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Ch 2 Trigonometry

The document provides an overview of trigonometry, focusing on right triangles, trigonometric functions, and their properties. It includes definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent, as well as the unit circle and trigonometric identities. Additionally, it covers variations and representative curves for sine and cosine functions, inverse trigonometric functions, and relevant formulas such as the Law of Sines and Law of Cosines.

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18 views

Ch 2 Trigonometry

The document provides an overview of trigonometry, focusing on right triangles, trigonometric functions, and their properties. It includes definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent, as well as the unit circle and trigonometric identities. Additionally, it covers variations and representative curves for sine and cosine functions, inverse trigonometric functions, and relevant formulas such as the Law of Sines and Law of Cosines.

Uploaded by

imadhdr21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Algiers 1
Faculty of Sciences
Department of Architecture
1. Trigonometry in right triangles:

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that


deals with the relationships between distances
and angles in triangles and with trigonometric
functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent.
1- Trigonometry in right triangles:

• The hypotenuse: it is the


side opposite the right
angle.
• The adjacent side
• The opposite side

If we ^ take the angle


(ACB), then its adjacent
side is CB, and its opposite
side is AB.
1. Trigonometry in right triangles:

We define:
The cosine as the ratio
between the adjacent side to
the angle and the
hypotenuse.

 The sine as the ratio


between the opposite side
to the angle and the
hypotenuse.
1. Trigonometry in right triangles:

 The tangent is the


ratio between the
sine and the cosine,
which is equivalent to
the ratio between the
opposite side to the
angle and the
adjacent side to the
angle.
Radians

The radian is a unit of angle measurement


chosen so that a straight angle measures π
radians (π rad = 180°).
An arc of a circle with radius R and angle α (in
radians) has a length: L = R * α.
Radians

Provide the values of different angles in radians.


2. Trigonometric Circle: Definition of
Sine and Cosine

Consider (OOIOJ), an
orthonormal coordinate
system in the plane.
The trigonometric circle is
the circle centered at O
with radius 1, oriented in
the positive direction
(counter clock wise).
2. Trigonometric Circle: Definition of
Sine and Cosine

By convention, we define:

The x-axis as the cosine.


The y-axis as the sine.

Any point M on the trigonometric


circle can be located by its cosine and
sine.
Thus, M has the coordinates M(cos x,
sin x).
3. Elementary properties and special
values:
For any real number x, the functions cosine and sine
are defined by cos(x) and sin(x), where x is measured
in radians.
4-Basic Trigonometric Identities
sin( A) cos( A)
Quotient identities: tan( A)  cot( A) 
cos( A) sin( A)
cos( A)  cos(A) sin(  A)   sin( A) tan( A)   tan(A)
Even/Odd identities:
sec( A)  sec(A) csc( A)   csc( A) cot( A)   cot(A)
Even functions Odd functions Odd functions
Reciprocal Identities:
1 1 1
csc( A )  sec( A)  cot( A) 
sin( A ) cos( A) tan( A)
1 1 1
sin( A )  cos( A)  tan( A) 
csc( A ) sec( A) cot( A)
Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 ( A)  cos 2 ( A)  1
tan 2 ( A)  1  sec2 ( A) 1  cot2 ( A)  csc2 ( A)
All Students Take Calculus.
Quad II Quad
cos(A)<0 cos(A)>0
I
sin(A)>0 sin(A)>0
tan(A)<0 tan(A)>0
sec(A)<0 sec(A)>0
csc(A)>0 csc(A)>0
cot(A)<0 cot(A)>0

cos(A)<0 cos(A)>0
sin(A)<0 sin(A)<0
tan(A)>0 tan(A)<0
sec(A)<0 sec(A)>0
csc(A)<0 csc(A)<0
Quad cot(A)>0 cot(A)<0 Quad
III IV
Reference Angles
Quad II Quad I
θ’ = 180° – θ θ’ = θ
θ’ = π – θ

θ’ = θ – 180° θ’ = 360° – θ
θ’ = θ – π θ’ = 2π – θ
Quad III Quad IV
Unit circle
 Radius of the circle is 1.

 x = cos(θ) 1  cos( )  1
 y = sin(θ)  1  sin( )  1
 Pythagorean Theorem: x2  y 2  1
 This gives the identity: cos2 ( )  sin2 ( )  1
 Zeros of sin(θ) are n where n is an integer.

