DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Syllabus for Botany

Approved in B.O.S for the Academic Year 2021-2022

( Dt : 13 -12 – 2021 )
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI
East Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh.

GOVT. DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
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Name, Designation and Address Signature
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1. Chair Person:
Sri K.V.G.K. Vara Prasad
Lecturer in Botany
In Charge of Dept. of Botany
Govt. Degree College (A), Tuni

2. Adikavi Nannaya University Nominee:

Dr. G. Jyothirmayee
Lecturer in Botany.
Govt. Degree College (A),
Rajamahendravaram.

3. Subject Experts :

a) Dr Balaraju Chandramouli ,
Lecturer in Botany,
In Charge of Dept. of Botany,
SGA Govt. Degree College ,
Yelamanchili,
Visakhapatnam Dist.

b) Smt. G.R.N.S. Sujatha,

Lecturer in Botany,
In Charge of Dept. of Botany,
Govt. Degree College ,
Pithapuram,
East Godavari Dist.

4. Alumni member:

Dr V. Sudhavani ,
Associate Professor ,
Dept . of Post Harvest Technology,
College of Horticulture,
Dr YSR Horticultural University,
Venkatramannagudem-534101
W.G Dist.

5. Members from the College:

 a. Faculty members :
1. Smt. T Ratna Sugjnani

b. Student members:
1. Kum . D Nagalakshmi

2. Smt. D Yashoda

GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (A),TUNI

I B.Sc.-Semester –I : Botany Core Course-1Theory Syllabus(w.e.f.. 2020-2021 )
Paper-I : Fundamentals of Microbes and Non Vascular Plants
( Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi , Lichens , Algae and Bryophytes)
Total hours of Teaching 60hrs @ 4 hrs per week Total Credits:03
Course objectives:

 Understand the origin and evolution of life on the earth and diversity in the microbial world.
 Understanding the distinguishing features emphasizing the evolutionary tendencies of non
vascular plant groups and also on the structure, reproduction and life cycles of some important
genera.
 One must be able to identify some important plant diseases caused by various plant pathogens
and knowing about their management.
 Realizing the ecological significance and economic importance of microbes and non vascular
plant groups.

Unit – 1: Origin of life and Viruses 12Hrs.

1. Origin of life, concept of primary Abiogenesis; Miller and Urey experiment. Five kingdom
classification of R.H. Whittaker and Carl Woese classification
2. Discovery of microorganisms, Pasteur experiments, germ theory of diseases.
3. Shape and symmetry of viruses; structure of Bacteriophage TMV and Gemini virus;
replication of Bacteriophage; A brief account of Prions and Viroids.
4. A general account on symptoms of plant diseases caused by Viruses. Transmission of plant
viruses and their control.
5. Significance of Viruses, Types of Vaccines.

Unit – 2: Bacteria 12Hrs.

1. Brief account of Archaebacteria, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasma and Cyanobacteria.
2. Cell structure and Gram staining of Bacteria.
3. Reproduction- Asexual (Binary fission and endospores) and bacterial recombination
(Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction).
4. Economic importance of Bacteria with reference to their role in Agriculture and industry
(fermentation and medicine).
5. A general account on plant diseases caused by Bacteria; Citrus canker.

Unit – 3: Fungi & Lichens 12 Hrs.

 1. General characteristics of fungi and Ainsworth classification (upto classes).
2. Structure, reproduction and life history of (a) Rhizopus (Zygomycota) and (b) Puccinia
(Basidiomycota).
3. Mushroom Cultivation (Paddy straw)
4. Economic uses of fungi in food industry, pharmacy and agriculture.
5. Lichens-Types, structure and reproduction; ecological and economic importance.

Unit – 4: Algae 12 Hrs.

1. General characteristics of Algae (pigments, flagella and reserve food material); Fritsch
classification (upto classes).
2. Thallus organization , Reproduction and life cycles in Algae .

2. Occurrence, structure, reproduction and life cycle of (a) Spirogyra (Chlorophyceae), (b)
Polysiphonia (Rhodophyceae).
3. Economic importance of Algae

Unit – 5: Bryophytes 12 Hrs.

1. General characteristics of Bryophytes; classification upto classes.
2. Occurrence, morphology, anatomy, reproduction (developmental details are not needed) and
life cycle of (a) Marchantia (Hepaticopsida) and (b) Funaria (Bryopsida).
3. General account on evolution of sporophytes in Bryophyta.

****
GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI
I B.Sc., -Botany-II/ II Semester End (w.e.f. 2020-2021) Theory Syllabus
Basics of Vascular Plants and Phytogeography
(Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Phytogeography )
Total hours of Teaching 60hrs @ 4 hrs/week Total Credits:03

Course objectives:
 Understanding the diversity of vascular plants and their special features with reference to
evolutionary significance
 Realizing the importance of Plant Taxonomy ; knowing about the taxonomical tools and
develop better understanding of evolution of classifications
 Knowing about the distribution patterns of vegetation across India and the world

Unit – 1: Pteridophytes 12 Hrs.

