FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

NAME: Harold James D. Booc

SECTION: ARCH_3F

Seatwork/Assignment No. 1

What is Mechanics of Deformable Bodies? Briefly explain it in 300 words

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, also called mechanics of materials, explores how solid materials
respond to external forces, particularly how they deform or change shape and size under various loads.
Unlike rigid bodies, which do not change shape when subjected to force, deformable bodies experience
internal stresses and strains. Stress refers to the internal force per unit area within a material, while
strain measures the resulting deformation. These interactions are described by principles such as Hooke'
s Law, which states that within the elastic limit of a material, stress and strain are linearly related.
Elasticity is the material's ability to return to its original shape after the force is removed, while plasticity
occurs when the material deforms permanently after the stress surpasses a certain threshold, known as
the yield point.

In addition to analyzing stress and strain, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies examines different types of
forces like tensile, compressive, and shear forces, along with their impact on materials. For example,
Young’s Modulus is an important property that measures a material's stiffness, indicating how much it
will deform under a specific load. Shear stress and strain, which arise when forces cause layers within a
material to slide relative to each other, are crucial when studying materials under torsion or bending.
The field also covers failure theories, which predict when and how materials will fail under certain
conditions, such as through fracture, fatigue, or yielding. This knowledge is critical for designing
structures and components that can safely endure the loads and forces they will encounter, ensuring
reliability and safety in various engineering fields.
What is Stress? Identify the types of stresses. Illustrate some examples.
In mechanics, stress refers to the internal force per unit area that arises within a material when
subjected to an external load. It measures the intensity of internal forces acting within the material as it
resists deformation. Stress is a key concept in the mechanics of deformable bodies and is essential for
understanding how materials react to external forces.
What stresses are involved in thin walled pressure vessels?
In thin-walled pressure vessels, which are structures like tanks or pipes designed to hold fluids under
pressure, the primary stresses involved are circumferential (hoop) stress and longitudinal (axial) stress.
These stresses arise due to the internal pressure exerted by the fluid on the walls of the vessel.

1. Circumferential (Hoop) Stress:

• Description: Circumferential or hoop stress is the stress exerted along the circumference of the
pressure vessel. It is the result of the internal pressure trying to expand the vessel radially, causing
tension around its circular cross-section.Significance: Hoop stress is typically the largest stress in
a thin-walled pressure vessel, making it a critical factor in the design and analysis of such vessels.
•

2. Longitudinal (Axial) Stress:

• Description: Longitudinal or axial stress is the stress acting along the length of the vessel, resulting
from the internal pressure pushing against the ends of the vessel. It causes the vessel to try to
elongate.

• Significance: Longitudinal stress is generally half the magnitude of hoop stress in thin-walled
vessels, but it is still important in ensuring the vessel’s structural integrity.

3. Radial Stress:

• Description: Radial stress acts through the thickness of the vessel wall, from the internal surface
to the external surface. It is the stress that results from the pressure differential between the
inside and outside of the vessel.

• Significance: In thin-walled pressure vessels, radial stress is usually much smaller compared to
hoop and longitudinal stresses and is often considered negligible in the design analysis.

What is strain? Illustrate the stress-strain diagram.

Strain is a measure of the deformation of a material in response to an applied force. It quantifies how
much a material stretches, compresses, or distorts under load, relative to its original dimensions. Strain is
a dimensionless quantity, typically expressed as a ratio or percentage.
What is Hooke’s Law? Explain Hooke’s.
Hooke's Law is a fundamental principle in mechanics that describes the linear relationship between the
force applied to a material and the resulting deformation, specifically within the material's elastic limit. It
is named after the 17th-century British scientist Robert Hooke, who first formulated the law in 1660.

Statement of Hooke's Law:

Hooke's Law states that the force required to extend or compress a spring (or any elastic material) is
directly proportional to the displacement or change in length produced by the force. Mathematically, it
can be expressed as:

Where:

• F is the force applied to the material (measured in newtons, N).

• k is the spring constant or stiffness of the material (measured in newtons per meter, N/m).

• x is the displacement or change in length from the material’s original (unstressed) length
(measured in meters, m).

Explanation of Hooke's Law:

1. Elastic Behavior:

o Hooke’s Law applies to materials that exhibit elastic behavior, meaning they return to their
original shape and size when the applied force is removed. This linear relationship
between force and displacement holds only up to the material’s elastic limit.

2. Spring Constant (k):

o The spring constant k represents the stiffness of the material or spring. A higher k value
indicates a stiffer material, which requires more force to achieve the same displacement
compared to a material with a lower k value.

3. Proportionality:

o The direct proportionality between force and displacement implies that doubling the
force will double the displacement, as long as the material remains within its elastic range.

4. Elastic Limit:

o If the applied force exceeds the material’s elastic limit, Hooke's Law no longer applies.
Beyond this point, the material may undergo permanent deformation (plasticity) or even
fracture.