. Oliver. In those.
Mr. Jenner. In exhibit—Commission Exhibit No. 1015.
Mr. Oliver. I may add that at my request Mr. Frank Capell
ascertained that this article had actually appeared in the National
Zeitung.
Mr. Jenner. I am seeking only the sources, whether confirmed by
Mr. Capell or otherwise. I now understand they consisted of Oliver
Exhibit No. 4, and the reproduction in whole or in part in German in
Commission Exhibit No. 1015.
Mr. Oliver. Of course, subsequently to the publication of my
article, confirmation of a kind became available in the reports from
the committee hearings reported by Mr. Henshaw in the National
Enquirer.
 Mr. Jenner. When you say committee hearings you mean the
Commission hearings.
Mr. Oliver. The Commission hearings; yes.
Mr. Jenner. At the time you made the statement, I take it, you
had no other source than the two I have indicated plus confirmation
from Mr. Capell that the Zeitung article was published?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Would you identify more particularly the subsequent
confirmation reference you just made about Mr. Henshaw?
Mr. Oliver. The chief of the Washington Bureau of the National
Enquirer published in the issue of that newspaper for——
Mr. Jenner. If you have a copy of it I would appreciate having it.
Mr. Oliver. Yes; for May 17, 1964, this article with which you are
doubtless familiar.
Mr. Jenner. The document to which Dr. Oliver has reference, we
will mark as Oliver Exhibit No. 5.
(The document referred to was marked Oliver Exhibit No. 5 for
identification.)
Mr. Jenner. It is entitled “National Enquirer, the World’s Liveliest
Newspaper,” volume 38, No. 36, May 17, 1964, and as submitted to
me it consists of pages 1—numbered 1 and 2, pages 15 and 18 and
the reverse of those two pages which happen to be unnumbered. I
take it, Doctor, that this issue of the National Enquirer dated May 17,
1964, volume 38, No. 36, was composed of additional pages but that
none of those additional pages contains any matter upon which you
relied in this connection.
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Then you go on to say, “In November, Oswald was
sent back to Dallas” and I take it your source of his being sent back
by the Communist group or conspiracy to which you have reference,
was the same as you testified you relied upon in connection with
your statement of his having been sent to Dallas in the first place?
Mr. Oliver. Right.
Mr. Jenner. And I continue the quote, “Where a job in a suitably
located building had been arranged for him.” What did you intend to
imply by the statement that a suitably—“where a job in a suitably
located building had been arranged for him.” Who arranged it and
what is the source of your information?
Mr. Oliver. The statement that this building is suitably located is
an inference from the fact that it was, (a) on what proved eventually
to be the route of Presidential procession and, (b) that it was one of
the very few buildings to be found in any town in which a man on
the upper floor could be virtually certain of being unobserved
because those upper floors were storage spaces, and the storage
spaces so arranged that there would be no clear view from one end
of the floor to the other.
Mr. Jenner. I take it the source of your information, that is upon
which you base the statement was again newspaper reports or——
Mr. Oliver. Concerning the building and newspaper reports
concerning the arrangement of the job for him, newspaper reports
plus reports from Mr. Capell, I believe that is all.
Mr. Jenner. By whom had the job been arranged? What was your
source as to that?
Mr. Oliver. It appears that the intervention which procured the
job for him is attributed to a Mrs. Paine. There were——
Mr. Jenner. Mrs. Michael R.; Ruth Paine.
Mr. Oliver. Ruth Paine; yes. There were some earlier rumors
concerning the way in which he obtained the position, but I believe
that at the time I wrote those had been superseded by the
knowledge that Mrs. Paine had—by the report that Mrs. Paine had
given him a very strong recommendation for the job.
 Mr. Jenner. What are you advised as to how that took place,
Doctor, and when?
Mr. Oliver. As I recall, it took place 2 or 3 days after Oswald
failed to obtain a job in a printing firm whose name does not come
to my mind at the moment. He was refused a job there, as I
understand it, because he naturally had to present his social security
papers which contained his correct name, and the proprietor
ascertained that Oswald had Communist connections and, therefore,
refused him the position. As I understand it, he got the position in
the School Depository, I believe 3 days later.
Mr. Jenner. What is the source of your information?