1. General characteristics of Pteridophyta; classification of Smith (1955)upto divisions.

2. Occurrence, morphology,anatomy, reproduction (developmental details are not needed) and
life history of (a) Lycopodium (Lycopsida) and (b) Marsilea (Filicopsida).
3. Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes;
4. Heterospory and seed habit
Unit – 2: Gymnosperms 14 Hrs.

1. General characteristics of Gymnosperms; Sporne classification upto classes.

2. Occurrence, morphology, anatomy, reproduction (developmental details are not needed) and
life history of (a) Pinus (Coniferopsida) and (b) Gnetum (Gnetopsida).
3. Outlines of geological time scale. 4. Economic importance of Gymnosperms
5. A brief account on Cycadeoidea.

Unit – 3: Basic aspects of Taxonomy 13Hrs.

1. Aim and scope of taxonomy; Species concept: Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus and
family.
2. Plant nomenclature: Binomial system, ICBN- rules for nomenclature.
3. Herbarium and its techniques, Botanical gardens
4. Types of classification, Bentham and Hooker system of classification;
5. Outlines of APG classification

Unit – 4: Systematic Taxonomy 13 Hrs.

1. Systematic description and economic importance of the following families:
(a) Annonaceae (b) Curcurbitaceae (c)Asteraceae
(d) Asclepiadaceae (e)Amaranthaceae (f) Euphorbiaceae
(g) Arecaceae and (h) Poaceae

Unit – 5: Phytogeography 08 Hrs.

1. Phytogeography-Introduction, principles, Distribution (wides, endemic, discontinuous

species)
2. Endemism – types and causes.
3. Phytogeographic regions of World.
4. Phytogeographic regions of India.
5. Vegetation types in Andhra Pradesh.
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI
II B.Sc., – Botany - 3 / III Semester End (W.E.F. 2020-21)Theory Syllabus
Anatomy and Embryology of Angiosperms, Plant Ecology and Biodiversity
Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning: 60 @ 4 h / Week Total Credits: 03
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Theory:
Learning outcomes:
On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to;
 Understand on the organization of tissues and tissue systems in plants.
 Illustrate and interpret various aspects of embryology.
 Discuss the basic concepts of plant ecology, and evaluate the effects of environmental and biotic
factors on plant communities.
 Appraise various qualitative and quantitative parameters to study the population and
community ecology.
 Correlate the importance of biodiversity and consequences due to its loss.
 Enlist the endemic/endangered flora and fauna from two biodiversity hot spots in India and
assess strategies for their conservation.

Unit – 1: Anatomy of Angiosperms 12 Hrs.

1. Tissues –types viz., meristems, simple and complex tissues ;
2. Organization of apical meristems: Tunica-carpus theory and Histogen theory.
3. Tissue systems–Epidermal, ground and vascular. Primary structures of stem and roots.
4. Secondary growth and anomalous secondary growth in Boerhaevia and Dracaena.

Unit – 2: Embryology of Angiosperms 12 Hrs.

1. Structure of anther, anther wall, types of tapetum.
Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte.
2. Structure of ovule, ovule types ,megasporogenesis; monosporic (Polygonum),
bisporic (Allium) and tetrasporic (Peperomia) types of embryo sacs.
3. Outlines of pollination, pollen – pistil interaction and fertilization.
4. Endosperm - Types and biological importance - Free nuclear, cellular, helobial and
ruminate. Development of Dicot (Capsella bursa-pastoris) embryo and polyembryony.

Unit – 3: Basics of Ecology 12 Hrs.

