Internet of Things

Module 1

Dr. Maya B S
Associate Professor
Department of CSE
Bangalore Institute of Technology
Bangalore

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 1

COURSE OBJECTIVE: This course will enable students to

CLO 1: Explore the knowledge on combination of functionalities and services

of networking.

CLO 2: Explain the definition and significance of the Internet of Things.

CLO 3: Discuss the architecture, operation and business benefits of an IoT

solution.

CLO 4: Design and develop end-to-end IoT applications for smart home,
smart city, healthcare, or industrial IoT use cases.

CLO 5: Analyze and process data collected from IoT devices using data
analytics techniques.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 2

COURSE OUTCOMES: At the end of this course the students will be able to:

CO1: Choose appropriate schemes for the applications of IOT in real time
scenarios

CO 2: Manage the Internet resources through different protocols used in each

layer.

CO 3: Compare various protocols and algorithms in different layers that facilitate

effective communication mechanisms.

CO 4: Apply knowledge of IoT networking protocols such as Zigbee, BLE, LoRa,

and NB-IoT in designing efficient communication strategies for IoT applications.

CO 5: entify how IoT differs from traditional data collection systems.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 3

 MODULES

Module 1 - What is The Internet of Things?

Module 2 – Fundamental IoT Mechanism & Key Technologies

Module 3 – Layer ½ Connectivity

Module 4 – Case studies illustrating IoT design

Module 5 – Data Analytics for IoT

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 4

 MODULE 1

 What is The Internet of Things?

 IoT Definitions & Frameworks
 IoT Application Examples.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 5

 Chapter 1
What is The Internet of Things?

1.1 Overview & Motivations

1.2 Examples of Applications
1.3 IPv6 Role
1.4 Areas of Development & Standardization
1.5 Scope of Present Investigation

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 6

Chapter 2: IoT Definitions & Frameworks
2.1 Frameworks-IoT Definitions
2.2 IoT Frameworks
2.3 Basic Nodal Capabilities.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 7

Chapter 3: Internet of Things Application Examples
• Overview,
• Smart Metering/Advanced Metering Infrastructure
• Health/Body Area Networks
• City Automation,
• Automotive Applications
• Home Automation
• Smart Cards
• Tracking
• OverThe-Air-Passive Surveillance/Ring of Steel
• Control Application Examples
• Myriad Other Applications.

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 What is IOT?

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 History of IOT

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 How IOT Works?

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 Collection

• Devices and Sensors are collecting data everywhere.

• At your home
• In your car
• At the office
• In the manufacturing plant

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 Communication
• Sending data and events through networks to some destination.
• A cloud platform
• Private data center
• Home network

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 Analysis
• Creating information from the data
• Visualizing the data
• Building reports
• Filtering data (paring it down)

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 Action

• Taking action based on the information and data.

• Communicate with another machine (m2m)
• Send a notification (sms, email, text)
• Talk to another system

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1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 33
 Overview & Motivations

• Internet developments: 100 –billions of entities,

servers of various kinds to users of all kinds access
information.
• Infrastructure: computing & communication.
• Next evolution to connect “Things” & “objects” that
have embedded wireless or wireline connectivity to
control.
• “Things” include, but are not limited to, machinery,
home appliances, vehicles, individual persons, pets,
cattle, animals, habitats, habitat occupants, as well as
enterprises.
1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 34
• This new paradigm seeks to enhance the traditional
Internet into a smart Internet of Things (IoT) created
around intelligent interconnections of diverse objects
in the physical world.
• “Next-Generation Network (NGN) of the Internet.”
IoT aims at closing the gap between objects in the
material world, the “things,” and their logical
representation in information systems.
The IoT has two attributes:
(i) Being an Internet application and
(ii) Dealing with the thing’s information.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 35

