TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
PREPARED BY: MARIUELLE MAY V. MARTIN, RCRIM, LPT
 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION vs. TRAFFIC

• Transportation is the movement or conveying of

persons and goods from one location to another.

• Traffic is the movement of persons, goods, or

vehicles, either powered by combustion system or
animal drawn from one place to another for the
purpose of safe travel.
NOMADS
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

3 TYPES OF NOMADS
1. FORAGING POPULATIONS
2. PASTORAL NOMADS
3. GYPSIES, TINKERS
A.MANPOWER
B.ANIMAL POWER
C.WIND POWER
MANPOWER

• CARRYING POLE
Balancing on one
shoulder is popular
carrying device.
Started in China
MANPOWER

• BACK LOAD AND TUMPLINE

in many parts of the world,
goods are carried on the back
MANPOWER

• SLEDGE ON
ROLLERS
• The moving of
heavy burdens was
to place them on
sledge which rested
on a series of
rollers
MANPOWER

• SLEDGE ON
RUNNERS
• A simple sledge,
probably man
drawn
• It was used at the
end of the Old
Stone Age in
Northern Europe
 MANPOWER

• TRAVOIS
• Serves as a
platform on
which the burden
are placed
ANIMAL POWER

• OX/CATTLE
• first domesticated
in Mesopotamia,
were used as drafts
animals to draw
chariots
ANIMAL POWER

• REINDEER
• First domesticated in
Siberia in the
beginning of the
Christian era
ANIMAL POWER

• DOG
• First
domesticated
animal, is too
slight to carry
heavy loads
ANIMAL POWER

• DONKEY
• Or ass, first
domesticated in the
middle east. Donkey
caravans carry
goods between
southwest Asia and
Egypt
ANIMAL POWER

• LLAMA
• In pre-Columbian
America, the Llama
was the only new
world animal other
that the dog capable
of domestication for
used in transport
ANIMAL POWER

• ELEPHANT
• The Carthaginians
used African
elephant in their
war against Rome
but in recent years,
these animals have
not been tamed
ANIMAL POWER

• HORSE
• Around 2000 B.C
horse draw chariots
appeared in
southwest Asia,
Persians arrived with
cavalry which gave
mobility and power
to the German tribes
ANIMAL POWER

• CAMEL
• The two-humped
Bactrian camel of
central Asia and
One-humped
dromedary of Arabia
have long been used
for transport
ANIMAL POWER

• YAK
• A long-Haired type of
cattle that lives at
high altitudes on the
Tibean plateau and
neighboring Mountain
Regions
WIND POWER

• ANCIENT CHINESE KITE

• Kites have been flown as a popular
past time in Far East since the
beginning of history. Kite was first
used for transport when a Korean
general employed one in bridge
building
WIND POWER

• DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPTER
• LEONARDO DA VINCI
• It was based from the flight
of birds
WIND POWER

• MONTGOLFIER BALLOON
• Joseph Michael and Jacques Entienne
have successfully released several
balloons when they proposed to used
two condemned prisoners for the first
ascent with passengers
WIND POWER

• SIEMENS’ ROCKET PLANE

• In 1847 Ernst Werner Von
Siemens, design rocket plane
which was to be propelled by
the explosives force for gun
powder.
 WIND POWER

• LILIENTHAL GLIDER
• Otto Liliental, a German
inventor who also made a
study of flight of birds and
experimented with
Ornithopters. His chief work
was gliders. In 1891 he made
the first of a number of a
gliders flight which exert a
profound influence on the
development of aviation
WIND POWER

• SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP

• Alberto Santos Dumont, He made his
first balloon ascent in 1897 and in
1898 complete construction of his
first air ship.
WRIGHT BROTHERS’ •
FLYING MACHINE
 WIND POWER

• Orville and Wilbur Wright

build a biplane kite. Then
successfully flew at kitty
Hawk, North Carolina on
Dec. 17 1903.
WIND POWER

• LINDBERGH’S SPIRIT OF
ST. LOUIS
• The first solo flight from
New York to Paris, was made
by Capt. Charles A.
Lindbergh in May 1927 in a
plane specially built for
flight, the spirt of St. Louis
ROADS AND VEHICLE
HISTORY

I. WHEELS
• Was invented probably in
Western Asia
• One of man’s greatest
intentions
• It began to appear in
Tigris-Euphrates Valley
 . SUMERIAN CHARIOT WITH FLANK WHEELS
2
- Had solid wheels built up of three pieces, and so was more durable than one-piece wheel
3. GREEK QUADRICA WITH SPOKED WHEELS
- Drawn Quadrin by 2 or 4 horses
EARLIEST TYPES OF WHEELED CARTS
1. SOLID WHEELS ON FIXED AXLE
- Made of single piece of wood, rotated on a single axle
- Light and elegant vehicle for gentleman
4. ROMAN CARPENTUM
- closed two-wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle when Roman women journeyed outside the city 5.
ITALIAN COCCHIO
-a travelling wagon in which the passengers were protected by a covering leather or clothed fixed over
a wooden framework.
 Could not use the narrow
paths and trails used by
pack animals.
II. WHEELED
VEHICLES
Early roads were soon
built.
III. THE ROMANS

JOHN LOUDON MCADAM

– advocated the theory
THE ROMANS - were the
of feeder road building
major road builders in
and perfected the
the ancient world
macadamized road in
England about 1815
 TH
AFTER THE FALL OF ROMANS IN 5 CENTURY

• Land haulage generally declined because highways suffered from inadequate

maintenance.
• IMPROVEMENTS:
• Horse collars
• Coach Spring
• New methods of road construction
• Introduction of toll roads
CANALS – body of water used to be channel of sea
transportation
 RAILWAYS – channel of transportation wherein parallel
lines of irons were used as roads

GEORGE STEPHENSON – made the first fully

developed trains
HOBBY HORSE/DANDY HORSE – modern ancestors of bicycle
 IV. BICYCLE INVENTION

 Served as a nursery of automobile in the early 19th century

KARL VON DRAIS (1817) – the German baron who introduced a steerable wheel,
creating “draisienne” or “dandy horse”

KIRK PATRICK MACMILLAN (1838) – A Scottish blacksmith, made the first

machine pedals which were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of
cranks.
 JOHN BOYD
v. PNEUMATIC DUNLOP
TIRES (19TH CENTURY) –
1888
JEAN JOSEPH
ETIENNE LENOIR –
Automobile
introduced
found its
motorized
VI. greatest
carriages by his
MOTOR popularity invention of the
VEHICLE in the “INTERNAL
United COMBUSTION
States ENGINE”
(1860s-’70s)
Henry Ford 1908-
NICOLAUS RUDOLF DIESEL –
OTTO & developed an
GOTTLIEB internal
DAIMLER – combustion
manufactured engine with the
gas engines use of diesel fuel
introduced the Model T (Ford Vehicle)
 ETYMOLOGY OF TRAFFIC

which became popular that by 1914, Ford adopted a mass production

to meet demands of the people.
• Originally meant “trade”
• Originates from Greco-Roman word “TRAFICO” with
reference to the movement of people
• Greek originally called the system as “TRAFIGA”
 TRAFFIC

Traffic Management • It refers to the movement of persons, goods or vehicles,

either powered by combustion system or animal drawn from
one place to another for the purpose of safe travel.

•
• An executive function such as planning, organizing, directing, supervising,
coordinating, operating, recording, and budgeting traffic affairs
• Refers to the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency
to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both
providers and consumers of transportation services.
Roadway
• It refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicles pass.

Shoulder
• It refers to the either side of the roadway, especially along highways.

Sidewalk
• It is an integral part of the roadway, the answer to the safety of pedestrians.

Through highway
• it means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is given the rightof-
way,

Traffic Way
• Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any
part is open to use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or
custom.
• ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS/ROADS – these are highcapacity urban
roads that direct traffic from collector roads to expressways
or freeways.
• CARRIAGEWAY – it means the part of the road normally used
by vehicular traffic
• COLLECTOR HIGHWAY – it connects low-tomoderate
highways or roads to arterial highways such as those
entering residential properties. It also refers to a
highway that serves primarily to funnel traffic from one local
highway to another or between arterials and local highways.
• CYCLE – it means any vehicle which has at least
two wheels and is propelled solely by the
muscular energy of the persons on that vehicle
in particular by means of pedals or hand-cranks.

• GIVE WAY – it means that a driver must not

continue or resume his advance or maneuver if
by so doing he might compel the drivers of other
vehicles to change to direction or speed of their
vehicles abruptly.
• INTERSECTION – it means any level crossroad,
junction or fork, including the open areas
formed by such crossroads, junctions or forks.

• LANE – it means one of the longitudinal strips

from which the carriageway can be divided,
whether or not defined by longitudinal road
markings
• LEVEL-CROSSING – it means any level
intersection between a road and a railway track
with its own track formation
INTERSECTION
LEVEL-CROSSING
 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING TO
NUMBER OF INTERSECTING ROADS.