Mr. Oliver. Here I believe I rely on Mr. Capell and some
confirmation from a number of people in and about Dallas with
whom I discussed the matter. However, as I recall, those discussions
took place after I wrote the article. I can’t be quite certain but I
believe they did.
Mr. Jenner. When you refer to Mr. Capell, I take it you are
referring to——
Mr. Oliver. To Mr. Frank Capell.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Frank Capell, and in particular to releases or
bulletins or writings of his which came to your attention as
distinguished from personal conferences?
Mr. Oliver. I would rely primarily on personal conferences. Mr.
Capell is the publisher of a periodical called the Herald of Freedom.
Mr. Jenner. The Herald of Freedom?
Mr. Oliver. Right.
Mr. Jenner. Where is that published?
Mr. Oliver. In Staten Island in New York.
Mr. Jenner. Are you a subscriber to the Herald of Freedom, did
you say?
 Mr. Oliver. Yes; I subscribe to a considerable number of
periodicals, in fact too many.
Mr. Jenner. I wouldn’t doubt it.
Mr. Oliver. But Mr. Capell does serve as a research consultant for
me.
Mr. Jenner. But at the time you made the statement as published
in your article you were relying on what source and what source
alone?
Mr. Oliver. I would not say on any source alone. There were
news reports as to how Oswald had obtained his job. There were
further the reports from Mr. Capell and quite possibly some of these
conversations with people in Dallas.
Mr. Jenner. When you say people in Dallas, who are they, are
they people who had any firsthand knowledge of this?
Mr. Oliver. Most of them residents of Dallas whom I knew in one
way or another in speaking and so on, but none of them had any
personal knowledge of the assassination, so far as I know.
Mr. Jenner. My question related to your statement that he was
sent in Dallas in November of 1963 where a job in a suitably located
building had been arranged for him. Did any of these people purport
to have any personal knowledge of that matter?
Mr. Oliver. Only what they had heard concerning the way in
which he obtained his employment; yes.
Mr. Jenner. Their sources, in turn, were newspaper reports and
rumors and things of that nature at large in the community.
Mr. Oliver. I would think so; yes.
Mr. Jenner. Proceeding to page 14, I won’t read all of the
paragraph, it begins at the bottom but you just glance at it, you
refer to the fact that he shot the President from ambush, and then
he escaped and you surmised that he would have reached Mexico
but for some mischance and the intervention of Officer Tippit, and
you conclude that paragraph with a sentence, “He was accordingly
liquidated before he could make a complete confession.” The
implication of that sentence is that he was killed, his death was
procured by some evil source, being, I take it, the Communist
conspiracy or Communist Party to which you have had reference. Am
I correct about that?
Mr. Oliver. That is what I regard as a reasonable inference from
the facts; yes.
Mr. Jenner. It was an inference that you drew.
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Now you state in the next sentence, “There are many
other significant data but I have stated the essentials.” What other
significant data are there or were there at the time you made that
statement. I might interject as you are pondering that, to a learned
man such as you, at the word “data” as you used it meant your
sources?
Mr. Oliver. Yes; facts. It would be difficult for me at the moment
to remember and reconstruct completely what was in my mind, the
list of data there.
Mr. Jenner. Give me the best; just do the best you can, sir.
Mr. Oliver. However, I would have particularly taken into
consideration as significant data the various indications of contacts
between Oswald and Rubenstein, known as Ruby, the man who
killed him, prior to the assassination. That would include such
matters as a statement made by a, should I say, the announcer or
director of a program called “Open End.”
Mr. Jenner. Open End?
Mr. Oliver. Open End, on a local Dallas station—this is not the
national program as I understand it—to the effect that he had seen
Rubenstein behind the Depository shortly after the assassination.
The statement of the owner of a tourist lodging, should we say, in
Waco, that a man whom she identified as Oswald had stayed at her
place and had been joined by a man whom she identified as
Rubenstein. By the statement of a mnemonics expert in Rubenstein’s
club that he had seen Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. When you say “club,” you mean the Carousel Club?
Mr. Oliver. Carousel Club, actually a striptease joint, that he had
seen Oswald in the club shortly before and as he later stated the day
before the assassination.
Mr. Jenner. Whom did you say this was that made this report?
Mr. Oliver. This was a man named Bill Crowe.
Mr. Jenner. Crowe?