1. Ecology: definition, branches and significance of ecology.
2. Ecosystem: Concept and components, energy flow, food chain, food web, ecological
pyramids.; Biogeochemical cycles.
3. Plants and environment: Climatic (light and temperature), edaphic and biotic factors.
4. Ecological adaptations and ecological succession: Hydrosere and Xerosere.
Unit – 4: Population, Community and Production Ecology 12 Hrs.
1. Population ecology: Natality, mortality, growth curves, ecotypes, ecads
2. Community ecology: Frequency, density, cover, life forms, biological spectrum
3. Concepts of productivity: Primary and Secondary productivity.
Unit – 5: Basics of Biodiversity 12 Hrs.
1. Biodiversity: Basic concepts, Convention on Biodiversity - Earth Summit.
2. Value of Biodiversity; types and levels of biodiversity and Threats to biodiversity
3. Biodiversity Hot spots in India. Biodiversity in North Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats.
4. Principles of conservation: IUCN threat-categories, RED data book
5. Role of NBPGR and NBA in the conservation of Biodiversity.
Text books:
 Botany – III (Vrukshasastram-I) : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
 Botany – IV (Vrukshasastram-II) : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
 Pandey, B.P. (2013) College Botany, Volume-II, S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi
 Pandey, B.P. (2013) College Botany, Volume-III, S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi
 Bhattacharya, K., G. Hait&Ghosh, A. K., (2011) A Text Book of Botany, Volume- II, New Central
Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
Books for Reference:
 Esau, K. (1971) Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA.
 Fahn, A. (1990) Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
 Cutler, D.F., T. Botha & D. Wm. Stevenson (2008) Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach, Wiley,
USA.
 Paula Rudall (1987) Anatomy of Flowering Plants: An Introduction to Structure and
Development. Cambridge University Press, London
 Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar (2000) The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th Ed.),Vikas
Publishing House, Delhi.
 Pandey, A. K. (2000) Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. CBS Publishers & Distributors
Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi
 Maheswari, P. (1971) An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
London.
 Johri, B.M. (2011) Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
 Pandey, B.P. (2013)College Botany, Volume-III, S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi
 Bhattacharya, K., A. K. Ghosh, & G. Hait (2011) A Text Book of Botany, Volume- IV, New Central
Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
 Kormondy, Edward J. (1996) Concepts of Ecology, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New
Delhi
 Begon, M., J.L. Harper & C.R. Townsend (2003) Ecology, Blackwell Science Ltd., U.S.A.
 Eugene P. Odum (1996)Fundamentals of Ecology, Natraj Publishers, Dehradun
 Sharma, P.D. (2012) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.
 N.S.Subrahmanyam & A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2008)Ecology Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
 A. K. Agrawal& P.P. Deo (2010) Plant Ecology, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
 Kumar, H.D. (1992) Modern Concepts of Ecology (7th Edn.,) Vikas Publishing Co., New Delhi.
 Newman, E.I. (2000): Applied Ecology Blackwell Scientific Publisher, U.K.
 Chapman, J.L&M.J. Reiss (1992): Ecology - Principles & Applications.
Cambridge University Press, U.K.
 Kumar H.D. (2000) Biodiversity & Sustainable Conservation Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Ltd.
New Delhi.
 U. Kumar (2007) Biodiversity : Principles & Conservation, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI
II B.Sc., – Botany - 3 / III Semester End (W.E.F. 2020-21)

GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI

II B.Sc., – Botany -4 / IV Semester End Theory Syllabus (w.e.f. 2020-21admitted batch)
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning: 60 @ 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03
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Course Objectives:
 Develop a comprehensive understanding of functions of the plants
 Improve the knowledge on various metabolic processes
 Develop a thorough knowledge on growth and development of plants
 Enabling the students to develop their skills in the practical fields

Unit I Plant - Water relations (12 h)

1. Importance of water to plant life, physical properties of water, diffusion,
imbibition and Osmosis.
2. Absorption and lateral transport of water; Ascent of sap –Various Theories
3. Transpiration : Definition, types of transpiration
4. Stomata structure; opening and closing mechanism of stomata.

Unit II Mineral nutrition and Enzymes (12 h)

1. Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients and their role in plants;
symptoms of mineral deficiency.
2. Uptake of mineral ions - passive and active transport.
3. Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen fixation- Types, biological nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium
and nitrogen metabolism.
4. Enzymes: General characteristics, mechanism of enzyme action and
factors regulating enzyme action.

Unit III Plant metabolism – I (12 h)

1. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and action spectra;
Red drop and Emerson enhancement effect.
2. Concept of two photosystems; mechanism of photosynthetic electron transport and
evolution of oxygen; photophosphorylation
3. Carbon assimilation pathways (C3, C4 and CAM).
4. Photorespiration and its significance.

Unit IV Plant metabolism – II (12 h)

1. Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic processes; Glycolysis, Krebs cycle.
2. Electron Transport System, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation,
3. Lipid metabolism : Introduction, classification of lipids.

Unit V Plant growth and Development (12 h)

1. Growth and Development: Definition, phases and kinetics of growth.
2. Physiological effects of phytohormones- Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins,
ABA and Ethylene .
3. Physiology of Flowering : Photoperiodism, role of Phytochrome in flowering;
Vernalization.
Learning outcomes:
 Students can acquire knowledge about the need of water for plant life
 Students can gain knowledge about the process of photosynthesis and Respiration.
 One can gain knowledge about the role of enzymes in plant metabolism.
 Students can know the importance of plant growth hormones in plant growth and
development.

Employability:
Students can apply the knowledge about the role of mineral nutrients in plant growth and
development and plant growth hormones and their importance to maintain a nursery and can create his
or her self employability.

Suggested Readings:
 Subhash Chandra Datta (2007) Plant Physiology, New Age International, New Delhi
 Pandey, S.M. & B.K. Sinha (2006) Plant Physiology, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi
 R.K. Sinha (2014) Modern Plant Physiology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
 S.C. Datta (2007) Plant Physiology, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New
Delhi
 Aravind Kumar & S.S. Purohit (1998) Plant Physiology – Fundamentals and
Applications,
 Agro Botanica, Bikaner
 Mukherjee, S. & A.K. Ghosh (1998) Plant Physiolog ,Tata McGraw Hill Publishers(P)
Ltd.,New Delhi.