 Zeros of cos(θ) are  n where n is an integer.
2
3. Variations and representative curve:
Sine function:
By reading the
trigonometric circle, we
obtain the following
variation table:

We deduce its
representative curve in the
plane with an orthonormal
coordinate system (O I J)
over the interval [0;π],
then by reflection over the
y-axis over [-π;π].
3. Variations and representative curve:
Sine function:

By translation, we obtain the representative curve of


the sine function, called a sine wave.
Sine graphs

y = sin(x)

y = sin(x) + 3
y = 3sin(x)

y = sin(3x)

y = sin(x – 3)
y = 3sin(3x-9)+3
y = sin(x)
y = sin(x/3)
3. Variations and representative curve:
Cosine function
By reading the trigonometric
circle, we obtain the following
variation table:

We deduce its representative


curve in the plane with an
orthonormal coordinate system
(O I J) over the interval [0;π],
then by reflection over the y-axis
over [-π;π].
3. Variations and representative curve:
Cosine function
By translation, we obtain the representative curve of the
cosine function, also called a sine wave.
Graphs of cosine

y = cos(x)
y = cos(x) + 3
y = 3cos(x)

y = cos(3x)

y = cos(x – 3) y = 3cos(3x – 9) + 3
y = cos(x)

y = cos(x/3)
4. Associated angles:
Inverse Trigonometric Functions and
Trig Equations
y  sin 1 ( x )  arcsin( x )
Domain: [–1, 1]

Range:    ,  
 2 2

0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QII.
–1 < y < 0, solutions in QIII and QIV.

1
y  cos ( x)  arccos( x) y  tan 1 ( x)  arctan( x)
Domain: [–1, 1]
Domain: 
Range:    ,  
Range: [0, π]  
 2 2 
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIV. 0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIII.
–1< y < 0, solutions in QII and QIII. –1 < y < 0, solutions in QII and QIV.
5. Formulas:
Trigonometric Identities
Summation & Difference Formulas

sin( A  B)  sin( A) cos(B)  cos(A) sin(B)


cos(A  B)  cos(A) cos(B)  sin( A) sin(B)
tan(A)  tan(B)
tan(A  B) 
1  tan(A) tan(B)
5. Formulas:
Trigonometric Identities
Summation & Difference Formulas

sin( A  B)  sin( A) cos(B)  cos(A) sin(B)


cos(A  B)  cos(A) cos(B)  sin( A) sin(B)
tan(A)  tan(B)
tan(A  B) 
1  tan(A) tan(B)
5. Formulas:
Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle Formulas

sin(2 A)  2 sin(A) cos(A)


cos(2 A)  cos ( A)  sin ( A)  1  2 sin ( A)  2 cos ( A)  1
2 2 2 2

2 tan(A)
tan(2 A) 
1  tan2 ( A)
5. Formulas:

Trigonometric Identities
Half Angle Formulas
 A 1  cos(A) The quadrant of A
sin    2
determines the sign.
2 2
 A 1  cos(A)
cos   
2 2
 A 1  cos(A)
tan   
2 1  cos(A)
5. Formulas:

Law of Sines & Law of Cosines


Law of sines Law of cosines
sin( A) sin(B) sin(C ) c2  a2  b2  2abcos(C)
 
a b c
a b c b2  a2  c2  2accos(B)
 
sin( A) sin(B) sin(C ) a2  b2  c2  2bccos(A)
Use when you have a Use when you have SAS, SSS.
complete ratio: SSA.
Example 01
Example 02
Find all angles between -5π and 4π for which the
sine equals -1/2.

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