Mr. Oliver. C-r-o-w-e.
Mr. Jenner. Where did you see that report or how did you see it?
Mr. Oliver. That was reported in the press at the time. And was
later confirmed by a special interview with him that was published in
the National Enquirer.
Mr. Jenner. Do you have that issue of the Enquirer with you?
Mr. Oliver. I do not but I believe you will find a reference to it in
the issue that I have given you there.
Mr. Jenner. That is Oliver Exhibit No. 5?
Mr. Oliver. That is correct.
Mr. Jenner. Would you locate it for the record, please?
Mr. Oliver. Yes; “The Enquirer traced DeMar, and that is the
stage name of this man Bill Crowe to an Evansville, Ind. nightclub
and questioned him on April 11. He told our reporter that he had
seen Oswald sitting in the Carousel on the night of November 21,
the night before Oswald assassinated President Kennedy.” DeMar
said “I gave the FBI a statement about seeing Oswald in the club
and that was it. I told them the same thing I am telling you. I have
signed it and have heard nothing more about the incident to this
day.”
 Mr. Jenner. Had you read all of the article by, either by, or
referring to DeMar from Oliver Exhibit No.——
Mr. Oliver. Yes; I did finish the excerpt.
Mr. Jenner. What is the number of the Exhibit?
Mr. Oliver. No. 5. And there were other indications of contacts
between Oswald and Rubenstein before the assassination.
Mr. Jenner. And I take it your assumption was at the time you
published the article that Rubenstein himself was a Communist
agent.
Mr. Oliver. That seemed a reasonable inference; yes.
Mr. Jenner. And your source of that was the sources you have
just indicated?
Mr. Oliver. Yes; plus, of course, the fact that he either executed
or murdered Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. Your statement in the right-hand column that “It
required a gunman from outside to do the job,” in which you are
referring to Rubenstein, was based on what, that is a gunman from
outside.
Mr. Oliver. Well, Rubenstein was not a member of the Dallas
police.
Mr. Jenner. I see. Someone other than the member of the Dallas
police is what you meant to imply.
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. You go on in a subsequent paragraph to say, “As was
to be expected a few moments after the shot was fired in Dallas the
vermin probably in obedience to general or specific orders issued in
advance of the event, began to screech out their disease hatred of
the American people and, long after the facts were known to
everyone, went on mechanically repeating, like defective
phonograph records, the same vicious lies about these ‘radical right’
until fresh orders reached them from headquarters. But the
significant fact is that there were enough honest American
newsmen, in the United States and abroad, to make it impossible to
conceal the conspiracy’s connection with the bungled assassination.”
“That is very encouraging.”
Now, your statement “probably in obedience to general or
specific orders issued in advance of the event” I take it that is an
inference or an implication you drew from the sources of information
already related to us.
Mr. Oliver. Right, from the rapidity and the concert, both, of
these attacks on patriotic Americans.
Mr. Jenner. Yes. This is a conclusion or a deduction on your own
part of conclusions you reached from the information sources you
have indicated, is that correct, sir?
Mr. Oliver. That is right. I trust that the Commission will inquire
into the phenomenal rapidity with which the special bulletin of The
Worker was distributed in New York.
Mr. Jenner. Yes, sir; but I would urge you to drop the future
tense.
Mr. Oliver. Very good. I am glad to see that it has been done.
Mr. Jenner. Then commencing on page 15 you say, “There were
two basic”—I am reading the first full paragraph—“There are two
basic reasons why the American people were shocked and grieved
by the assassination. Neither has anything to do with either the
personal character of the victim or the identity of the assassin.” Do
you find the place?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. And then you relate (1) and (2). I take it that (1) and
(2) were conclusions and reasoning to which you resorted, is that
correct, sir?
 Mr. Oliver. That is right. On the basis, of course, on my
knowledge of human history.
Mr. Jenner. Your knowledge of human nature and history and the
sources of information you have already told us about?
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Were there any others, that is sources?
Mr. Oliver. No.
Mr. Jenner. Now, we will pass to page 18. There is a column
headed “Three Explanations”. Do you find it?
Mr. Oliver. Right.
