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Methods in
Molecular Biology 1580
MicroRNA
Detection
and Target
Identification
Methods and Protocols
Methods in Molecular Biology
Series Editor
John M. Walker
School of Life and Medical Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
Edited by
Tamas Dalmay
School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Editor
Tamas Dalmay
School of Biological Sciences
University of East Anglia
Norwich, UK
v
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
vii
viii Contents
Erratum to: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Contributors
ix
x Contributors
Geok Wee Tan • Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical
Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Lu Ping Tan • Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical
Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Michael Thorsen • Exiqon A/S, Vedbaek, Denmark
Radovan Turyna • Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic
Emilie Viennois • Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Gangli Wang • Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Tanyu Wang • Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Zixing Wang • University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Hannah L. Watson • Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Vit Weinberger • Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Brno,
Brno, Czech Republic
Qianxin Wu • Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular
Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Ping Xu • School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Ludek Zavesky • First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics,
Charles University Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague,
Czech Republic
Yulan Zhao • School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
Jianjun Zhu • Shanghai Integrated Circuit Research & Development Center, Shanghai,
China
Chapter 1
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are short (18–30 nucleotide) noncoding RNA molecules, which control gene
expression and pathogen response in eukaryotes. They are associated with and guide nucleases to target
nucleic acids by nucleotide base pairing. We found that current techniques for small RNA detection are
adversely affected by the presence of complementary RNA. Thus we established FDF-PAGE (fully dena-
turing formaldehyde polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), which dramatically improves denaturation
efficiency and subsequently the detection of sequestered sRNAs.
Key words Small RNA, Sequestration, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Denaturation, Improved
detection
1 Introduction
Since their discovery as the mediators of gene silencing [1, 2], small
RNAs have been implicated in an ever expanding repertoire of cel-
lular processes, from gene regulation, to the maintenance of genome
integrity. The main method of small RNA detection is by small RNA
Northern blotting, whereby total RNA is separated on a high per-
centage polyacrylamide gel, transferred to a membrane and visual-
ized using radioactively labeled complementary probes [1, 3]. This
technique is similar to long RNA Northern blotting, used for detec-
tion of mRNAs and higher molecular weight transcripts [4]. There
are two main differences between long and small RNA Northern
blotting techniques. First, small RNA Northerns employ 15% poly-
acrylamide gels for separation of total RNA, while long RNA
Northerns use agarose gels. This is because agarose gels are insuffi-
cient to resolve RNA molecules of 18–30 nt in length. The second
difference is that, due to the propensity of long RNA molecules to
form secondary structures, long RNA Northerns proceed in highly
denaturing formaldehyde gels, while small RNA Northerns typically
employ only 7M urea for denaturation through electrophoresis.
Tamas Dalmay (ed.), MicroRNA Detection and Target Identification: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology,
vol. 1580, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6866-4_1, © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017
1
2 C. Jake Harris et al.
2 Materials
5. Formaldehyde (37–40%).
6. Formamide (deionized).
7. Running buffer: 0.5× MOPS buffer diluted in ultrapure auto-
claved water.
8. 10× loading dye: dissolve 5 mg xylene cyanol FF and 5 mg
bromophenol blue in 10 mL water. Store at 4 °C.
3 Methods
3.1 15% Denaturing 1. Mix 4.2 g urea, 0.5 mL of 10× MOPS buffer, 3.75 mL of
Polyacrylamide Gel acrylamide:bis-acrylamide solution, and 2.5 mL of ultrapure
Electrophoresis water with a magnetic stirrer in a 50 mL conical flask until the
with 7 M Urea urea is completely dissolved (see Notes 1 and 2). Add 70 μL of
ammonium persulphate (see Note 3) and 3.5 μL of TEMED,
mix thoroughly and cast gel with a 0.75 mm spacer. Insert a
10-well gel comb immediately without introducing air bub-
bles and let it polymerize for 30 min (see Note 4).
2. Assemble electrophoresis equipment and fill with running
buffer according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Remove
gel comb, rinse wells (see Note 5) with running buffer, and
pre-run the gel at 100 Volts for 30 min.
3. In the meantime, prepare RNA samples on ice in the fume
hood. For each gel lane add V μL of RNA (see Note 6),
2.75 μL of formaldehyde, 7.5 μL of formamide, 0.75 μL of
MOPS buffer, and 4-V μL of nuclease free water (15 μL
volume total) in a 1.5 mL eppendorf tube (see Note 7).
4 C. Jake Harris et al.
3.2 Small RNA 1. Following electrophoresis, pry the gel plates open with a
Transfer by Capillary spatula. Pour 50 mL of TB into a squared petri dish. Transfer
Blotting the gel to TB and soak for 10 min with gentle agitation.