1. 3-WAY INTERSECTION – it is commonly known as

the T or Y crossroad which links three roads.
2. 4-WAY INTERSECTION – it is the most common
type which involved crossings of two roadways.
It is either a regular intersection when the two
roads cross perpendicularly and it is called
skewed intersection when the two roads cross
at different angles.
3. 5-WAY INTERSECTION – involved the crossing of
five roads. This type is the least common.
 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING TO
NUMBER OF INTERSECTING ROADS.
4. 6-WAY INTERSECTION – it involves the crossing
of three streets most often two perpendicular roads
and one diagonal road. This type is very rare
5. STAGGERED INTERSECTION – it involves two
successive T crossroads.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING
TO TRAFFIC CONTROL
1. CONTROLLED INTERSECTION – controlled by any
traffic control devices.
a. Yield-controlled intersection
b. Stop-controlled intersection
c. Traffic circle
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING
TO TRAFFIC CONTROL
2. UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION – it has no traffic
signals or traffic signs.

3. BOX JUNCTION – generally prohibits entry unless the

exit is clear.

4. CLOVERLEAF - a highway interchange at which two

highways, one crossing over the other, have a series of
entrance and exit ramos resembling the outline of a
four-leaf clover and enabling vehicles to proceed in
either direction on either highway.
MAJOR CAUSES
SPECIFIC TRAFFIC
OFPROBLEMS
TRAFFIC CONGESTION

• 1. Physical Inadequacy
• 2. Poor Control Measures
• 3. Human Errors
• 4. Poor maintenance
TRAFFIC BUILD-UP • 1. - gradual increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the
highway or traffic way.

• 2. TRAFFIC CONGESTION – characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and

increased vehicular queueing.
 TRAFFIC JAMS (snarl-up) • 3. – movement of traffic users is very slow or
stationary.

• 4. BOTTLENECKS – narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or

traffic jams usually occur or traffic may be held up.

• 5. GRIDLOCKS – severe road congestion arising when continuous queues of

vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets bringing traffic in all
directions to complete standstill.
• 6. ACCIDENTS – may cause unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs,
or death

• 7. COLLISIONS – incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person

striking violently against another

2. ENFORCEMENT
3. ENGINEERING
FIVE PILLARS
Traffic Engineering
OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (5Es)

• GENERAL PILLARS
1. EDUCATION
• SUBSIDIARY PILLARS
4. ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT
5. ECONOMY
• is the science of measuring traffic and travel and the study of the
basic laws relative to the traffic flow and generation, and the
application of this knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, and the operating traffic systems to achieve safe and
efficient movement of persons and goods
Agencies
Traffic Education
Involved in Traffic Engineering

a. Department of Public Works and Highways

b. Provincial government
c. Municipal government
d. Chartered cities
• is the process of giving training and travel and practice in the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge

• Traffic Safety Education

• This can be carried out on the following levels:
Responsible for Traffic Education

• a. Schools (Public/Private)
• 1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety.
• 2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety.
• 3. Developing traffic safety morality.
• 1. Elementary- focused on safety and guides stressing traffic safety.
• 2. Secondary- Students are geared towards school safety
organizations.
• 3. Higher Education- Conduct courses regarding traffic safety
subjects.
• b. Public Information Programs- Information dissemination
• c. Citizens Support Groups
Four types of Instruction methods used in
Driver Education Program
1. COMPREHENSIVE
Place the student into the real life of driving situation from the beginning

2. TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION
It depends on the instructor-student communication

3. COMMENTARY DRIVING METHOD

The student will be accompanied by an instructor. As the student drives, the
instructor has to give comments on his driving.
Classification of films as shown by the simulators:

4. SIMULATED CONDITIONS AND OFF THE ROAD TRAINING

SIMULATOR – a static machine with all the important features of a car used in
driving method or driving training
• Analytical film – provides an adjective analysis
of the driving situation presented to the student
• Didactic film – aims to show good driving
behavior
Biorhythm

• Simulation film – which offers visual realism to

driving situations and therefore a good aid in
actual practice
. 23 days physical cycle • is the theory which asserts that a man
exhibits constant variation of life, energy
and mood states.
• The most famous of biorhythm are the following:
• 1- cycle of strength, endurance and courage
(the male component of a person)
 28 days emotional cycle • 2.- equal to a girl’s 28 day menstrual
cycle)is also known as our cycle of sensitivity, love and
intuition (the female component of a person)
33 days intellectual cycle

Traffic Enforcement

• 3.
• It deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of
traffic laws, rules and regulations.

Three important goals of enforcement activities

• Increase safety level
• Increase traffic efficiency
• Insure harmonious and comfortable environment
• 3. Driver’s licensing (examinations, suspensions and revocations)
• 4. Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles

• b. Legislative Bodies (National- Local)

Agencies involved in the enforcement of
Traffic Environment/Ecology
traffic
• A. Land Transportation Office (R.A.4136)
• 1. Vehicle registration
• 2. Vehicle Inspection
•
• c. Police Traffic Enforcement- It is not limited to PNP-TMG. It also
includes:
• 1. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (for NCR)
• 2. Police Auxiliaries
• 3. LTO Law Enforcement Services
• is the study of dealing with potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban environment
Traffic Economy
due to the scale and density of a new urban
concentration and new activities carried out, air
pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein
• It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy.
 IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 4136
Motor Vehicle
- -shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than
Passenger Automobile muscular
power using the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, streetsweepers,
sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if
not used on public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers
and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.

- shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those

usually known under the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car,
roadster, jeep and etc.

"Passenger automobile" does not exceed nine passengers and they are not used primarily for
carrying freight or merchandise.
“Passenger truck” motor vehicle registered for more than
Articulated vehicle nine passengers.

•- shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle
and so attached that part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle
and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is
borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be called as "semi-
trailer”
• Driver - shall mean every and any licensed operator of
a motor vehicle.
 "Professional driver”

TERMS:

•shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for
hire to the public.
• Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a
professional driver.
• "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor
vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly registered
with the Land Transportation Commission.
• The "owner" of a government-owned motor vehicle is
the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau to
which the said motor vehicle belongs.
• "Dealer" shall mean every person, association, partnership, or
corporation making, manufacturing, constructing, assembling,
remodeling, rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles; and every
such entity acting as agent for the sale of one or more makes,
styles, or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles,
keeping the same in stock or selling same or handling with a
view to trading same.
EXCEEDING
CARGO CARRYING
REGISTERED
DEVICES
CAPACITY

• “Tourist" shall mean a foreigner who travels from place to place

for pleasure or culture
• Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor vehicle should not
be more than its registered carrying capacity. Conductors of
public utility trucks or buses are held liable for the overloading
of vehicles under their charge.
• All passenger automobiles for hire are required to have the
registered passenger capacity marked plainly an conspicuously
on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5cms.
• The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or
sides of trucks may be allowed, subject to the approval of the
RIDING ON RUNNING BOARD

Commissioner, but the total net weight of the device, including

cargo, must not exceed 100 kilos.
• It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors collecting
passenger fare.
RIDING ON TOP
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES
OF THE MV

• Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of MVs, but

baggage or freight may be carried on top of the truck, provided
that the weight thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square
meter distributed in such a way not to endanger passengers or
the vehicle’s stability
• (a) Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with metallic tires shall
be operated upon any public highway, and solid tires whenever used
shall be of sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims thereof from
coming in direct contact with the road.
• (b) Brakes - Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be
provided with dual hydraulic brake system so that in case of hydraulic
 line failure affecting the braking efficiency of any of the four wheels
at least either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal braking
capabilities. In the absence of such dual braking system every motor
vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with safety valve
devices of such design and make so that failure of the hydraulic
braking system of the vehicle because of leakage in the line of other
parts of the system will not affect all wheels but rather render at all
times effective the braking power of either the two front wheels or
the two rear wheels when brakes are applied. This requirement,
however, does not apply to motor vehicles equipped with pneumatic
braking system.
• (b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or
signaling devise in good working order: Provided, however, That no
horn or signaling device emitting an exceptionally loud, startling, or
disagreeable sound shall be installed or used on any motor vehicle.
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES

• All authorized emergency vehicles, such as ambulance and police cars

and fire wagons used for emergency calls shall be equipped with a
bell, siren, or exhaust whistle of a type approved by the
Commissioner, and no such device shall be installed or used in any
other vehicle.

• No vehicle not classified as a motor vehicle under this Act shall be

equipped with a horn or signaling device similar to the horn
customarily used on motor vehicles.
• (c) Headlights. - Every motor vehicle of more than one meter of projected
width, while in use on any public highway shall bear two headlights, one on
each side, with white or yellowish light visible from the front, which, not
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES

later than onehalf hour after sunset and until at least one-half four before
sunrise and whenever weather conditions so require, shall both be lighted.

• Additional lamps and light may be carried, but no red lights shall be visible
forward or ahead of the vehicle. Trucks, buses, trailers, and other similar
vehicles must carry, while in use on any public highway during night-time,
colored riding lights on each of the four corners not more than ten
centimeters from the top.