  The “things” are also variously known as “objects,” “devices,”
“end nodes,” “remotes,” or “remote sensors,” to list just a few
commonly used terms.
 Uses low cost information gathering & dissemination devices :
sensors & tags, actuators.
Spectrum of Information:
• Low end spectrum:- UID(Unique Identifier) & RFID, RFID &
EPC(Elecronic Product Code)
• Mid range: devices with embedded intelligence & wireless
capability ( collect, analysis, decision making & actuation)
• Other end: sophisticated sensors uses WSN capable to collect
environmental data (temp, atmosphere & environment
chemical content, images, preprocess & forward information)
1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 36
 RFID
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a form of wireless
communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic
coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to
uniquely identify an object or person.
• It uses radio frequency to search, identify, track, and communicate with
items and people by radio transmission over the web.
• These tags contain electronically stored information that can be read from
several meters away, without requiring direct line-of-sight.
• RFID is commonly used in inventory management, asset tracking, access
control, and supply chain logistics due to its efficiency and accuracy in
tracking and managing items.
• Data is digitally encoded in an RFID tag which might be read by the
reader.
• This device works as a tag or label during which data is read from tags that
are stored in the database through the reader as compared to traditional
barcodes and QR codes.
• It is often read outside the road of sight either passive or active RFID.
1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 37
 Types of RFID
• UHF RHID ( Ultra-High Frequency RFID ). It is used on
shipping pallets and some driver’s licenses. Readers send
signals in the 902-928 MHz band.
• HF RFID (High-Frequency RFID ). It operates at 13.56
MHz and is likely to be in your passport, credit cards, books,
and noncontact payment systems.
• Passive RFID: Passive RFID tags does not have their own
power source. It uses power from the reader. In this device, RF
tags are not attached by a power supply and passive RF tag
stored their power.
• Active RFID: In this device, RF tags are attached by a power
supply that emits a signal and there is an antenna which
receives the data. means, active tag uses a power source like
battery. It has it’s own power source, does not require power
from source/reader. Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT
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1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 39
 RFID Standards
ISO 14443
• Components operating at 13.56Mhz
• Power consumption 10mW
• Data throughput is 100 kbps
• Operates at working distance 10 cm
ISO 15693
• Components operating at 13.56Mhz
• Operating at working distances as high as 1m
• Data throughput few kbps

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 40

 EPC(Electonic Product Code)

The EPC structure is divided into several components:

• Header: Indicates the EPC format and length. The header
defines the type of EPC encoding, which determines the total
number of bits and the allocation of bits for each field.
• EPC Manager: Identifies the company or organization
responsible for the product. This field is assigned by GS1 or a
similar organization, ensuring global uniqueness.
• Object Class: Identifies the product’s class or category, which
can be specific to a product model, SKU, or product family.
• Serial Number: A unique serial number assigned to the
individual item, enabling differentiation between items with
the same EPC Manager and Object Class.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 41

 IOT is extension of internet & internet service that support
connection b/w things for data collection & management
centers located in cloud.

 IOT offers real time processing so found every where Make

smart, friendly, context aware, responsive to human needs.

 Eliminates time & space isolation forming smart geographical

space creating Human to Environment or H2M
relationships.

 This forms a goal of integration of human beings with

surroundings.
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 Above fig depicts the high level logical partitioning of the
interaction space, showing where the IoT applies for the
purpose of this text; the figure illustrates
 Human-to-Human (H2H) communication,
 M2M communication,
 H2M communications, and
 Machine in (or on) Humans (MiH) communications.
 (MiH devices may include human embedded chips, medical
monitoring probes, global positioning system (GPS) bracelets,
and so on).
 The focus of the IoT is on M2M, H2M, and MiH applications;
this range of applicability is the theme captured.

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 M2M- technology & standards are emerging.
 Aims to automation of decision making, communication, cost
effective interaction for various applications.
 No human intervention
 Modules are directly integrated into target devices such as
Automated Meter Readers (AMRs), vending machines,
alarm systems, surveillance cameras, and automotive
equipment etc.,
 These devices span an array of domains including (among
others) industrial, trucking/transportation, financial, retail
point of sales (POS), energy/utilities, smart appliances, and
healthcare.
 M2M devices, typically connected to an application server via
a mobile data communication network.
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 Definition of IoT
• With variability and different aspects .European commission
made observations.
• “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating
in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and
communicate within social, environmental,and user contexts.”
• A different definition, “Interconnected objects having an active
role in what might be called the Future Internet.”
• “Internet of Things” means “a world-wide network of
interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard
communication protocols TCP/IP, while “Thing” is “an object
not precisely identifiable.”
• IoT as an environment where “things talk” and/or “things talk
back”.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 50

 Taxonomy of IOT

 At macro level IoT comprises remote set of assets- sensing

domain, n/w domain & application domain.