Mr. Jenner. It reads in part, “Why was Kennedy murdered by the
young Bolshevik? With a little imagination it is easy to excogitate
numerous explanations that are not absolutely impossible. For
example, (a) Oswald was a madman who acted all alone just to get
his name in the papers; (b) Oswald was a poor shot who was really
trying to kill Governor Connally or Mrs. Kennedy, and hit the
President by mistake; (c) the person killed was not Kennedy but a
double and the real Kennedy is now a guest aboard a flying saucer,
on which he is heroically negotiating with Martians or Saturnians to
save The World, cap ‘T’ cap ‘W’. With a little time and a fairly wide
reading in romantic fiction anyone can think of 60 or 70 fantasies as
good or better than those that I have mentioned.”
And the next paragraph:
“On the evidence, however, and with the consideration of human
probabilities there are only three explanations that are not
preposterous, viz:”
To what did you refer when you used the reference “On the
evidence.”?
Mr. Oliver. On the evidence that I had already stated.
 Mr. Jenner. You mean that which you have stated here in the
course of the testimony?
Mr. Oliver. Yes; and also stated in this article. That is, the
evidence that has been stated; my testimony has related to the
previous parts of this article.
Mr. Jenner. That is pages 13 through 17 and up to this point on
page 18?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. You were using the term “evidence” in the general or
loose sense?
Mr. Oliver. Yes, not in the sense of sworn testimony as a lawyer
would use it.
Mr. Jenner. Yes, not in the sense of primary sources, is that
correct?
Mr. Oliver. Yes. Of course, we run into a curious question, the
definition of primary sources. There are many modern historians
who would list the newspapers, for example, as primary sources.
Mr. Jenner. Depending on their use, yes.
Mr. Oliver. As distinct from, let us say, textbooks which would be
secondary sources. I am here assuming primary sources means
some direct positive evidence other than the printed reports, et
cetera.
Mr. Jenner. I don’t wish to compromise you, of course. When I
use the term “secondary” or “primary” sources I am using it in a
sense that a lawyer uses it. Newspaper reports we would generally
refer to as secondary sources. We would have to go to the primary
source on which the reporter based his article in order to get
something in evidence.
If we were trying to prove a general milieu, newspaper accounts
as to an atmosphere at a particular time or something of that nature
they would be admissible. But as to your sources here, I understand
the term secondary sources means newspaper reports, articles or
even books on which you retired, as distinguished from personal
knowledge.
Mr. Oliver. That is right. I just wanted to be sure this was no
misunderstanding of the term.
Mr. Jenner. I don’t wish it misunderstood either. I am not going to
read your three suppositions, they are your conclusions rather than
statements of fact. I use the word supposition in the sense that I am
thinking in terms that they are your conclusions.
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Your conclusion first is, and I quote, “Kennedy was
executed by the Communist conspiracy because he was planning to
turn American.”
What was it, your source of that statement?
Mr. Oliver. Well, as I have indicated; what I called there the
comforting hypothesis that one heard so frequently since Kennedy’s
inauguration, and which one still hears, that he had in his mind a
secret plan, that his policies and the people with whom he
surrounded himself in the opening years of his administration were
intended to provide a demonstration of their fatuity and probable
disloyalty—the fatuity of the measures and the probable disloyalty of
the many persons involved; that he was planning to execute, as I
said here, a volte-face and make a dramatic gesture and espouse a
policy of national independence instead of “interdependence.”
Mr. Jenner. You follow the statement I have quoted, with this
statement, Doctor, “For this comforting hypothesis there is no
evidence now known.” As of this moment is there any “evidence now
known” to you?
Mr. Oliver. None that is known to me. So far as I know that is
still conjecture and what is sometimes called wishful thinking. I may
say if there is any evidence of it I should be very happy to hear it.
 Mr. Jenner. Point No. 2 appears in the right-hand column, and I
read, “That the assassination was the result of one of the rifts that
now infrequently occur——”
Mr. Oliver. Pardon me, “not infrequently.”
Mr. Jenner. Pardon me—“not infrequently occur within the
management of the Communist conspiracy whose satraps
sometimes liquidate one another without defecting from the
conspiracy, such as Persian satraps.”
Would you read the rest of it, you have a couple of words in
there I am not——
Mr. Oliver. “Just as Persian satraps, such as Tissaphernes and
Pharnabazus made war on one another without revolting or
intending to revolt against the King of Kings.”