• All motor vehicles shall be equipped with devices for varying the intensity
of light, and the driver must dim the headlights or tilt the beams downward
whenever the vehicle is being operated on well-lighted streets within the
limits of cities, municipalities, and thickly populated barrios or districts, or
whenever such vehicle meets another vehicle on any public highway.
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES

• (b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or

signaling devise in good working order: Provided, however, That no
horn or signaling device emitting an exceptionally loud, startling, or
disagreeable sound shall be installed or used on any motor vehicle.

• All authorized emergency vehicles, such as ambulance and police cars

and fire wagons used for emergency calls shall be equipped with a
bell, siren, or exhaust whistle of a type approved by the
Commissioner, and no such device shall be installed or used in any
other vehicle.

• No vehicle not classified as a motor vehicle under this Act shall be

equipped with a horn or signaling device similar to the horn
customarily used on motor vehicles.
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES

• (d) Taillights. - Every motor vehicle and trailer shall, during the above-mentioned hours,
also bear on each side in the rear a lamp showing a red light visible at least one hundred
meters from the rear of the vehicle and a lamp throwing a white light upon the number
plate issued for such vehicle.

• (e) Stop lights. - Every motor vehicle shall be equipped at the rear with at least one lamp
which shall throw a sustained bright red light visible under all conditions, even under
bright sunlight, when the brakes are applied. Each bus, truck, trailer or similar vehicle
shall be equipped, as its stop light at or near its rear center, with a lamp at least twelve
centimeters in diameter with the word "stop" inscribed in the center.

• (f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. - Every motor vehicle of less than one meter of
projected width shall be subject to the preceding provisions of this section, except that
one headlight and one taillight shall be required. No signal light shall be necessary.

• Additional lamps may be carried provided they comply with the preceding provisions of
this section.
• Every motor vehicle, or whatever style, kind, make, character, or nature, when upon a
highway during the hours above-mentioned, whether in motion or not, shall have one or
more lights so arranged that the same shall be visible at least fifty meters from the front
and the rear of such vehicle.

• (g) Lights when parked or disabled. - Appropriate parking lights or flares visible
one hundred meters away shall be displayed at a corner of the vehicle whenever
such vehicle is parked on highways or in places that are not well-lighted or is
placed in such manner as to endanger passing traffic.

• (h) Windshield wiper. - Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a

mechanically or electrically operated device for wiping off raindrops or other
moisture from its front windshield.
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES

• (i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than one
meter beyond the bed or body thereof, there shall be displayed at every
projecting end of such load a red flag not less than thirty centimeters both in
length and width, except that during the hours fixed under subsection (c), there
shall be displayed, in lieu of the required red flags, red lights visible at least
fifty meters away.

• (j) Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine

shall be equipped with a muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes
through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly populated district or barrio,
the muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or
disagreeable odor, smoke or noise.
HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE

• The following practices are prohibited:

a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot or otherwise
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride outside of or ar the rear end of any vehicle.

• 7. DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR OR OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS

• (RA 10586)

• 8. OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC
• Obstruction of traffic by operating a mv in such a manner as to obstruct, block, or impede the
passage of another vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition applies even when discharging or
loading passengers
9. DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 4136

In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the

operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver shall
observe the following: a. Stop immediately
b.Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer
c. Give his true name and address, including that of the owner
of the vehicle
d.Assist injured persons
e. Take measures to protect belongings of passengers.
f. Report the accident
10. When could a driver leave the area of accident without being
held liable for HIT-AND-RUN?
IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 4136

a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by other person/s

by reason of the accident
b. He surrenders to proper authority
c. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse to aid the victim

• Licensing system
LEGAL SYSTEM
DRIVER’S LICENSES
FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY

• - system of issuing license to any person who is

qualified to fulfill the responsibilities required by the
license
• - administered by the LTO
• It not a right but a privilege isgranted by the Philippine
Government through LTO based on R.A. 4136 (statutory
qualification). Further, it is a privilege which may be
suspended or revoked.
Sec. 19 of R.A. 4136-Duty to Procure License
• Driver's License (DL) - an authority granted by the LTO to a qualified
person to operate motor vehicle stating therein the Driver's License Code
(DL Code) and conditions, among ot11ers .
No person shall operate any motor vehicle without first procuring
a license to drive.

Sec.29 of R.A. 4136-Confiscation of Driver’s License

Driver’s license may be confiscated for violations of R.A. 4136,
the rules and regulations issued by the Commissioner and Local Traffic
rules and regulations.
 Student Permit

When confiscated, traffic enforcer MUST issue a receipt (TOP)

which is good for 72 hrs. Failure to settle within 15 days will cause
suspension or revocation of license.
• This kind of issued to person who desires to learn how to drive
• A student driver cannot operate a vehicle UNLESS accompanied by an
instructor who may either be a license prof. or non-prof driver (sec. 30,
RA 4136)
• You must be a Filipino citizen, 16 years old and above.
• If a foreigner, you must be at least 18 years old, have been staying in the
Philippines for at least 1 month, and has proof of stay for at least 6 months.
 Qualifications: Who can apply for a student
permit?

• You must be able to read and write in English, Filipino, or any applicable local
dialect.
• You must be physically and mentally fit to drive a motor vehicle.
• You must have no unsettled traffic violation.
• You must have attended at least 15 hours of theoretical driving lessons from
any LTO-accredited driving school.
* Starting August 3, 2020, applicants who want to acquire a student permit
should have already undergone this 15-hour theoretical driving course. This new
mandatory course, introduced through the Memorandum Circular No.
2019-2176
VALIDITY OF STUDENT-DRIVER'S PERMIT (SP)

• If you’re a holder of a driver’s license that has been

expired for 10 years or more, you are no longer allowed
to drive and are required by the LTO to apply for a student
permit again.
1. The SP shall be valid for one (1) year from the date of its issuance. After
one (1) year, it cannot be used for purposes of the practical driving course.
However, it can be used to apply for NPDL if the practical driving course
has been completed within the one (1) year validity period.

2. After two (2) years from the date of issuance of SP, the holder shall be
required to acquire a new SP bearing the same SP number and undergo the
Non-Professional Driver’s License

required apprenticeship period reckoned from the date of issuance of the

new SP . All records of training courses shall be retained.

3. SP may be renewed on or before the expiry date if the holder is not ready
to apply for the DL. Except for settlement of penalties due to traffic
violations, only the basic fee shall be collected for the renewal of SP after
the expiry date.
• This kind of license is issued to owners of private-owned vehicles or
those not for hire or paid for driving
Qualifications: Who can apply for a NonProfessional
Driver’s License?
• Must be at least seventeen (17) years old. For foreigners, at least eighteen
(18) years old.
• Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or English
• Must be a holder of Student-Driver’s Permit valid for at least one (1) month
from issuance
• Must have attended and passed the Practical Driving Course (PDC) from LTO
accredited licensed driver, LTO Driver's Education Center (DEC) or LTO
accredited Driving School / LTO accredited TESDA Training Center
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle
• Must not have unsettled traffic violation
Professional Driver’s License

• Must have passed the Automated Theoretical Examination and Practical

Driving Test
• If you’re a holder of an expired foreign driver’s license or a Non-
Professional driver’s license that has been expired for more than
2 years, you’re not qualified to renew anymore and must apply for a
new one.
• This license is issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating
a motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public
 Change of Classification (NPDL-PDL)

• QUALIFICATIONS:
• Must be at least eighteen (18) years old.
• Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or English
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle
4.1. Must not have unsetteled traffic violations
4.2. For applicants with the following demerit points, the period of
prohibition for change classification shall apply from the date of settlement
of fines and penalties:
1-2 demerit points - 3 months
3-4 demerit points - 6 months
5 or more demerit points - 1 year
• 5.1. For valid NPDL, must have passed the Automated Theoretical
 Examination
5.2. For expired NPDL, must have passed the Automated
Theoretical Examination and Practical Driving Test
6.1. For RC 1 / DL Codes A and A1, must be a holder of a valid
NPDL for at least six (6) months from the date of issuance
6.2. For RC 2 or 4 / DL Codes B, B1 and B2, must be a holder of a valid
NPDL for at least one (1) year from the date of issuance
• Must be a holder of Driver's License or Conductor's License not expired for
more two (2) years including advance renewal for those who intend to leave
the country within one (1) year before expiry date
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle
DL Renewal
RA 10930

• QUALIFICATIONS:
• Must not have unsettled traffic violation
• Must have completed the Driving Enhancement Program (DEP) / Conductor's
Enhancement Program (CEP) prior to initial renewal of the five (5) years
DL/CL
• For DL holders with accumulated five (5) to nine (9) demerit points must
have completed the Driver's Re-orientation Course
• For DL holders with ten (10) or more but less than forty (40) demerit points,
must have completed the Driver/s Re-orientation Course and passed the
Theoretical Examination
• Starting Thursday, 28 October 2021, the Land Transportation Office
(LTO) will be issuing driver’s licenses that are valid for ten (10) years
 in line with the provisions of Republic Act (RA) No. 10930 which
amended the Land Transportation and Traffic Code.