Reference books:

 Salisbury Frank B. & Cleon W. Ross (2007) Plant Physiology, Thomsen & Wadsworth,
Austalia & U.S.A
 Noggle Ray & J. Fritz (2013) Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice Hall (India), New
Delhi
 Taiz, L. & E. Zeiger (2003) Plant Physiology, Panima Publishers, New Delhi
 Hans Mohr & P. Schopfer (2006) Plant Physiology, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
 V. Verma (2007) Text Book of Plant Physiology, Ane Books India, New Delhi
 Hopkins, W.G. & N.P.A. Huner (2014) Introduction to Plant Physiology, Wiley India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi
 Hans-Walter heldt (2005) Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, U.S.A.
 Plummer, D.(1989) Biochemistry–the Chemistry of life ,McGraw Hill Book Co., London,
N.Y. New Delhi, Paris, Singapore, Tokyo.
 Day, P.M.& Harborne, J.B. (Eds.,) (2000): Plant Biochemistry. . Harcourt Asia (P) Ltd.,
India & Academic Press, Singapore.
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI
II B.Sc., – Botany -5 / IV Semester Theory Syllabus (w.e.f.2020-21)
Cell Biology, Genetics and Plant Breeding
Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning: 60 @ 4 h / Week Total Credits: 03
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Learning outcomes:

On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

 Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and design the model of a cell.
 Explain the organization of a eukaryotic chromosome and the structure of genetic material.
 Demonstrate techniques to observe the cell and its components under a microscope.
 Discuss the basics of Mendelian genetics, its variations and interpret inheritance of traits in living
beings.
 Elucidate the role of extra-chromosomal genetic material for inheritance of characters.
 Evaluate the structure, function and regulation of genetic material.
 Understand the application of principles and modern techniques in plant breeding.
 Explain the procedures of selection and hybridization for improvement of crops.

Unit – 1: The Cell 12 Hrs.

1. Cell theory; prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cell; animal vs plant cell;
a brief account on ultra-structure of a plant cell.
2. Ultra-structure of cell wall.
3. Ultra-structure of plasma membrane and various theories on its organization.
4. Polymorphic cell organelles (Plastids); ultrastructure of chloroplast; Mitochondria
and other cell organelles.

Unit – 2: Chromosomes 12 Hrs.

1. Nucleus ;
2. Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic chromosome. Morphology of a eukayotic chromosome
3. Euchromatin and Heterochromatin; Karyotype and ideogram.
4. Organization of DNA in a chromosome (solenoid and nucleosome models).

Unit – 3: Mendelian and Non-Mendelian genetics 14Hrs.

1. Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Incomplete dominance and co-dominance;
Multiple allelism. A brief account on genetic interactions.
1. A brief account of linkage and crossing over; Chromosomal mapping - 2 point
and 3 point test cross.
2. Mutations –types; spontaneous and induced mutations ; Chromosomal (structural and
Numerical ( aneuploidy)) aberrations ; Mutagens – types ; Euploidy – significance.
Unit – 4: Structure and functions of DNA 12 Hrs.
1. Nucleic acids , types of DNA, Watson and Crick model of DNA.
2. Brief account on DNA Replication
(Semi- conservative method).
3. Brief account on Transcription, types and functions of RNA.
Gene concept and genetic code and Translation.
4. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes - Lac Operon.

Unit – 5: Plant Breeding 12 Hrs.

1. Plant Breeding and its scope; Genetic basis for plant breeding.
Plant Introduction and acclimatization.
2. Definition, procedure; applications and uses; advantages and limitations of :
(a) Mass selection, (b) Pure line selection and (c) Clonal selection.
3. Hybridization – schemes, and technique; Heterosis (hybrid vigor).
4. A brief account on Molecular breeding – DNA markers in plant breeding. RAPD, RFLP.

Employability:

 Students can create their opportunities in the field of agriculture and Horticulture by studying
the process of plant breeding in developing new varieties.
 Knowledge of plant breeding creates opportunities in agriculture sector