Mr. Jenner. This point No. 2 is as in the case of point No. 1, a
rationalization on your part.
Mr. Oliver. I would prefer to call it deduction on my part.
Mr. Jenner. I will accept the amendment.
You then say, “Now, it was generally suspected for some time
before the assassination that Khrushchev and Kennedy were
planning to stage another show to bamboozle the American suckers
just before the election next November.”
What is your source, if any, for the statement that Khrushchev
and Kennedy were planning, as you put it, another show?
Mr. Oliver. The frequent reports of preparations for an invasion
of Cuba planned, it would seem, to substitute for Castro a less-well-
known Communist.
Mr. Jenner. Here again this was a statement of deduction on your
part?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
 Mr. Jenner. From newspaper accounts and radio broadcasts and
general information that was abroad?
Mr. Oliver. General information, rumors you pick up, what you
are told by various analysts and so on.
Mr. Jenner. Would you turn to 3 which appears on page 20? This
is your third deduction, I gather:
“That the conspiracy ordered the assassination as part of a
systematic preparation for a domestic takeover. If so, the plan, of
course, was to place the blame on the ‘rightwing extremists’ (if I
may use the Bolshevik’s code word for informed and loyal
Americans), and we may be sure that a whole train of “clues” had
been carefully planted to lead or point in that direction as soon as
Oswald was safe in Mexico.”
What was the source of that statement in your article?
Mr. Oliver. This again is deduction.
Mr. Jenner. From the sources you have already related in your
testimony?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. You then in the right-hand column proceed to discuss
“two objections to this explanation” and I interpolate, “but neither is
cogent”. You continue on then with deduction again, do you, sir?
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Based on the same sources?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. I notice that three-quarters of the way down in the
right-hand column on page 20 you state, “For that matter, a
potentially serious and quite unnecessary mistake was made when
the Communist Party’s official publication, The Worker, yelled for the
appointment of Earl Warren to investigate ‘the assassination’ before
(italicized) the appointment was made, or at least, before the
appointment was disclosed to the public.”
I take it that statement was based on some news report?
Mr. Oliver. On the actual publication in The Worker of this article
calling for the appointment of Warren.
Mr. Jenner. I know we have that.
Mr. Oliver. I am sure you must have. It is a well-known
publication.
Mr. Jenner. Yes. But the statement I have just read was based
upon that issue of The Worker to which you have now made
reference.
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. You made a deduction from that fact of publication?
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Proceed to page 21. The lower right-hand corner of
page 21 commences a paragraph the first few words of which or the
first sentence of which reads “Careful observers were aware of the
feeling of crisis in conspiratorial circles before the assassination.”
On what was that statement based, or to be more accurate what
was the source from which you made that deduction, if it is one.
Mr. Oliver. My conversations with fairly numerous observers of
the conspiracy and its operations in this country.
Mr. Jenner. Are you using “conspiracy” in a general sense rather
than a particular conspiracy directed toward this event?
Mr. Oliver. The Communist conspiracy as a whole; yes.
Mr. Jenner. You then go on to state what appears to be a
statement of fact or you represent it to be.
“In June of 1963 an experienced American military man made a
careful analysis of the situation at that time, and in his highly
confidential report concluded, on the basis of indications in
Communist and crypto Communist sources, that the conspiracy’s
schedule called for a major incident to create national shock before
Thanksgiving.”
Who is that experienced American military man to whom you
had reference?
(Conferring with counsel.)
Mr. Oliver. The observer mentioned there is Col. Chesley Clark,
retired.
Mr. Jenner. Clark.
Mr. Oliver. C-l-a-r-k, of the American Air Force.
Mr. Jenner. Did he publish—this is a new name to me—did he
publish something on which you rely in making that statement?
Mr. Oliver. This he told me not with a pledge that it was
confidential, but with the implication that I would not disclose his
name in a publication. I see no bar to disclosing it for the purpose of
these hearings. If I may say, his estimates were made entirely from,
what should we say, experience in psychological warfare and in
reading the indications in the sequence of events and the form the
propaganda was taking, and that he obviously had not, so far as I
know, no inside information.
Mr. Jenner. This conversation or conversations that you had had
with Colonel Clark, did it or they occur between the time of the
assassination and the time of the publication of your article?