• In addition to the granting of a driver’s license that is valid for 10

years, Section 3 of RA 10930 also mandates the LTO to conduct a
examination on both applicants of new driver’s licenses and on those
who are renewing expired ones.
• Motorists who will be renewing their expired driver’s licenses will
have to pass the Comprehensive Driver's Education (CDE) which is
composed of a refresher seminar and an examination designed to
make sure that only deserving applicants who have sufficient driving
SPECIAL TYPES OF DRIVER’S LICENSE

1. INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

skills and are knowledgeable of road safety and proper road courtesy
will have their licenses renewed.
• Meanwhile, the validity of expired driver’s licenses has been extended
by two months from the date of expiration. The extension aims to
ensure that motorists who are renewing their licenses are given ample
time to comply with the CDE requirement.
- Can be issued to bona fide tourists and transients who are duly licensed to
operate motor vehicle in their respective countries
- Validity: 90 days

2. MILITARY DRIVER’S LICENSE

Driver’s Restriction Code

- Can be issued to enlisted military personnel of the AFP operating

motor
Now called as DRIVER’S LICENSE CODE (DL CODE)
vehicles owned by the government shall be license In accordance with
RA 4136 but no license or delinquency fees shall be collected thereof.
- Shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLES ONLY” -
Validity: 3 years
• DL Code

•- refers to the collective code representing the vehicle

category/ies that a licensed person is allowed to operate.
 Vehicle Category

RESTRICTION CODE (OLD)

•- refers to motor vehicle category as specified in the Philippine
National Standard on Road
Vehicles-Classification and Definition
• 1 is limited to a motorcycle/motorized Tricycles.
• 2 vehicle up to GVW of 4500 Kgs
• 3 vehicle with GVW above 4500 Kgs
• 4 automatic clutch up to 4500 Kgs GVW
• 5 automatic clutch above 4500 Kgs GVW
• 6 articulated vehicle 1600kgs GVW & below
• 7 articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 Kgs GVW
• 8 articulated vehicle 4501 Kgs & above GVW
• 9 disabled
• Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) - refers to the maximum operating weight
of a vehicle as specified by the manufacturer including the vehicle's
chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver,
passengers and cargo but excluding that of any trailers.
Driver’s Condition

Code Condition

1 Wear corrective lenses

Drive only w/ special equipment for upper/ lower

2 limbs
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2021-039 May 11,
2021

3 Drive customized motor vehicle only

4 Daylight Driving only

5 Hearing aid required

• 3. OVER-EMOTIONAL
TYPES OF DRIVER

•1CONDUCTOR
. EGOTIST - responsible for the loading of number of
• 2. SHOW-OFF
• 4. RATIONALIZER
• 5. THWARTED
• 6. TOP-NOTCH DRIVER
passengers, freight, or cargo inside the public utility motor vehicle.

• PASSENGER – person who is carried or conveyed in an automobile, truck,

train, airplane, or other conveyance
QUALIFICATIONS
Conductor's License (CL)

• Must be at least eighteen (18) years old

• PEDESTRIAN – one who goes or travel on foot or in perambulator.
An authority granted by the LTO to a qualified person to assist the driver
of a public utility vehicle in fare collection and/or ensuring ·the safety
of the passengers and/or cargo while the said vehicle is in operation.
• Must be physically and mentally fit to work and no contagious disease
• Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or English
• Must have passed the theoretical examination - New CL and those not
renewed for more than two (2) years from the expiry date
• Must not have unsettled traffic violation
VALIDITY:

• Must have attended and passed the Conductor's Theoretical Course from
LTO Driver's Education Center, or LTO accredited Driving School / LTO
Accredited TESDA Training Center
• Must have completed the DEP for conductor's re-orientation prior to
initial renewal of five (5) year CL
• A new Conductor's License (CL) shall be valid for five (5) years
reckoned from the date of birth of the license, unless sooner
revoked or suspended. A holder of CL who has not committed
any violation/s during the five (5) year period preceding its
Registration of Motor Vehicles

expiration shall be entitled to renewal of such license valid for

Public Utility Vehicle ten (10) years.
Classification of Registered Motor
Vehicles/Plate Numbers

1. Private - personal use. Green with White Background

2.- conveyance of passengers and other

commercial goods Black with Yellow Background
SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION

3. Government - owned by the government Red (Maroon) with White

Background

4. Diplomatic - issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the

Philippines Blue with White Background

LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE NUMBER MONTHLY SCHEDULE

1 January

2 February

3 March

4 April

5 May

6 June

7 July

8 August

9 September

0 October

NOTE: Vehicles may be registered one month in advance

WEEKLY SCHEDULE IS BASED ON THE 2ND TO THE
LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE
2ND TO THE LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE NO. SCHEDULE/WEEKLY DEADLINE

1 2 3 1ST TO 7TH DAY OF THE MONTH

4 5 6 8TH TO 14TH DAY OF THE MONTH

7 8 15TH TO 21ST DAY OF THE MONTH

9 0 22ND TO LAST DAY OF THE MONTH

• COMMEMORATIVE PLATES – special plate numbers issued for specific purposes such as
fund-raising for the government projects and programs
PLATE NUMBERS

• VANITY PLATES – optional MV plates having preferred inscriptions for the purpose of
establishing personalized identity of the MV to the registered owner
a. Limited Edition
b. Premium Edition
c. Select Edition
d. Special Plate
• 3 – SENATE PRESIDENT

• 4 – SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE REPRESENTATIVE

• 5 – CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT

• 6 – CABINET SECRETARIES
PROTOCOL/HIGH RANKING GOVERNMENT
PLATES
• 1 – PRESIDENT
• 2 – VICE PRESIDENT
• 7 – SENATORS
• 8 – CONGRESSMAN

• 9 – ASSOCIATE OF THE SUPREME COURT

• 10 – PRESIDING JUSTICE AND OTHER JUSTICES OF THE COURT OF APPEALS

• 11 – CHAIRMAN OF THE COMELEC

• 12 – CABINET SECRETARIES

• 13 – SOLICITOR GENERAL

• 14 – CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP, CHIEF PNP

1. Keep right.
TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TRAFFIC

2. Observe road courtesy.

3. Prohibited parking.
4. If in doubt, do not overtake
5. The bus stop rule
6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic jams
7. Observe the traffic Management Measures
8. The philosophy of a Pinoy driver
9. On pedestrian
10. Remember the international driving safety reminderSAFETY
FIRST

GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT

 The general rules of road use and conduct which include the
general prohibitions and restrictions are the basis of the traffic rules in
the Philippines. The following are:
A. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed
B. Lateral Placement
C. Overtaking and Passing
D. Right of Way
E. Starting, Stopping or Turning Rules
F. Pedestrians’ Rights and Duties
G. General parking Rules and similar
 Regulations

A. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed

Any person driving vehicle shall drive the same at careful
and prudent speed.
No person shall drive at such speed as to endanger the
life and property.

1.Maximum Allowable Speeds

2.Exception to the speed limit
3.Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippines
1. Maximum Allowable Speeds
The rate of speed of any vehicle shall not exceed the following per hour:
 Motor
Passenger Cars &
Trucks &
Motorcycles
Buses
On open country roads, w/ no blind corners not
closely bordered by habitations 80 km 50 km

On “through streets”
Boulevards clear of traffic 40 km 30 km
With no blind corners, no designated
On city and municipal streets 30 km 30 km
With light traffic
When not designated “through streets”

On crowded streets, Passing school zones 20 km

Approaching intersections at “blind corners”
20 km
Passing other vehicles which are stationary
Similar dangerous circumstances
2. Exception to the Speed Limit
The rates of speed hereinaboveprescribed shall notapply to following.
a.A physician or his driver when the former responds emergency calls.
b.The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place
accident or other emergency.
c.Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a
hospital, clinic or any other similar place.
d.The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to
the Armed Forces while in use for official
purposes in times of riot, insurrection or
invasion.

e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his

passengers are pursuit of a criminal.

f.A law-enforcement officer who is trying to

overtake a violator of traffic laws.

g.The driver operating a vehicle of any fire

department provided that exemption shall
not be construed to allow useless or
unnecessary fast driving of drivers
aforementioned.
3. Uniform Speed Limits
throughout the Philippine NOTA BENE:

No provincial, city or municipal authority shall

enact or enforce any ordinance or resolution specifying
 maximum allowable speeds other than those provided by
R.A. 4136.
B. Lateral Placement
The proper positioning of the motor vehicle while
traversing on a traffic way or while parked.

Proper positioning while traversing

Proper placement while on Parallel Parking
Proper Placement while Parked Diagonally
C. Overtaking and Passing
A driver should pass at a safe distance to the left of the
vehicle being overtaken and it shall resume driving on the right
side of the road only after passing clear of the overtaken
vehicle.
General Rule on Overtaking

Vehicle 1 can overtake vehicle 2 using

the left lane
Exception
On the highways with two or more
lanes where traffic goes one
direction, another vehicle may be
overtaken on the right (Sec. 39, R.A.
4136).
 Overtaking on a Four lane two-way street

• Vehicle 1 can use the

right lane (Outer) in
overtaking and passing
vehicle 2
• Vehicle 5 attempting to
overtake vehicle 4 using
shoulder of the road
which is not only a
violation of the rules
but also dangerous
because he might hit
something on the
shoulder
D. Right of Way
• Refers to the legal or customary precedence (priority in place
or time) which allows one vehicle to cross or pass in front of
another.