 Data processing things or DIPP (data integration point or person

)as point (entity or person) where decision & data accumulation
done.
• The “remote things,” also known as data end points (DEPs), as
the devices where events are sensed, data are collected, and/or
an actuation takes place.
• Table 1.1provides a working taxonomy of “things” in the IoT
universe.

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With a neat diagram, illustrate the taxonomy of applications in the H2M
context? 10M

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With a neat diagram, illustrate the taxonomy of applications in the M2M
context? 10M

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• There are interactions of interest between a DIPP being a human (H) and a
“remote thing” being a machine/device (e.g., a thermostat) (such as a
person changing the setting of the thermostat while away from home) or
between two machines (M) (such as a server handling the usage reading
from a residential electric meter).
• A person/human may use a PC or laptop, but increasingly a person may be
using an iPad/tablet or a smartphone. The DIPP could be accessing the IoT
system from a stationary location (e.g., a PC or server), from a wireless
local environment (e.g., a fixed home hotspot), or from a completely
mobile venue (e.g., using a smartphone).
• The “remote thing” could be stationary (e.g., a thermostat), on a wireless
LAN or sensor network (but be relatively stationary), or be completely
mobile (e.g., on a mobile ad hoc Network (MANET)—a self-configuring
infra structure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless
links—or on a 3G/4G cellular network).

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1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 55
 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
A short list of (early) applications includes the following:
 Things on the move
Retail
Logistics
Pharmaceutical
Food
 Ubiquitous intelligent devices
 Ambient and assisted living
Health
Intelligent Home
Transportation
 Education and Information
 Environmental aspects/Resource Efficiency
Pollution and disaster avoidance

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 56

A longer, but far from complete, list of applications includes the
following:
• Smart appliances
• Efficient appliances via the use of eco-aware/ambient-aware
things
• Interaction of physical and virtual worlds; executable tags,
intelligent tags,
•autonomous tags, collaborative tags
• Intelligent devices cooperation
• Ubiquitous readers
• Smart transportation
• Smart living

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 57

 Scope of IOT
Discuss the scope of IOT? (10M)

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 IPv6 Role
• “Internet Protocol Version 6 Specification,” authored by S.
Deering and R. Hinden.
• A large body of additional RFCs has emerged in recent years to
add capabilities and refine the IPv6 concept.
• IPv6 with its abundant address spaces, globally unique object
(thing) identification and connectivity can be provided in a
standardized manner without additional status or address
(re)processing—hence, its intrinsic advantage over IPv4 or other
schemes
• It is both desirable as well as feasible for all physical objects to
have a permanent unique identifier, an object ID (OID).
• It is also desirable & feasible for all end-point network locations
and/or intermediary-point network locations to have a durable
unique network address (NAdr).

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 62

• The IPv6 address space enables the concrete realization of these
goals.
• Every object then has a tuple (OID, NAdr) that is always
unique, but the second entry of the tuple may change with time,
location, or situation.
• In a stationary, non-variable, or mostly static environment, one
could opt, to assign the OID to be identical to the NAdr where
the object is expected to attach to the network;
• That is, the object inherits the tuple (NAdr, NAdr).
• General trend toward object mobility giving rise to a dynamic
environment (e.g., for mobile or variable case);
• Hence, to retain maximal flexibility it is best to separate, the
OID from the NAdr and thus assign a general (OID, NAdr)
tuple where the OID is completely never changing.
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• The OID can still be drawn from the NAdr space, that is from
the IPv6 address space.
• IPv4 use 32-bit address space, only 232∼1010 NAdr location
can be identified uniquely.
• IPv6 offers a much larger 2128 space; the number of available
unique node addressees is 2128∼1039.
• IPv6 has more than 340 undecillion (1 followed by 36 zeros)
(340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456)
addresses, grouped into blocks of 18 quintillion (10 followed
by 18zeros) addresses.
• Already today many tags operate with a 128-bit OID field that
allows 2128∼1039 (≈3.4 × 1038) unique identifiers, but the tuple
(OID, NAdr = OID) could not be defined uniquely in the IPv4
world.
1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 64
 Advantages of IPv6 (IMP)
• IPv6 embodies IPv4 best practices but removes unused or
obsolete IPv4 characteristics;
• Scalability & expanded addressing capabilities:
IPv6 has 128-bit addresses versus 32-bit IPv4 addresses. With
IPv4, the theoretical number of available IP addresses is
232∼1010. IPv6 offers a much larger 2128 space. Hence, the
number of available unique node addressees is 2128∼1039.
• Plug & play:
IPv6 includes a “plug-and-play” mechanism that facilitates the
connection of equipment to the network. The requisite
configuration is automatic; it is a server less mechanism.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 65