Mr. Oliver. No, before the assassination, I am sure. I would say
perhaps—it is hard to recollect but I would say a month or 6 weeks
before.
Mr. Jenner. I take it, I don’t even like to say this because I don’t
want you to take it wrong, certainly there was nothing in Colonel
Clark’s statement to you, sir, that carried any implication of any
anticipation of a possible assassination of President Kennedy?
 Mr. Oliver. No. Of a, however—it did astutely anticipate some
event that would create a national shock.
Mr. Jenner. When I say I hesitate to say it but I know what you
would have done, I think I know what you would have done, had
there been any implication, you would have alarmed the authorities.
Mr. Oliver. There was no——
Mr. Jenner. I am correct about that, am I not?
Mr. Oliver. You are correct about that. The nature of the event
that would create this shock was, of course, necessarily speculative.
Mr. Jenner. All right. Then you discuss the feeling of men like you,
that there was some crisis about to take place, and this feeling was
communicated to you by men like Colonel Clark and others?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Who felt that the Communist conspiracy as you call it
had reached a point at which it needed some shocking event.
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Or as you say at the bottom of page 21 and the top
of page 22, “The conspiracy’s schedule called for a major incident to
create a national shock before Thanksgiving.”
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. At the bottom of page 22, right-hand column, you
say: “In summary then, there is not a single indication that the
conspiracy did not plan and carry out the assassination of President
Kennedy. On the other hand, there is evidence which very strongly
suggests that it did.”
Would you please relate what evidence there was at the time
you published the article which “very strongly suggests that it did.”
Mr. Oliver. You begin with the fact that the assassin was a
Communist and added the strong probability, in my judgment, that
he must have had accomplices, very, very probably including
Rubenstein.
Then the results which would have occurred but for the
mischance of Oswald’s apprehension would have been very strongly
in their favor. It is the old doctrine of Sui Bono. In substance the
considerations that I have stated in the earlier part of the article
indicating that (a) there undoubtedly was Communist participation
and (b) that the act was to their advantage.
Mr. Jenner. Here again then I take it that your use of the word
“evidence” in the portion I have quoted from your paper, at the
bottom of the right-hand column of page 22 is the use of the word
in the loose sense or the broad sense.
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. The broad sense meaning deductions from the
sources you have indicated in your testimony?
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Would you glance at page 23 with a view in mind of
my inquiring of you as to whether the statements made on that
page likewise are deductions based on the sources you have
indicated heretofore in your testimony?
Mr. Oliver. That is right.
Mr. Jenner. Is that likewise true of page 24?
Mr. Oliver. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. At the bottom of page 24, the right-hand column you
say:
“The first expedient was primarily defensive. In a hasty and thus
far successful attempt to thwart an investigation by legally
constituted authorities, the Senate Subcommittee on Internal
Security and the attorney general of the State of Texas, both of
whom had already announced their determination to conduct an
impartial inquiry, an illegal and unconstitutional ‘special commission’
was improvised with the obvious hope that it could be turned into a
Soviet-style Kangaroo court. The best known members of this
packed ‘commission’,” and then you give some vignettes of the
various members of the commission.
I am not seeking to probe into your thinking on the subject. You
have a right to think whatever you do think, and the right of free
speech and publication permits you to publish. As I told Mr. Unger
yesterday I was seeking only sources.
What is the source of that statement?
Mr. Unger. Pardon me, just a minute for interjecting but what
relevancy does that have on the inquiry into the death of either
President Kennedy or——
Mr. Jenner. It has this relevancy. The doctor is implying in the
statement I have quoted that the creation of the Commission was
part of a conspiracy, as he puts it, to prevent effective investigation
into the assassination of the President by the Senate Subcommittee
on Internal Security and the attorney general of the State of Texas,
with the appointment of a commission.
Mr. Oliver. Let me confer for just a second.
(Conferring with counsel.)
Mr. Unger. We think under the circumstances that that is beyond
the right of the Commission to inquire and beyond the scope of this
hearing and, therefore, the witness on my recommendation declines
to answer.
Mr. Jenner. All right. Was this statement other than deduction on
your part?
Mr. Unger. Well, the same objection. I think if you were to just go
through a list of other than you would eventually arrive at the same
objectionable conclusion. So we object to that.
Mr. Jenner. All right. What were your sources upon which you
based this statement?
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