1. Rules on Right of Way (sec 42-44 of RA 4136)

a. In case of two vehicles approaching or entering an
intersection at the same time, the driver of the vehicle on
the left shall yield the right of way; however, the driver of
any vehicle traveling at an unlawful speed forfeits this right
(sect. 42.a)
 • First General rule on Giving the Right of way
• Vehicle 2 should yield the right of way to vehicle 1
because the latter is approaching the intersection
from the right
• b. In case of a vehicle approaching but has
not yet entered the intersection, its driver
shall yield the right of way to vehicles
already within such intersection or turning
therein to the left across the line of travel of
the first mentioned vehicle. (sec. 42 b)
• Second General Rule on Giving the Right of way
• Vehicle 2 should be given the right of way to cross the
intersection because it has already entered the
intersection ahead of vehicle 1.
c. When vehicle on a highway within a
business or residential district, its
driver shall yield the right of way to
pedestrian crossing the highway within
a crosswalk. (Sec. 42, c)
• Right of way Rule on Crosswalk
• Vehicle 1 should give the right of way to pedestrians
crossing on the crosswalk across its path.
•d. When vehicle traversing a “thru-highway”’,
its driver should bring to full stop before
crossing. (Sec. 42, d)
• Right of way Rule on “Thru-Highway” Intersections
• Vehicle 1 should yield the right of way to vehicle 2
because the latter is traversing on the main highway
2. Exceptions to the Right of Way Rule

a. Right of Way to vehicles utilizing the highway than

vehicles from private road or drive. (Sec. 43)
b. Right of Way to police or fire department vehicles
and ambulance.
c. Right of Way to vehicles approaching either direction
on “through highway” than vehicle entering.
E. Starting, Stopping or Turning Rules

1. When Other Motorists are affected

 The driver making the movement shall give
a signal to other drivers of his intention to make
such movement (Sec. 44, a).
2. Hand Signal
(Sec. 44,b)
a. Standard hand signal
when turning to the right

b. Standard hand signal when

about to stop

c. Standard hand signal when

turning to the left
• A. Signal your intention to
turn right with your turning
signal light or a hand signal at least 100ft. Before you intend to
make turn
 3. Making a Right turn

• B. stay on the right turn from left lane

• C. NEVER make a right turn from left lane
• D. at an intersection with a red traffic light, make a right turn
ONLY after coming to a full stop to make sure no vehicle is coming
from left
• Making a Right Turn from a Four-lane Street to Four-
lane Street
• Vehicle 2 and 3 are doing the proper way of turning
to the right, whereas the vehicle 1 is doing in the
wrong way
4. Making a Left Turn
a. Signal your vehicle to turn left with your turning
signal or a hand signal at least 100 feet before you
intend to make your turn.

b. Stay on the left lane of the road.

c. NEVER make a left turn from the right lane.

d. At an intersection with a vehicle GOING STRAIGHT have

the right of way. Wait for them to pass first before you
turn left.
 • Making a Left Turn from A Four-Lane Street to Four-Lane
Street
• Vehicle 1 is making a left turn the correct way, while
vehicle 2 and 3 are doing it the wrong way
• Making a U-Turn on a two-
Lane Road
Making a U-Turn on Four-Lane
Highway
G. General parking Rules and similar Regulations

• Motor vehicles should park only on areas specifically

designated for parking.

Before leaving your vehicle, you should:

Set the brakes
Put the gear in low or reverse or park position
Remove the key
1. Parking on Cities

• In cities and towns, motor vehicles will be parked

parallel and within 12 inches of the curb.

a.Downhill with or without curb – turn wheels to the

curb or to the side
b.Uphill with curb – turn wheels from curb.
c. Uphill without curb – turn wheels to the side of
the road
2. Parking on a Highway
Pull entirely off pavement to park. Turn on your parking
lights whenever practicable.
3. Parking Prohibited in Specified Places
No driver shall park a vehicle, whether attended or
unattended upon a highway in these following
places:

a.Within an intersection
b.On a crosswalk
c.Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines
d.Within four meters of the driveway entrance to any
fire station
d.Within four meters of a fire hydrant
e.In front of private driveway
 f.On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or packed at
the curb or edge of the highway
g.At any place where official signs have been erected
prohibiting parking
A.– NATIONAL ROADS the main road as a conduit system with a right
of way from 20 meters to 120 meters.
B.– PROVINCIAL ROADS the linkages between to municipalities with the

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS

• ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION:

right of way from 15 meters to 60 meters
C.– CITY ROADS the inter-link between municipalities and within city
proper with right of way of 15 meters
D.– MUNICIPAL ROADS all roads within the town proper with the right
of way of not less than 10 meters
FEEDER ROAD •– intended to farm-to-market roads
• Collectors are major and minor roads that connect local roads and
streets with arterials.
•–LOCAL COLLECTOR ROAD intended to collect traffic from

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS

feeder road to municipal road

 •–MAJOR COLLECTOR ROAD intended as major arteries to collect
inter-locality traffic to provincial
road
MAJOR HIGHWAYS •– Serves as main artery that caters on big

volumes of vehicular traffic on national roadways.

• EXPRESSWAY – a through traffic for free-flow of vehicular
movement
• TUNNEL ROAD – passage of wide section cut through hill to
shorten circuitous roadway
TRAFFIC CONTROL

• SUBWAY – an underground conduit running entirely under the

ground for fast travel route of commuters
• SKYWAY – a modern urban system of roadway above street
level for free-flow traffic
• It refers to the procedure, devices, and communication
systems that help vehicles and vessels safely share the same
roads, rails, waterways, or air space.
• Height- 6ft. /2M
Methods of Highway Traffic Control
I. Traffic signs
• Length of Sign Board- 750/950mm
• International Traffic Signs (1968 United Nation’s Convention in Vienna, Austria on
Road Signs)
 A. Danger Warning Signs
(Caution Signs)

These signs are intended to warn road

users of a danger that lies ahead and of
its nature.
This signs have an equilateral triangular
shape with one sided horizontal and
having red borders.
 B. Regulatory Signs

• These are round shape

signs (except Stop and Yield
sign) intended to warn road
users of special obligations,
restrictions or prohibitions
with which they must
comply. They are subdivided
into:
 Priority
Signs

Signs
intended to
regulate
priority
over a
particular
road
section.
 Prohibitory or
Restrictive Sign

Used on
specified road
section to
indicate
prohibition or
restriction.
 Mandatory
Sign

Used to notify
road users of
special rules to
comply.
C. Informative Signs (Guide or
Direction Signs)

• – These rectangular shape

signs (white-colored on blue
background for informative
and green background for
route markers and
destination signs) are
intended to guide road users
while traveling.
Place Identification Sign Direction Sign Advance Sign
ROUND AND RED SIGN •– regulates the movement of turning and passing traffic
regulations

ROUND BLACK YELLOW SIGNS •– a warning that you are approaching a railroad crossing

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE RED SIGNS •– a sign at the intersection directing drivers to

INTERNATIONAL BASIC TRAFFIC SIGNS

yield the right-of-way to vehicles in the road being crossed

EIGHT-SIDED RED AND WHITE STOP SIGN •– the most popular and understood sign by all

tongues and colors

TRIANGLE RED AND BLACK SIGN •– approaching a danger zone hill, slope, winding road
TRAFFIC LIGHTS

TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS • These refer to any power operated traffic

control device by which traffic is warned or
directed to take some specific actions.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS:

1.– designed primarily to control and regulate traffic flows
2.– SPECIAL PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS provides regulation for pedestrians.
3.– TRAIN APPROACH AND GATE SIGNALS usually installed on rail-road
intersections designed to inform
motorists of any approaching train on the intersections
4.– OTHER SPECIAL TRAFFIC SIGNALS these are installed on traffic ways
where special regulations are
emphasized.
FIXED-TIME SYSTEM •–traffic control signal by which traffic is
alternately commanded to stop and permitted
to proceeding accordance with pre-determined time schedule

PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM •– signals as successive intersections along the

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS

artery are timed to change from red to green at staggered intervals,

permitting a vehicle that maintains a constant speed to proceed
without interruption under normal circumstance
 COMPUTERIZED CONTROL OF SIGNAL NETWORKS •– signal changes

Order of Traffic Lights (from the top):

Red-Yellow (amber)-Green
Steady RED
a. STOP
are ordered by demands of traffic and are directed by computers
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
c. Expect pedestrians to cross Flashing Red: proceed when clear

Steady Green:
a. GO
b. Expect vehicles on the other lane stop.

Steady Yellow:
PAVEMENT MARKINGS

• defined as the markings used on paved roadways to

a. Prepare to STOP or GO
b. It is the same as yield.
provide guidance and information to pedestrians and drivers
• It refers to all lines, patterns, words, symbols, or other gadgets
officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding
traffic
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS •– these are lines usually white and
yellow or a combination of yellow
and white officially set on the roadway as separation for motor vehicles
travelling in the opposite direction or same direction
 CURB MARKING FOR RESTRICTIONS •- it is placed on the curbs or edges of

Types of pavements markings

the traffic for restriction or for parking regulation.