Text books :
 Botany – III (Vrukshasastram-I) : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
 Pandey, B.P. (2013) College Botany, Volume-III, S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi
 Ghosh, A.K., K.Bhattacharya & G. Hait (2011) A Text Book of Botany, Volume-III,
 New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
 Chaudhary, R. C. (1996) Introduction to Plant Breeding, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi
Books for Reference:
 S. C. Rastogi (2008)Cell Biology, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi
 P. K. Gupta (2002)Cell and Molecular biology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi
 B. D. Singh (2008) Genetics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana
 A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2007) Molecular Genetics, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
 Cooper, G.M. & R.E. Hausman (2009)The Cell – A Molecular Approach, A.S.M. Press,
Washington
 Becker, W.M., L.J. Kleinsmith& J. Hardin (2007)The World of Cell, Pearson Education, Inc., New
York
 De Robertis, E.D.P. & E.M.F. De Robertis Jr. (2002)Cell and Molecular Biology,
 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publ., Philadelphia
 Robert H. Tamarin (2002) Principles of Genetics ,Tata McGraw –Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi.
 Gardner, E.J., M. J. Simmons & D.P. Snustad (2004)Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York
 Micklos, D.A., G.A. Freyer& D.A. Cotty (2005) DNA Science: A First Course,
 I.K.International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
 Chaudhari, H.K.(1983)Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding, TMH publishers Co.,New Delhi
 Sharma, J.R. (1994)Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding, Tata McGraw- Hill Publishers, New
Delhi
 Singh,B.D. (2001)Plant Breeding : Principles and Methods ,Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana

 Pundhan Singh (2015) Plant Breeding for Undergraduate Students, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana
 Gupta, S.K. (2010)Plant Breeding : Theory and Techniques, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
 Hayes, H.K., F.R. Immer& D.C. Smith (2009) Methods of Plant Breeding,
Biotech Books, Delhi
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE(A), TUNI
III B.Sc., -Botany-V / V Semester Theory Syllabus(W.E.F. 2016-17)
CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Total hours of Teaching 45hrs @ 3 hrs/week Total Credits:03

UNIT – I: Cell Biology (12h)

1. Cell, the unit of life- Cell theory, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Eukaryotic cell components.
2. Ultra structure and functions of cell wall and cell membranes.
3. Chromosomes: morphology, organization of DNA in a chromosome (nucleosome
model), Euchromatin and heterochromatin.

UNIT – II: Genetic Material: (12h)

1. DNA structure (Watson & Crick model) and replication of DNA (semi-conservative)
2. Types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), their structure and function.
3. Gene expression

UNIT – III: Mendelian Inheritance: (12h)

1. Mendel’s laws of Inheritance (Mono- and Di- hybrid crosses); backcross and test cross.
2. Chromosomal mapping – 2-point & 3-point test cross.
3. Linkage: concept, complete and incomplete linkage, coupling and repulsion
4. Crossing Over: concept & significance.

UNIT – IV: Plant Breeding: (12h)

1. Introduction and Objectives of plant breeding.

2. Methods of crop improvement: Procedure, advantages and limitations of
Introduction, Selection, and Hybridization (outlines only).

UNIT – V: Breeding, Crop Improvement and Biotechnology: (12h)

1. Role of mutations in crop improvement.

2. Role of soma clonal variations in crop improvement.
3. Molecular breeding – use of DNA markers in plant breeding and crop improvement (RAPD, RFLP).

Suggested activity: Seminar, Debate, Quiz, observation of live cells and nucleus in Onion peels,
observation of Meiotic nuclei in Maize pollen. Solving Genetics problems.

Books for Reference:

 Old, R.W. and Primrose S.B. 1994, Principles of Gene Manipulation Blackwell Science, London
 Grierson, D. and Convey S.N. 1989, Plant Molecular Biology, Blackie Publishers, New York.
 Lea, P.J. and Leegood R.C. 1999, Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley and
Sons, London.
 Power C.B., 1984, Cell Biology, Himalaya Publishing Co. Mumbai
  De. Robertis and De Robertis, 1998, Cell and Molecular Biology, K.M. Varghese and Company
 Sinnott, E.W., L.C. Dunn & J. Dobshansky (1958): Principles of Genetics (5th Edition)McGraw
Hill Publishing Co., N.Y. Toronto, London.
 Winchester, A.M. (1958): Genetics (3rd Edition) Oxford & IBH Publishing House, Calcutta,
Bombay, New Delhi.
 Singleton, R. (1963): Elementary Genetics, D. Van Nostrand Co., Ltd., Inc., N.Y. & Affiliated
East West Press (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
 Strickberger, M.W. (1976): Genetics (2nd Edition) MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y., London
 Watson, J.D. (1977): Molecular Biology of the Gene, W.A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park-
California, Reading-Massachusetts, London, Amsterdam, Don Mills, Ontario, Sydney.
 Gardner,E.J&Snusted, D.P.(1984): Principles of Genetics (7thedition) John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.
Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
 Lewin, B. (1985) Genes VII Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hydrabad.
 Allard R.W(1999): The Principles of Plant Breeding, John & Wiley and Sons.
 Poelman J.M: Breeding Field Crops, Springer.
 George Acquaah (2012): Principles of Plant Genetics & Breeding: Wiley-Blackwell.

GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE(A), TUNI

III B.Sc., -Botany-VI / V Semester End (W.E.F. 2016-17)
ADVANCED ELECTIVE
PLANT ECOLOGY& PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Total hours of Teaching 45hrs @ 3 hrs/week Total Credits:03

UNIT – I: Elements of Ecology (12h)

1. Ecology: definition, basic concepts, branches and significance of ecology.

2. Climatic Factors: Light, Temperature ; water as an ecological factor and ecological
adaptations among plants.
3. Edaphic Factor: formation, composition and properties of soil and soil profile ;
its impact on plant life.
4. Biotic Factor: Interactions between plants , animals and other organisms.