2. Cut a membrane to the size of the gel and equilibrate it in
distilled water in a squared petri dish for 1 min. Pour off water,
add 20 mL of TB, and equilibrate for 5 min.
3. Set up the capillary blot (Fig. 1), and transfer the RNA
overnight.
4. Dismantle the capillary blot and dry the membrane with the
RNA side up for 3 min on Whatman 3MM paper. Cross-link
the RNA to the membrane with UV at 120,000 μJ (Stratagene,
UV Stratalinker 2400) (see Note 8).
3.3 Hybridization 1. Transfer the membrane into a hybridization tube with the
with a Radioactively RNA side facing the center of tube. Add 5–10 mL of hybrid-
Labeled Oligoprobe ization solution and incubate at 40 °C for 30 min with slow
rotation (pre-hybridization step).
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
Fig. 1 Capillary blotting with 20× SSC without reservoir. Set up the system fol-
lowing the numbers. Transfer the RNA overnight. 1. Clean glass plate; 2. Soaked
gel; 3. Pre-wet membrane; 4. Three layers of pre-wet 3MM Whatman paper; 5.
10 mL of 20× SSC; 6. Five centimeter thick pile of roll paper; 7. Glass plate; 8.
weight (0.5 kg)
Improved Denaturation of Small RNAs 5
4 Notes
Acknowledgment
References
1. Hamilton AJ, Baulcombe DC (1999) A species 5. Smith NA, Eamens AL, Wang M-B (2010) The
of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional presence of high-molecular-weight viral RNAs
gene silencing in plants. Science 286:950–952 interferes with the detection of viral small
2. Zamore PD, Tuschl T, Sharp PA, Bartel DP RNAs. RNA 16:1062–1067
(2000) RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs 6. Harris CJ, Molnar A, Muller SY, Baulcombe
the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to DC (2015) FDF-PAGE: a powerful technique
23 nucleotide intervals. Cell 101:25–33 revealing previously undetected small RNAs
3. Molnár A, Schwach F, Studholme DJ, sequestered by complementary transcripts.
Thuenemann EC, Baulcombe DC (2007) miR- Nucleic Acids Res 43:7590–7599
NAs control gene expression in the single-cell 7. Green MR, Sambrook J (2012) Molecular
alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nature 447: cloning: a laboratory manual, 4th edn. Cold
1126–1129 Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring
4. Terry B, Karol M, Du T (2004) Analysis of Harbor. ISBN: 978-1-936113-42-2
RNA by Northern and slot blot. Curr Protoc
Mol Biol Chapter 4
Chapter 2
Abstract
Reverse transcription followed by real-time or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the
gold standard for validation of results from transcriptomic profiling studies such as microarray and RNA
sequencing. The current need for most studies, especially biomarker studies, is to evaluate the expression
levels or fold changes of many transcripts in a large number of samples. With conventional low to medium
throughput qPCR platforms, many qPCR plates would have to be run and a significant amount of RNA
input per sample will be required to complete the experiments. This is particularly challenging when the size
of study material (small biopsy, laser capture microdissected cells, biofluid, etc.), time, and resources are
limited. A sensitive and high-throughput qPCR platform is therefore optimal for the evaluation of many
transcripts in a large number of samples because the time needed to complete the entire experiment is short-
ened and the usage of lab consumables as well as RNA input per sample are low. Here, the methods of
high-throughput RT-qPCR for the analysis of circulating microRNAs are described. Two distinctive qPCR
chemistries (probe-based and intercalating dye-based) can be applied using the methods described here.
1 Introduction
Tamas Dalmay (ed.), MicroRNA Detection and Target Identification: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology,
vol. 1580, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6866-4_2, © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017
7
8 Geok Wee Tan and Lu Ping Tan
Fig. 1 (a) The numbers of reaction wells/chambers available in each qPCR plate/chip format are different and
can vary up to 100 times. (b) The maximum numbers of assays and samples that can be analyzed in different
format of plates/chips are compared under the setting of singleplex PCR and triplicate qPCR reactions per
sample. Standard SBS plate format has lower throughput compared to high-throughput chips such as
Fluidigm’s dynamic array
2 Materials
2.1 Positive 1. RNA from pooled cell lines or pooled synthetic oligonucle-
and Negative Controls otides (see Note 1).
2. Nuclease-free water.
*****
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*****
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———
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*****
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Oli kolea ja pilvinen elokuun ilta, ei tällainen kuin nyt. Koko päivän
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kuiskauksiakin:
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*****
— Sinusta tuntuu?
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kiihkeästi.
II.
Keksintö
I.
Testamentti.
— ?!
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on minun huoneessani, mutta pian!
*****
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[Yksi nuottirivi.]
Arvid Warén.
*****
Omituinen kuolemantapaus.
Salaperäinen kirje.
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