OBJECT MARKINGS •- It is placed on objects on the road or beside the road

like humps, rocks or similar hazardous objects.

REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS •– designed to reflect and become luminous

when hit by vehicles headlight.
 Pavement
markings for
two-lane one-
way street
 Pavement
markings for
two-lane two-
way street
 Pavement
markings for
four-lane two-
way street
 Curb
markings for
restrictions
 Object
markings
REFELECTORIZED MARKINGS

•Markings or gadgets designed to reflect and

become luminous when hit by vehicles’
headlight.
 RAISED
PAVEMENT
MARKER/
CAT’S EYE
REFELECTORIZED MARKINGS

•HAZARD MARKER
•Placed on the face of traffic obstructions like
bridges, guardrails, or traffic islands.
HAZARD
MARKER
REFELECTORIZED MARKINGS

•DELINEATORS
•These are small reflective panels or buttons
mounted on guideposts or guard fence as an
effective aid to delineate the roadway for
nighttime driving
DELINEATORS
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS

•A. LONGITUDINAL LINES

•These are markings laid on road pavement in
the direction of travel which includes:
1. CENTER LINE/SEPARATION LINE - Used to
separate opposite traffic movements of an
undivided roadway and is generally placed
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS

centrally on all roads and bridges 6.0m or

more in width.
1. CENTER LINE/SEPARATION LINE - Used to
separate opposite traffic movements of an
undivided roadway and is generally placed
centrally on all roads and bridges 6.0m or
more in width.
Single white dotted line

• On two lane road, it separates traffic

moving in opposite direction
• On a one way street, separates traffic
moving in one direction
• Overtaking is possible when the other
lane is clear of incoming possible
Single white continuous line in a two-lane traffic

• Single white continuous line in a two-

lane way
• Separates traffic moving in opposite
direction
Could be found in road sections that
are made dangerous
Passing and overtaking can be made but
ONLY under circumstances where there
is no oncoming traffic
Single continuous line on a four-lane road

• When there are slow and fast lanes ,

NEVER overtake by passing over the
solid white lanes
• Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes) for slow
moving vehicles
• Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes) is for fast
moving vehicle
Double yellow line or double white lines

ABSOLUTE NO OVERTAKING
Overtaking is extremely dangerous
Stay in your lane until you pass the
end of the solid lines
 YELLOW LINES •– separate traffic travelling in opposite
directions
WHITE LINES

•– separate traffic travelling in same direction.

• A solid line at the left of your lane means it is unsafe to
pass.
• A broken line at the left of your lane means you may pass if
the way is clear.
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS

2. LANE LINE
- It is used to separate adjacent lanes of traffic
moving in the same direction
3. “NO PASSING ZONE” MARKINGS
- it pertain to areas on the road that prohibit
passing or overtaking another MV because the
driver’s vision is obstructed such as in blind curves
and uphill road portions marked by a continuous
line with a broken line or if passing is extremely
hazardous, the area is delimeated with double
solid (continuous) line.
“NO PASSING ZONE” MARKINGS
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS

4. PAVEMENT EDGE LINE OR EDGE LINE OR CURB LINE

- used to delineate or demarcate the roadway or
carriageway and the shoulder.
- This is made of solid white or yellow line.
- The presence of edge or curb lines also prohibits
parking on both sides of the roadway. While absence
of curb line or edge line allows parking either on one
side or both sides of the roadway.
PAVEMENT EDGE LINE OR EDGE LINE OR CURB
LINE
 5. CONTINUITY LINES
- This are lines indicating which lane should be followed by motorists.
Broken lines that are wider and closer together
than regularCONTINUITY LINES broken lines are called.

PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS

CONTINUITY LINES (left side) – means that lane you are in is ending or
exiting and that you must change lanes if you
want to continue in your current
CONTINUITY LINES (right side) direction
– means your lane will continue
unaffected.
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS

6. TRANSITION LINES
- These are used to guide traffic safely past obstructions or roadways
such as islands, median strips, bridge piers or indicate changes in the
width of the traveled portion of the roadway and an increase or
reduction in traffic lanes.
- Lane, edge, separation or continuity lines may be used as a transition
lines whichever is appropriate. - - also called as barrel lines
TRANSITION LINESA

6
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS

b. TRANSVERSE LINES
- Series of marked (either flat or raised) transverse bars placed across
the road in the direction of traffic flow which are used to raise driver
awareness of risk through perceptual optical effects, thus encouraging
drivers to reduce their speed in anticipation of an upcoming
STOP LINE hazard.
– single white line painted across the road at an
intersection.
It shows where you must stop.
CROSSWALK – marked by two parallel white lines painted across the
road. WHITE ARROW – painted on the lane means you may move only
in the direction of the arrow.

PEDESTRIAN CROSSOVER – marked by two white double parallel

lines
across the road with an X in each lane approaching it., and overhead
yellow lights.
Traffic
Types ofIslands
Traffic Islands

• These are areas within the roadway constructed in

a manner to establish physical channels through
which vehicular traffic is guided.
• a. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers)
• b. Traffic Islands
• b.1.– Division Island constructed primarily to divide
the streams of motor vehicles
• b.2.– Channelizing island constructed to channelize or
direct the flow of traffic
• b.3. Rotary - constructed along intersections or rotundas
for purpose of turning around.
 TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
The action taken by the police to compel obedience to traffic laws
and ordinance regulating the use and movement of motor vehicle for
the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all
potential violators.

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER

– a person duly deputized by an agency of
government authorized by law to enforce traffic laws, rules, and
regulations.
- Performed by the police and other agencies with police power
including deterrent to law violations created by the presence of
 FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS IN ENFORCEMENT
PROCESS
uniformed police officer and their special equipment. Special
assistance to court and prosecutor and incidental service to
highway users.

COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- Performed by the court through the adjudication and penalization
• 1. DETECTION – entails looking for defects in the behavior of
motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment, and roadway condition
• 2. APPREHENSION – police are required to take action to prevent
continued and future violation
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM
ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM • 3. PROSECUTION
• 4. ADJUDICATION – determines the guilt or innocence of the accused
• 5. PENALIZATION – imposition of penalty.
ROAD USER SYSTEM
•– consist of legislation, police, court, and
penalties

•– includes pedestrians, pedal cyclists, drivers, and passengers

 TRAFFIC SYSTEM •– composed of the entire road and vehicle
complex
• VIOLATIONS – acts or omissions against traffic laws

•–HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS cause danger to road users

TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE OF

ENFORCEMENT
•–NON-HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS do not affect safety of the public
but affect the use of roads
• KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
1.– TRAFFIC ARREST taking a person into custody of law
2.– TRAFFIC CITATION made to compel violators to appear in court in
absence of arrest
3.– TRAFFIC WARNING act reminding the driver of his violation in order

POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

Traffic Patrol

for him to not do it again.

A. VISUAL WARNING
B. VERBAL WARNING
C. WRITTEN WARNING
• That part of police traffic supervision which consist of driving
and walking here and there in an area or to and from on a road
 for the purpose of traffic law enforcement and to provide
traffic connected service to the
Conspicuous Traffic Observation public.
• 1.– it is a stationary observation in which the observer tries to attract
attention by keeping in full view of traffic.

• 2.– Visible Traffic Observation it is a stationary in which the observer is

Types of Stationary Observation

in full view but located, for example, on a side street, as to require effort
on the part of traffic to discover the observer.

Conceal Traffic Observation

• 3.– it is a stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to
persons using ordinary powers of observation from the road way being
observed.
Traffic Supervision •– Keeping order on the street and
highway within existing regulations to make their use safe
and expeditious.
•–Supervised Route Any street or highway on which traffic is

Traffic Supervision, Direction and Control

supervised to some considerable degree.

Police Traffic Direction •– It is defined as telling drivers
and pedestrians how and where they may or may not move
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL

or stand at a particular place, especially during periods of

congestion or emergencies.
• It is the control and direction of traffic units according to
proportionate time to prevent traffic accident to maintain
smooth flow of traffic

• MEANS OF DIRECTING
• 1. Signaling
• 2. Whistling
WHISTLE SIGNALS

• 3. Gestures
• One long blast for STOP.

• Two short snappy blast for GO.