 Security:
• IPv6 includes and requires security in its specifications such as
payload encryption and authentication of the source of the
communication.
• End-to-end security, with built-in strong IP-layer encryption
and authentication is supported.
Mobility:
• IPv6 includes an efficient and robust mobility mechanism
namely an enhanced support for mobile IP, specifically, the set
of mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocols, including the base protocol
defined in RFC 3775.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 66

Mobility Support in IPv6
• For the IoT as well as for other applications for smartphones and
similar devices, there is a desire to support direct communication
between mobile nodes (MNs) and far-end destinations, whether
such far-ends are themselves a stationary node or another MN.
• For efficiently maintain reachability, supporting flexible mobility,
the goal is to retain the same explicit IP address regardless of the
real-time location or specific network elements and/or networks
used to support connectivity.
• MIPv6 enables an MN to maintain its connectivity to the internet
when moving from one AR to another, a process referred to as
handover See Figure 1.7.

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 Two fundamental questions are:
(1) How to deliver and/or receive information from an instrumented object
(2) How to do so in the presence of mobility.
• It is to be understood that mobility management (items 1 and 2 just listed)
can be handled, to some (considerable) degree, by acquiring new physical
links at the physical layer, namely, via a new channel acquisition at the
PHY layer as supported by a cellular level cell handoff (or a WiFi,
WiMAX, or ZigBee handoff), in a transparent manner to the upper layers.
• However, there are situations where an IP-level handoff is desirable;
MIPv6 addresses the latter case.
• Figure 1.8 depicts the protocol stacks at a generic level supporting these
two modes.
• These (IPv6) mechanisms, which give objects the ability of addressing each
other and of verifying their respective identities, enable all the objects to
exchange information, if they so choose and/or if it is necessary.
• This enables one to create a highly woven fabric of processing hosts,
communication nodes and relays, sensors, and actuators.

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1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 70
 Areas of Development & Standardization

• The four “pillars” supporting or defining the IoT:

(i) M2M/MTC as the “Internet of devices”
(ii) RFID as the “Internet of objects”
(iii) WSN as the “Internet of transducers”
(iv) supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) as the “Internet of
controllers”.
• Standards covering many of the underlying technologies are critical
because proprietary solutions fragment the industry.
• Standards are particularly important when there is a requirement to
physically or logically connect entities across an interface.
• Device-, network-, and application standards can enable global solutions
for seamless operations at reduced costs.

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 71

• IoT standardization spans several domains, including physical interfaces,
access connectivity (e.g., low power IEEE802.15.4-based wireless
standards such as IEC62591, 6LoWPAN, and ZigBee Smart Energy (SE)
2.0, DASH7, ETSI M2M), networking (such as IPv6), and applications.
• Some studies have shown that for the home two wireless physical layer
communication technologies that best meet the overall performance and
cost requirements are Wi-Fi (802.11/n) and ZigBee (802.15.4)
• Examples of standardization efforts targeted for these environments include
the initiatives known as “constrained RESTful environments (CoRE),”
“IPv6 over low power WPAN (6LoWPAN),” and “routing over low power
and lossy networks (ROLL),” which have been (and are being) studied by
appropriate working groups of the IETF .
• Some specific considerations need to be taken when designing protocols
and architectures for interconnecting smart objects to the Internet, including
scalability, power efficiency, interworking between different technologies
and network domains, usability and manageability, and security and
privacy.
1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 72
 Areas of Active Research

• Standardization at all layers/domains

• Architectures and middlewares for IoT integration
• Protocols for smart things: end-to-end/M2M protocols and standardization
• Mobility management
• Cloud computing and things internetworking
• Lightweight implementations of cryptographic stacks
• End-to-end security capabilities for the things
• Bootstrapping techniques
• Routing protocols for the IoT
• Global connectivity

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 73

 THANK YOU

1/10/2025 Dr.Maya B S, Asso.Prof, Dept. of CSE, BIT 74