Principles of Information Systems,

Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 5
Database System and Big Data
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 1
product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Identify and briefly describe the members of the hierarchy of data
Identify the advantages of the database approach to data
management
Identify the various types of data models and explain how they
are useful in planning a database
Describe the rational database model

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d):
Define the role of the database schema, data definition language,
and data manipulation language
Discuss the role of a database administrator and data
administrator
Identify the common functions performed by all database
management systems
Define the term big data
Explain why big data represents a challenge and an opportunity

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Introduction

•Database: an organized collection of data

•A database management system (DBMS) is a
group of programs that:
• Manipulate the database
• Provide an interface between the database and its
users and other application programs

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 4
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Hierarchy of Data

• A bit (binary digit) represents a circuit that is either on

or off
• A byte is made up of eight bits
• Each byte represents a character
• Field: a name, number, or combination of characters that
describes an aspect of a business object or activity
• Record: a collection of related data fields
• File: a collection of related records

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 5
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Hierarchy of Data

• Database: a collection of integrated and related files

• Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields, records, files,
and databases

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 6
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

•Entity: a person, place, or thing for which data is

collected, stored, and maintained
•Attribute: a characteristic of an entity
•Data item: the specific value of an attribute
•Primary key: a field or set of fields that uniquely
identifies the record

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 7
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 8
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 The Database Approach

•Traditional approach to data management

• Each distinct operational system used data files
dedicated to that system
•Database approach to data management
• Information systems share a pool of related data
• Offers the ability to share data and information
resources
• A database management system (DBMS) is required

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 9
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Database Approach

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 10
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Data Modeling

• Data model: a diagram of data entities and their

relationships
• Enterprise data modeling: data modeling done at the
level of the entire enterprise
• Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data models that use
basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and
relationships between data

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 11
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Data Modeling

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 12
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Relational Database Model

•Relational model: a simple but highly useful way

to organize data into collections of two-
dimensional tables called relations
• Each table represents an entity
• Each column represents an attribute of that entity
•Domain: range of allowable values for a data
attribute

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 13
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Relational Database Model

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 14
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Manipulating Data

•Selecting: eliminating rows according to certain

criteria
•Projecting: eliminating columns in a table
•Joining: combining two or more tables
•Linking: combining two or more tables through
common data attributes to form a new table with
only the unique data attributes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 15
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Manipulating Data

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 16
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Data Cleansing

•Also called data cleaning or data scrubbing

•The process of detecting and then correcting or
deleting incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate,
irrelevant records that reside in a database
•The cost of performing data cleansing can be
quite high
•Different from data validation
• Which involves the identification of “bad data” and its
rejection at the time of data entry
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 17
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Relational Database Management Systems (DBMSs)

•Creating and implementing the right database

system ensures that the database will support
both business activities and goals
•Capabilities and types of database systems vary
considerably

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 18
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 SQL Databases

•SQL: a special-purpose programming language for

accessing and manipulating data stored in a
relational database
•SQL databases conform to ACID properties:
• Atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability
•1986: SQL was adopted by ANSI as the standard
query language for relational databases

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 19
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Database Activities

•Providing a user view of the database

•Adding and modifying data
•Storing and retrieving data
•Manipulating the data and generating
reports

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 20
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Providing a User View

•Schema: a description of the entire database

•A schema can be part of the database or a
separate schema file
•In a relational database, the schema defines the
table, the fields in each table, and the
relationships between fields and tables.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 21
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Creating and Modifying the Database

•Data definition language (DDL)

• A collection of instructions and commands used to
define and describe data and relationships in a specific
database
• Allows the database’s creator to describe data and
relationships that are to be contained in the schema
•Another important step in creating a database is
to establish a data dictionary, a detailed
description of all data used in the database

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 22
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Storing and Retrieving Data

• When an application program needs data, it requests the data

through the DBMS
• Concurrency control deals with the situation in which two or more
users or applications need to access the same record at the same
time

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 23
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

• Query by Example (QBE) is a visual approach to

developing database queries or requests
• Data manipulation language (DML): a specific language,
provided with a DBMS
• Allows users to access and modify the data, to make queries,
and to generate reports
• A DBMS can produce a wide variety of documents,
reports, and other output that can help organizations
achieve their goals

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 24
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 25
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Database Administration

•Database administrators (DBAs): skilled and

trained IS professionals
• Works with users to define their data needs
• Applies database programming languages to craft a set
of databases to meet those needs
• Tests and evaluates databases
• Implements changes to improve their databases’
performance
• Assures that data is secure from unauthorized access

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 26
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Database Administration

•Data administrator: a skilled and trained IS

professional who is responsible for defining
and implementing consistent principles for a
variety of data issues
•Including setting data standards and data
definitions that apply across all the databases in
an organization

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 27
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Popular Database Management Systems

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 28
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Popular Database Management Systems

•Database as a Service (DaaS)

• The database is stored on a service provider’s servers
• The database is accessed by the client over a network,
typically the Internet
• Database administration is handled by the service
provider
•Example of DaaS: Amazon Relational Database
Service (Amazon RDS)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 29
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Big Data

•Extremely large and complex data

collections
•Traditional data management software,
hardware, and analysis processes are incapable
of dealing with them
•Three characteristics of big data
•Volume
•Velocity
•Variety
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 30
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Sources of Big Data

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 31
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Big Data Uses

• Examples:
• Retail organizations monitor social networks to engage brand
advocates and identify brand adversaries
• Advertising and marketing agencies track comments on social
media to understand consumers’ responsiveness to ads,
campaigns, and promotions
• Hospitals analyze medical data and patient records
• Consumer product companies monitor social networks to gain
insight into consumer behavior
• Financial service organizations use data from customer
interactions to identify customers who are likely to be attracted
to increasingly targeted and sophisticated offers

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 32
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Summary

• The database approach to data management has become broadly accepted

• Data modeling is a key aspect of organizing data and information
• A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in
supporting decision making
• We have entered an era where organizations are grappling with a tremendous
growth in the amount of data available and struggling how to manage and
make use of it
• A number of available tools and technologies allow organizations to take
advantage of the opportunities offered by big data

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 33
or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.