• Three blast to be used for assistance and/or for motorist to be

attentive.
• ACCIDENT – occurrence in a sequence of events which usually
produces unintended injury, death, or damage to property.
 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

•– accidentinvolving travel transportation on a traffic way

MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT •– event resulting to unintended
injury or property damage attributable directly or
indirectly to the action of
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION motor vehicle or its loads
•– this is looking for answers as to when, where and why did it happen
and how did it occur.
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• MOTOR VEHICLE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• any motor vehicle
accident occurring
on a traffic way
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• any accident occurring
on a traffic way involving
persons using the traffic
way or travel or
transportation but not
involving a motor vehicle
in motion.
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• MOTOR VEHICLE NON-

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• any motor vehicle
accident which occurs
entirely in any place
other than a trafficway
• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE NON-
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• any accident occurring in a private

traffic way involving persons using
vehicle or transportation but
not involving a motor vehicle in
motion.
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

• Perception of hazard
- it is seeing,
feeling, or hearing and
understanding the usual
or unexpected
movement or condition
that could be taken as
sign of the accident
about to happen
• Start of evasive action
-it is the first action taken by the
traffic unit to escape from a collision
course or otherwise to avoid a hazard
 • Initial Contact
- The first accident touching an object
collision course or otherwise avoid hazard.
 • Maximum Engagement
- It is greatest collapse or overlap in a
collision. The force between the traffic unit and
the object collided with are greatest at
maximum engagement
 • Disengagement
- it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion
from a object with which is has collided. The force
between the object cease at this time.
• Stopping
 - this is when traffic unit/s involved
come to rest. It usually stabilized the accident
situation
• Injury
- it is receiving bodily harm. This is not
necessary to occur after the accident but with in any
of the chain of events. It may also happen after the
 evasive action is taken by the drivers involved or
during initial
Point of possible of perception contact.
Other events that may occur during an
accident
•
- the place and time of which the hazard
could have been perceived by a normal person.
It precedes actual perception and it’s the
beginning of perception delay
 - it is the place and time after or beyond
which accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit
under consideration
Perception delay

• Point of no Escape
•
- The time from the point of possible
perception to actual perception
• Final position
 - It is the place and time when objects
involved in an accident finally comes at rest without
the application of power
KEY EVENT •– an event on the road which characterizes
the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic
accident
REACTION TIME

•– distance travelled before applying the brakes.

• TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous
situations like steering, braking, or accelerating to avoid
collision or other accident.
Classification of MVTA acc. To key
events

• 1. Running off road

• This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on the road side or

cliff along
mountainous roads
• 2. Non- collision on
road
• This does not
involve collision
example of which is
overturning
• 3. Collision – on the other hand, this type of
accident includes all forms of accident as
long as there is collision
FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

1. REPORTING
This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a
motor vehicle, traffic, and persons,, property and planned
movements involved.

2. AT SCENE INVESTIGATION
This level involves all actions taken by the investigator at the scene
of the crime or accident
This involves delayed traffic accident data collection and organization for study
and interpretation
FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
3. TECHNICAL PREPARATION
4. PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
This involves efforts to determine from whatever information is available, how
the accident happened.

5. CAUSE ANALYSIS
This last level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident which
are bases for prevention of similar accident.
STEPS TAKEN BY THE POLICE DURING THE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
STEP 1:UPON LEARNING THE ACCIDENT
• Ask first.
• Decide whether to go to the scene
• Find out if necessary
• Get equipment ready for use
• Drive safely
• Have emergencies attended and care for injured
• Locate drivers
•• STEP
STEP 4:
3:When
UPONemergency
ARRIVAL AT is under control
THE SCENE
•• Preliminary questioning
Select parking of drivers
space carefully
• Look over for bystanders
• Measure location of short-lived evidence
• Arrange for clearing roadway
• Delay removal of vehicles except to aid injured
• Gather clues for identifying hit and run cars
• Examine driver’s condition
• Question drivers carefully
• Position and conditions of vehicle
• Form preliminary opinion as to how the accident occurred
• Photograph skid mark and location for later measuring
• Record place where to which injured persons or damaged vehicles were or
will be taken
• STEP 5: AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCE
• Make a test skid
• Ascertain if violation is tantamount to arrest
• Locate key event of accident
• Complete examination of vehicles/photographs
• Report to the station by radio
• STEP 6: AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE
• Get medical report on injured person from doctor
• Notify the relatives
• Develop photographs
• Analyze specimen
• Question driver or witnesses
• Complete the report of the accident
• Reconstruction of the accident
• Complete report of investigation and file it
SKID MARKS

• STEP 7: IF CASE GOES TO COURT

• Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case
• Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data
• Attend pre-trial conference
• Testify in court
• A mark which a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides
or spins on the surface of the road.
• Skid marks are important for finding the maximum and minimum
vehicle speed prior to the impact or incident.
•–CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARKS marking on a roadway left by a rotating

OTHER TIRE MARKS

tire and a wheel of a speeding vehicle on a curve when the speed of

the vehicle is above the critical speed of the curve and the centrifugal
force entirely or partially overcomes the friction between the mass
of the vehicle and its tires and the surface of the roadway.
•-IMPENDING SKID MARK marks caused by the forward rotation of the
wheels being slower than the forward
movement of the vehicle.
YAWN MARK
•- scuffmark made while the vehicle is yawning the mark made on the
road by a rotating tire which is slipping in a direction parallel to the
axle of the wheel.
SKIP MARK •– braking skid mark interrupted at frequent
regular intervals. It is made by a bouncing wheel on which
brakes keep the wheel from turning
SCUFF MARK

•– roadway marking left by the tire and wheel of a vehicle

sliding sideways as a result of force other than centrifugal
force
 GAP SKID •– braking skid mark which is interrupted by release
and reapplication of brakes
RUTS

•– a sunken track worn by a wheel, groove forming a path for

anything
• GOUGE – a groove made by a hard part of a motor vehicle to
another car after side sweeping each other or it may be left
on a road surface by a motor vehicle which overturned then
slid on the road surface.
 PAINT STRIPS

• Coefficient of Friction:
•– when vehicle collided with other object, it sometimes
transfer its paint to other objects
• The measurement of the relationship between the rubber and the road
expressed in percentage of efficiency is universally referred to as
coefficient of friction. Some traffic moguls denominated it as Drag
Factor.
• Friction
• It is defined as the resistance between the tire and the roadway
that determine the minimum speed of the vehicle after
acceleration/deceleration and sudden change of direction
Coefficient of Friction or Drag Factor

F= S²
30(D)

Grade or Slope (Gradient)

f= Horizontal distance
Vertical rise or fall

Speed Calculation
SIGNIFICANT LAWS

• RA 10916 - Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016

• RA 10913 – The Anti-Distracted Driving Act
S= 5.5 √DF= (speed on a level road)

S= 5.5 √DF(+/-F)= (up or downhill)

• RA 10883 – New Ant—Carnapping Act of 2016
• RA 10666 – Children’s Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015
• RA 10586 – Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013
• RA 10054 – Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009
Field Sobriety Tests

• RA 8750 – Seat Belt Law

• RA 8749 – Clean Air Act
• RA 7924 – Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
• refer to standardized tests to initially assess and determine
intoxication, namely: the eye test (horizontal gaze nystagmus), the
walk-and-turn and the one-leg stand.
• i. The Eye Test (“horizontal gaze nystagmus”) refers to horizontal or
lateral jerking of the driver’s eyes as he or she gazes sideways
following a moving object such as a pen or the tip of a penlight held by
Procedure in screening for driving under the
Field Sobriety
influence Tests
of alcohol

the LEO from a distance of about one (1) foot away from the face of
the driver.
• ii. The Walk-and-Turn requires the driver to walk heel-to-toe along a
straight line for nine (9) steps, turn at the end and return to the point
of origin without any difficulty. iii. The One-Leg Stand requires the
driver to stand on either right or left leg with both arms on the side.
The driver is instructed to keep the foot raised about six (6) inches off
the ground for thirty (30) seconds.
• i. Upon personal determination of probable cause, a deputized LEO shall flag down
the motor vehicle, direct the driver to step out of the vehicle and determine whether
or not the driver is drunk or drugged. If the LEO has reasonable grounds to believe
that the driver is drunk, the LEO shall expressly inform the driver of his assessment
 and the driver shall be directed to perform all of the three (3) above enumerated
field sobriety test on site.

• ii. The LEO shall record the driver’s responses to the field sobriety tests above
enumerated, which record shall form part of the records of the case.

• iii. If the driver passes all of the three (3) field sobriety tests, the driver shall be
apprehended for the other traffic offense only and not for violation of this Act.
• iv. If the driver fails any of the field sobriety tests, the LEO shall proceed to
determine the driver’s BAC level, through the use of the ABA, on site.

• v. A driver of a motor vehicle who refuses to undergo the mandatory testing as

required shall be penalized by the confiscation and automatic revocation of his/her
 driver’s license, in addition to other penalties provided herein and/or other pertinent
law, after compliance with the requirement of due process.

• vi. A driver who, after ABA testing, registers a BAC higher than the prescribed limit
shall be put under arrest and the motor vehicle impounded. The LEO shall observe
the proper procedure in effecting the arrest and bringing the driver to the nearest
police station for detention. The motor vehicle shall also be brought to the nearest
LTO impounding area until the same is claimed by an authorized representative of its
registered owner.

• vii. In case of a BAC within the allowed limit, the driver shall be apprehended for the other traffic
offense only and not for violation of this Act.