UNIT– II: Ecosystem Ecology (12h)

1. Ecosystem: Concept and components, energy flow, Food chain, Food web,
Ecological pyramids ; Ecosystem types.
2. Productivity of Ecosystem-Primary, Secondary and Net productivity.
3. Biogeochemical cycles- Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous.

UNIT – III: Population &Community Ecology (12h)

1. Population -definition, characteristics and importance, outlines –ecotypes.

2. Plant communities- characters of a community, outlines – Frequency, density, cover,
life forms, competition.
3. Ecological succession.
UNIT – IV: Phytogeography (12h)

1. Principles of Phytogeography, Distribution (wides, endemic, discontinuous species)

2. Phytogeographic regions of India
3. Endemism – types and causes

UNIT- V: Plant Biodiversity and its importance (12h)

1. Definition, levels of biodiversity-genetic, species and ecosystem.

2. Biodiversity hotspots- Criteria, Biodiversity hotspots of India.
3. Loss of biodiversity – causes and conservation (In-situ and ex-situ methods)

Suggested activity: Collection of different soils, studying their texture, observing polluted water bodies,
student study projects, debates on man’s activity on ecosystem and biodiversity conservation methods,
visiting a nearest natural vegetation area. Visit to NGO, working in the field of biodiversity and report
writing; to study Honey Bees and plants yielding honey.

Books for Reference:

 Daubenmire, R.F. ( ): Plants & Environment (2nd Edn.,) John Wiley & Sons., New York
 Puri, .G.S. (1960): Indian Forest Ecology (Vol.I& II) Oxford Book Co., New Delhi &Calcutta.
 Billings, W.B. (1965): Plants and the Ecosystem Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., Belmont.
 Misra, R. (1968): The Ecology work Book Oxford &INH Publishing Co., Calcutta
 Odum E.P. (1971): Fundamentals of Ecology (2nd Edn.,) Saunders & Co., Philadelphia &Natraj
Publishers, Dehradun.
 Odum E.P. (1975): Ecology By Holt, Rinert& Winston.
 Oosting, H.G. (1978): Plants and Ecosystem Wadworth Belmont.
 Kochhar, P.L. (1975): Plant Ecology. (9th Edn.,) New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta-226pp.
 Kumar, H.D. (1992): Modern Concepts of Ecology (7th Edn.,) Vikas Publishing Co., New Delhi
 Kumar H.D. (2000): Biodiversity & Sustainable Conservation Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Ltd.
New Delhi.
 Newman, E.I. (2000): Applied Ecology Blackwell Scientific Publisher, U.K.
 Chapman, J.L&M.J. Reiss (1992): ecology (Principles & Applications). Cambridge University
Press, U.K.
 Cain, S.A . (1944): Foundations of Plant Geography Harper & Brothers, N.Y.
 Mani, M.S (1974): Ecology & Biogeography of India Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Haque
 Good, R. (1997): The Geography of flowering Plants (2nd Edn.) Longmans, Green &Co., Inc.,
London & Allied Science Publishers, New Delhi
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE(A), TUNI
III Year B.Sc, Semester-VI., Theory Syllabus ( w.e.f. 2016-17)
Elective- I Paper VII-(B): Nursery, Gardening and Floriculture
Total hours of teaching 60hrs @ 3hrs per week
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit I: Nursery: (12 hrs.)
1. Definition, objectives, scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery.
2. Planning and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants.
3. Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations.
Unit II: Gardening (12 hrs.)
1. Definition, objectives and scope - different types of gardening.
2. Landscape and home gardening - parks and its components, plant materials
and design .Computer applications in landscaping.
3. Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring, watering.
4. Landscaping Places of Public Importance: Landscaping highways
and Educational Institutions. Some Famous gardens of India.
Unit III: Propagation methods (12hrs.)
1. seedlings, transplanting of seedlings
2. Air- layering, cutting, selection of cutting ,propagule collecting season, cutting rooting medium
and planting of cuttings – Hardening of plants.
3. Propagation of ornamental plants by rhizomes, corms tubers, bulbs and bulbils
4. Green house - mist chamber, shed root, shade house and glasshouse for propagation

UnitIV: Floriculture: ( 12 hrs.)

1. Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; herbaceous, perennials; Divinevines;
Shade and ornamental trees.
2. Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents.
3. Ornamentals-palms.
4. Cultivation of plants in pots; Indoor gardening; Bonsai.
Unit V: Commercial Floriculture ( 12 hrs.)
1. Factors affecting flower production; Production and packaging of cut flowers;
Flower arrangements; Methods to prolong vase life of flowers
2. Cultivation of Important cut flowers (Carnation, Aster, Dahlia, Gerbera, Anthuriums,
Gladiolus, Marigold, Rose, Lilium)
3. Management of pests, diseases and harvesting.
Books for Reference:
1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH PublishingCo., New Delhi.
2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore,Madras.
3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil institution)
4. Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers.
Suggested Activities: Raising a nursery, managing it, studying and drawing various land scaping
designs, practicing layering methods, using shade nets to protect horticultural crops, practicing indoor
gardening techniques, visiting florists and recording their methods of prolonging vase life of commercial
cut flowers.
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE(A), TUNI
III Year B.Sc., BOTANY THEORY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- VI (w.e.f. 2016-17)
Paper VIII, CLUSTER ELECTIVE, Cluster-A,
Paper VIII-A-1 : PLANT DIVERSITY AND HUMAN WELFARE

Total hours of teaching 60hrs @ 3hrs per week Total credits:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

Unit- I: Plant diversity and its scope: (12hrs)

1. Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Plant diversity at the ecosystem Agro biodiversity and
cultivated plant taxa, wild taxa.
2. Levels, Values and uses of biodiversity: Ethical and aesthetic
3. values, Methodologies for valuation, Uses of plants.

Unit -II: Loss of biodiversity: (12hrs)

1. Loss of genetic diversity, Loss of species diversity, Loss of ecosystem diversity,
Loss of agro biodiversity, projected scenario for biodiversity loss
2. Management of plant biodiversity: Organizations associated with biodiversity
Management -Methodology for execution-IUCN, UNEP, UNESCO, WWF, NBPGR;
3. Biodiversity legislation and conservations, Biodiversity information management
and communication.

Unit-III: Contemporary practices in resource management: (12hrs)

1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Geographical Information

System GIS, Participatory resource appraisal , Ecological footprint
with emphasis on carbon footprint, Resource accounting;
2. Solid and liquid waste management

Unit -IV: Conservation of biodiversity (12hrs)

1. Conservation of genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity, In situ and ex situ
conservation, Social approaches to conservation, Biodiversity awareness programmes,
Sustainable development.

Unit- V: Role of plants in relation to Human Welfare (12hrs)

1. Importance of forestry, their utilization and commercial aspects-

a)Avenue trees, b) ornamental plants of India. c) Alcoholic beverages through ages.
2. Fruits and nuts: Important fruit crops their commercial importance. Wood, fiber and their uses.

Suggested Readings:

1. Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2004). An Advanced Text Book of Biodiversity - Principles and

Practices. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 2. Singh, J. S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publications, New Delhi.
3. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A. (2008). An Introduction to Sustainable Development.
Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

Suggested activities:
Study of flora and its diversity in the college campus or local area, enumerating wild and
exotic species( Parthenium, Water hyacinth etc.)
Project work on any one of the International organizations striving for preservation of
biodiversity, study of conservation efforts of local people, and civic bodies, study of locally
available fruits in different seasons, enumerating the avenue plantations and their diversity
in your town/city
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE(A), TUNI
III Year B.Sc., BOTANY THEORY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- VI (w.e.f. 2016-17)
Paper VIII, CLUSTER ELECTIVE, Cluster-A,
Paper VIII-A-2 : ETHNOBOTANY AND MEDICINAL BOTANY

Total hours of teaching 60hrs @ 3hrs per week Total credits:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit –I: Ethnobotany (12hrs)

1. Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary

science. The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context
2. Major and minor ethnic groups or Tribals of India, and their lifestyles.
3. Plants used by the tribal populations: a) Food plants, b) intoxicants and beverages
c) Resins and oils and miscellaneoususes.

Unit -II: Role of ethnobotany in modern Medicine: (12hrs)

1. Role of ethnobotany in modern medicine with special example

Rauvolfia sepentina, Trichopus zeylanicus, Artemisia annua, Withania somnifera.
2. Medico-ethnobotanical sources in India
3. Significance of the following plants in ethnobotanical practices (alongwith
their habitat andmorphology)
a)Azadirachta indica, b) Ocimum sanctum, c) Vitex negundo, d) Gloriosa superba,
e) Tribulus terrestris, f)Phyllanthus niruri , g)Cassia auriculata,
h) Indigofera tinctoria, i)Sennaauriculata j).Curcuma longa.
4. Role of ethnic groups in the conservation of plant genetic resources.

Unit-III: Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic groups (12hrs)

1. Sharing of wealth concept with few examples from India.
2. Biopiracy, Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge.

Unit -IV: History, Scope and Importance of Medicinal Plants. Indigenous Medicinal Sciences (12hrs)
1. Definition and Scope-Ayurveda: History, origin, panchamahabhutas, saptadhatu and tridosha
concepts, Rasayana, plants used in ayurvedictreatments.
2. Siddha: Origin of Siddha medicinal systems, Basisof Siddha system, plants used in
Siddhamedicine.
3. Unani: History, concept: Umoor-e-tabiya, tumors treatments/ therapy, poly herbal
formulations (in brief).