• viii. Under no circumstance shall a driver, who has undergone and passed the field sobriety test
and/or ABA test, be subjected to drug screening test afterwards.
b. Procedure in screening for driving under the influence
of dangerous drugs and other similar substances

• ix. The LEO shall accomplish the following preparatory to the turnover of the case to the police
officer-on-duty of the nearest police station:

• 1. A complaint/charge sheet;
2. Results of the field sobriety tests/ABA test in the prescribed format;
3. Inventory of items under temporary custody (to include motor vehicle when necessary); and
4. Other pertinent documents.
•
• i. Upon personal determination of probable cause, a deputized LEO shall flag
down the motor vehicle, direct the driver to step out of the vehicle and
determine whether or not the driver is drunk or drugged. If the LEO has
reasonable grounds to believe that the driver is drugged, the LEO shall
expressly inform the driver of his assessment and shall bring the driver to the
nearest police station.
• ii. At the police station, the driver shall be subjected to a drug screening
test, in accordance with existing operational rules and procedures, and if
positive, a drug confirmatory test under Republic Act No. 9165.
• iii. Under no circumstance shall a driver, who has undergone and passed the
drug, be subjected to field sobriety test and/or ABA test afterwards.

• iv. After a positive confirmation, the LEO shall accomplish the following
preparatory to the turnover of the case to the police officer-on-duty of the
nearest police station:
• 1. Results of the conduct of the DRP in the prescribed format;
2. Inventory of items under temporary custody (to include motor vehicle
when necessary); and 3. Other pertinent documents.
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• v. Without positive confirmation, the driver shall be apprehended for the

other traffic offense only and not for violation of this Act.
• BULL BAR – frame of strong metal bars around the front of the car or
truck, used for protecting it if there is an accident
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• BUMPER – a long thin

bar of metal or plastic
attached to the front or
back of a vehicle,
designed to protect it if
hits anything
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• CHASSIS – the supporting

frame of a structure of
vehicle
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• EXHAUST PIPE – used to

direct the flow of exhaust
gas and smoke coming from
the engine
• FENDER – it covers or
protects the area
around the wheel
• GAS CAP/FUEL TANK CAP –
the cover that fits on the hole where the fuel is placed
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• GRILL – a metal screen in front serving as air vent to help

cool down the engine
• HOOD – it covers the engine and that can be raised.
(BONNET)
• HUBCAP OF CENTER CAP - a metal cover for the central part
of the wheel on a car
• LICENSED PLATE – plate containing letters and number
sttached on the back and front of a car
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• LUGGAGE RACK (TOP LOAD RACK) - a metal frame fixed on

the roof of a car, used for carrying large objects, bicycles
(ROOF RACK)
• MUDGARD (MUDFLAP)
• - a piece of metal, plastic, or rubber over or behind a wheel
of a vehicle that stops dirt from the road from hitting the
vehicle
• MUFFLER – a piece of
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

equipment attached to
the exhaust pipe to
make the sound of the
engine quieter.
(SILENCER)
• PANEL – a piece of shaped metal that forms part of the body
of vehicle
• ROOF – top outer part of a vehicle
• ROOF BOX – a large container that fits on the roof of a car
• RUNNING BOARD – a
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

step outside the door of

a vehicle
• SIDE VIEW MIRROR - a mirror on the side of the car to enable
the driver to see anything or activity on the side and/or rear
of the vehicle
• SPOILER – part on the back of the race car that keeps it on
the ground at high speeds. Sometimes used as decorations
• STABILIZER – a part on a vehicle or machine that keeps it
steady or in the correct position
• SUNROOF – part of a roof of a car that can be opened
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• TAILGATE –(TAILBOARD) - a door at the bakl pf a van or truck

that opens downward
• TAILIGHT - light of different colors attached at the back to
guide other motorists and road users on the actions or
intentions of the driver
• TAILPIPE – the pipe at the back of a mv that takes waste
gases out of the engine
• TOW BAR – a metal bar on the back of a vehicle used for
towing another vehicle
CAR FAMILIARIZATION

• TRUNK – covered space at the back of the car, used for

carrying things
• WHEELBASE – the distance between the front and back
wheels of a vehicle
• WINDSHIELD (WINDSCREEN) – large glass window at the front
of a vehicle.
• WINDSHIELD WIPER – a long thin piece of equipment that
moves across a vehicle’s windshield in order to wipe the rain
off it.
CAR FAMILIARIZATION (INTERNAL PARTS)

• TURN
MULTI SIGNAL
INFORMATION
LEVER AND
HEADLIGHT SWITCH – the
turn signal lever is used
when either turning right
or left
• Head light switch is used as ”passing light” by pulling upward the
lever.
(bright/dim)
DISPLAY – the panel behind
the steering wheel which
 shows the various
indicators such as fuel
tank indicator,
temperature gauge, speed
meter and odometer, and
engine revolution per
minute (RPM)
• METERS:
• FUEL LEVEL METER – it shows the actual content of the fuel
tank
• ODOMETER – shows the total distance traveled
CAR FAMILIARIZATION (INTERNAL PARTS)

• SPEEDOMETER – shows the actual velocity or speed of the

vehicle at the moment
• TEMPERATURE GAUGE – shows the temperature of the engine
• RPM METER – shows the speed of revolution of the engine
• WINDSHIELD WIPER AND WASHER SWITCH
• EMERGENCY FLASHER SWITCH – used to inform other
motorists that you are on emergency
• AUDIO DISPLAY
CAR FAMILIARIZATION (INTERNAL PARTS)

• HOOD LOCK LEVER RELEASE - used to unlock the engine hood

• TILT AND TELESCOPIC STEERING CONTROL LEVER - used to
adjust inclination of the steering wheel
• BRAKE PEDAL
• ENGINE SWITCH (KEYHOLE) – used to lock and unlock the steering
wheel
• ACCELERATOR PEDAL – used to increase or decrease the amount of
injected fuel
• ENGINE SWITCH (PUSH BUTTON)
• PARKING BRAKE (HAND BRAKE HANDLE)
Other important
MAJOR OPERATINGinterior
SYSTEMS
parts
OF MV

• (SHIFT LEVER)
• AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM/SWITCH
• CLUTCH PEDA; (FOR MT) – disengages the clutch disc and the
pressure plate to facilitate smooth shifting of gears
• STEERING WHEEL 0 used to control the direction of the mv
• LUBRICATION SYSTEM – consists of oil pump and other hoses
used to distribute engine oil to different internal parts of the
engine to reduce friction. Once this system malfunctioned it
may cause mechianical deterioration of the moving parts sich
MAJOR OPERATING SYSTEMS OF MV

as the piston rings and engine valves. It also causes

overheating of the engine
• COOLING SYSTEM - consists of the radiator, water pump,
cooling fan, hoses and water passages (ducts) in the engine
block and heads. The water absorbs the heat while passing
through the ducts. Failure of this system also causes
overheating of the engine.
• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM – consists of the car battery, alternator,
voltage regulator, starter, and the distributor (in case of
gasoline0fed mv).
MAJOR OPERATING SYSTEMS OF MV

• BRAKE SYSTEM – designed to slow down or to stop a mv. It

consists of the hydrovac, brake fluid cu and brake fluid line.
In front wheels, brake discs and brake pads are usually used.
In rear wheels, brake drums and brake shoes are usually
used.
• INTAKE SYSTEM – it allows engine to inhale oxygen which is
vital in the complete combustion of the fuel.
DEFENSIVE DRIVING

• EXHAUST SYSTEM – it aids in the free flowing of exhausted air

out of the engine.
• According to National Safety and Council’s Defensive Driving
Course, it is the driving to save lives, time, and. Money, in
spite of the conditions around you and the actions of others.
• D – Decrease speed ipon perceiving potential hazards
• E – Ensure your personal safety and safety of your
passengers.
• F – Fasten Seatbelts
DEFENSIVE DRIVING TIPS

• E – Expect that other motorists and road users will commit

mistakes. The ore of defensive driving principle is the
anticipation of any negligence or imprudence by other
drivers and other road users.
• N – Never beat yellow and/red light
• S – Start the day with a prayer. Divine guidance is still the
best antidote for every misdeed in the highway
• I – Increase speed if another mv is in the risk of hitting the
rear of your car.
DEFENSIVE
DO’S AND DON’T’S
DRIVING TIPS

• V – veer direction away from vehicles encroaching your lane.

• E – establish the 2-second rule (3-second rule). Tailgating is a
risky behavior unless a driver is preparing to overtake a mv.
Normally, it takes a driver at least 1.5 seconds to react and
finally come to a complete stop from the moment he/she
perceive that the mv in front suddenly stops.
• PLAN THE TRIP AND ROUTE TO BE TAKEN
• LEARN TO BE FAR SIGHTED
• FREQUENT SCANNING THE SURROUNDING AREA
DO’S AND DON’T’S

• TAKE A REST OR NAP WHEN DROWSY

• ALWAYS BRING EWD
• DO NOT INSIST RIGHT OF WAY
• DO NOT TAKE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOURS BEFORE
OPERATING A MV.
• MISUSING THE HORN
• SWITCHING THE HEADLIGHT IN BRIGHT POSITION TO WARN
AND OVERTAKING VEHICLE COMING FROM THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION.
• RACING WITH PEDESTRIANS ALONG CROSSWALKS
• USING GADGETS WHILE DRIVING