Unit -V: Conservation of endangered and endemic medicinal plants: (12hrs)

1. Definition: endemic and endangered medicinal plants,
2. Red list criteria
3. In situ conservation: Biosphere reserves, sacred groves, National Parks
4. Ex situ conservation: Botanical Gardens.
Suggested Activities:
Studying plant utilization methods by tribal/rural/migrant populations for their
beverages, food, medicinal and uses, seminars on role of ethnic groups in conservation of
plant genetic resources, project work on traditional knowledge about plant medicines, study
of indigenous medicinal sciences and their efficacy.

Suggested Readings:

1) S.K. Jain, Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur,1995.

2) Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotny, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi –1981.
3) S.K. Jain (ed.) 1989. Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of ethnobotanists,
Lucknow, India.
4) S.K. Jain, 1990. Contributions of Indian ethnobotny.Scientific publishers,Jodhpur.
5) Colton C.M. 1997. Ethnobotany – Principles and applications.JohnWiley and sons
– Chichester
6) Rama Ro, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghatsin Andhra Pradesh,
Indian. Botanical Survey of India. Howrah.
7. Trivedi P C, 2006. Medicinal Plants: Ethnobotanical Approach, Agrobios, India.
8. Purohit and Vyas, 2008. Medicinal Plant Cultivation: A Scientific Approach, 2ndedn.
Agrobios, India.
9. Pal, D.C. & Jain, S.K., 1998. Tribal Medicine. Naya Prakash Publishers, Calcutta
10. Raychudhuri, S.P., 1991. (Ed.) Recent advances in Medicinal aromatic and spice crops.
Vol.1, Today& Tomorrow’s printers and publishers, NewDelhi
 GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE(A), TUNI
III Year B.Sc., BOTANY SEMESTER- VI End Examinations (w.e.f. 2016-17)
Paper VIII-A-3 : PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Cluster Elective Theory Syllabus
Total hours of teaching 60hrs @ 3hrs per week Credits:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit-I: Pharmacognosy (12hrs)
Definition, Importance, Classification of drugs - Chemical and Pharmacological,
Drug evaluation methods

Unit –II: Organoleptic and microscopic studies: (12hrs)

Organoleptic and microscopic studies with reference to nature of active principles
and common adulterant (bark), Adhatoda vasica(leaf),Strychnos nuxvomica(seed),
Rauwolfiaserpentina(root) ,Zinziber officinal and Catharanthus roseus

Unit-III: Secondary Metabolites: (12hrs)

Definition of primary and secondary metabolites and their differences, majortypes
- terpenes, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids.
A brief idea about extraction of alkaloids. Origin of secondary metabolites – detailed
account of acetate pathway, mevalonate pathway, shikimate pathway.

UNIT-IV: Phytochemistry: (12hrs)

Biosynthesis and sources of drugs:
1. Phenols and phenolic glycosides : structural types, biosynthesis, importanceof simple
phenolic compounds, tannins, anthraquinones, coumarins and furanocoumarins, flavones
and related flavonoid glycosides, anthocyanins, betacyanins, stilbenes, lignins andlignans).
2. Steroids, sterols, saponins, withanolides, ecdysones, cucurbitacins:
3. Alkaloids: Different groups, biosynthesis, bioactivity.
4. Volatile oils, aromatherapy.

UNIT-V: Enzymes, proteins and amino acids as drugs: (12hrs)

1. Vaccines, toxins and toxoids, antitoxins, immune globulins, antiserums,
2. Vitamins, Antibiotics – chemical nature, mode of action.
3. Pharmacological action of plant drugs – tumor inhibitors, PAF antagonists,
antioxidants, phytoestrogens and others.
4. Role of different enzyme inhibitors.

Suggested Activities:
Isolation techniques of active principles from various parts of popular medicinal
plants, debates on the efficacy of plant medicines and palliative cure, volatile oils from plants-
extraction methods, project work on crude drugs
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:

 Wallis, T. E. 1946. Text book of Pharmacognosy, J & A ChurchillLtd.

 Roseline,A. 2011. Pharmacognosy. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
 Gurdeep Chatwal, 1980. Organic chemistry of natural productis. Vol.I. Himalaya
Publishing house.
 Kalsi, P. S. and Jagtap, S., 2012. Pharmaceutical medicinal and natural product chemistry
Narosa Publishing House Pvt.Ltd. NewDelhi.
 N.K. Mehra . Agarwal, O. P. 2002. Organic chemistry–Chemistry of organic natural products. Vol.
II. Goel publishing house ,Meerut.
 Harborne, J. B. 1998. Phytochemical methods –a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis
3rd edition, Chapman and Hall
 Datta & Mukerji, 1952. Pharmacognosy of Indian roots of Rhizome drugs. Bulletin No.1 Ministry
of Health, Govt. of India.