USN

Internal Assessment Test 1 – March 2024

Sub: Internet of Things Sub Code: 18CS81 Branch: ISE
Version/
Date: 16/03/2024 Duration: 90 mins Max Marks: 50 VIII/A,B,C OBE
Sem / Sec:
Answer any FIVE FULL Questions MARKS CO RBT
1. Explain different types of sensors with examples. [10] CO2 L2

2. Explain the actuators with a neat diagram. [10] CO2 L2

3. Explain in detail about the IoT reference model published by IoTWF architecture. [10] CO1 L2

4 (a) Explain with a neat diagram the one M2M IoT Standardized Architecture. [07] CO1 L2

4 (b) What does IoT and Digitization mean? [03] CO1 L1

5 (a) Apply the concept of Data Aggregation in the hierarchy of smart objects. [06] CO2 L3

5 (b) Compare and contrast the differences between IT and OT networks with the various [04] CO1 L1
challenges.
6 (a) Explain with a neat diagram the Simplified IoT architecture [06] CO1 L2

6 (b) Define IoT. Explain in detail about the Genesis of IoT. [04] CO1 L2

CI CCI HOD

USN
Internal Assessment Test 1 – March 2024
Sub: Internet of Things Sub Code: 18CS81 Branch: ISE
Version/
Date: 16/03/2024 Duration: 90 mins Max Marks: 50 VIII/A,B,C OBE
Sem / Sec:
Answer any FIVE FULL Questions MARKS CO RBT
1. Explain different types of sensors with examples. [10] CO2 L2

2. Explain the actuators with a neat diagram. [10] CO2 L2

3. Explain in detail about the IoT reference model published by IoTWF architecture. [10] CO1 L2

4 (a) Explain with a neat diagram the one M2M IoT Standardized Architecture. [07] CO1 L2

4 (b) What does IoT and Digitization mean? [03] CO1 L1

5 (a) Apply the concept of Data Aggregation in the hierarchy of smart objects. [06] CO2 L3

5 (b) Compare and contrast the differences between IT and OT networks with the various [04] CO1 L1
challenges.
6 (a) Explain with a neat diagram the Simplified IoT architecture [06] CO1 L2

6 (b) Define IoT. Explain in detail about the Genesis of IoT. [04] CO1 L2

CI CCI HOD
 Scheme of Evaluation
Internal Assessment Test 1 – March.2022
Sub: Internet of Things Code: 18CS81
Max
Date: 16/04/2024 Duration: 90mins Marks: 50 Sem: VIII Branch: ISE

Note: Answer Any Five Questions

Question Description Marks Max

# Distribution Marks
• Different types of sensors with examples 10M
1 10 M
2 • Actuators with a neat diagram 10 M 10 M
3 • IoT reference model published by IoTWF
10M
10 M

• One M2M IoT Standardized Architecture

4 • IoT and Digitization 7M 10 M
3M
5 • Data Aggregation in the hierarchy of smart objects
6M
• IT and OT networks with the various challenges. 10 M
4M
6 • Simplified IoT architecture
6M
• Definition of IoT. 10 M
• Genesis of IoT 2M
2M
 Internal Assessment Test 1 – March.2022
Sub: Internet of Things Code: 18CS81
Max
Date: 16/03/2024 Duration: 90mins 50 Sem: VIII Branch: ISE
Marks:
Note: Answer Any Five Questions

1. Different types of sensors with examples

Smart objects are any physical objects that contain embedded technology to sense and/or interact
with their environment in a meaningful way by being interconnected and enabling communication
among themselves or an external agent.
Some of the fundamental building blocks of IoT networks are
● Sensors
● Actuators
● Smart Objects
Sensors:

● A sensor does exactly as its name indicates: It senses.

● A sensor measures some physical quantity and converts that measurement reading into a digital
representation.
● That digital representation is typically passed to another device for transformation into useful data that
can be consumed by intelligent devices or humans.
● Sensors are not limited to human-like sensory data.
● They are able to provide an extremely wide spectrum of rich and diverse measurement data with far
greater precision than human senses.
● Sensors provide superhuman sensory capabilities.
● Sensors can be readily embedded in any physical objects that are easily connected to the Internet by
wired or wireless networks, they can interpret their environment and make intelligent decisions.
Sensors have been grouped into different categories
● Active or passive: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they produce an energy output and
typically require an external power supply (active) or whether they simply receive energy and typically
require no external power supply (passive).

● Invasive or non-invasive: Sensors can be categorized based on whether a sensor is part of the
environment it is measuring (invasive) or external to it (non-invasive).

● Contact or no-contact: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they require physical contact
with what they are measuring (contact) or not (no-contact).

● Absolute or relative: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they measure on an absolute scale
(absolute) or based on a difference with a fixed or variable reference value (relative).

● Area of application: Sensors can be categorized based on the specific industry or vertical where they
are being used.
● How sensors measure: Sensors can be categorized based on the physical mechanism used to measure
sensory input (for example, thermoelectric, electrochemical, piezoresistive, optic, electric, fluid
mechanic, photoelastic).
● What sensors measure: Sensors can be categorized based on their applications or what physical
variables they measure.
The physical phenomenon a sensor is measuring is shown in Table-2.1

● A fascinating use case to highlight the power of sensors and IoT is in the area of precision agriculture
(sometimes referred to as smart farming), which uses a variety of technical advances to improve the
efficiency, sustainability, and profitability of traditional farming practices.
● This includes the use of GPS and satellite aerial imagery for determining field viability; robots for
high-precision planting, harvesting, irrigation, and so on; and real-time analytics and artificial
intelligence to predict optimal crop yield, weather impacts, and soil quality.
Different types of sensors in a smart phone is shown in figure 2.1
 Figure 2.1: Sensors in a smart phone

2. Actuators with a neat diagram

Actuators:
● Actuators are natural complements to sensors.
● Figure 2.2 demonstrates the symmetry and complementary nature of these two types of devices.
● Sensors are designed to sense and measure practically any measurable variable in the physical world.
● They convert their measurements (typically analog) into electric signals or digital representations that
can be consumed by an intelligent agent (a device or a human).
● Actuators, on the others hand, receive some type of control signal (commonly an electric signal or
digital command) that triggers a physical effect, usually some type of motion, force, and so on.

Figure 2.2 : How Sensors and Actuators Interact with the Physical World
Much like sensors, actuators also vary greatly in function, size, design, and so on. Some common
ways that they can be classified include the following:
● Type of motion: Actuators can be classified based on the type of motion they produce (for
example, linear, rotary, one/two/three-axes).
● Power: Actuators can be classified based on their power output (for example, high power, low
power, micro power)
● Binary or continuous: Actuators can be classified based on the number of stable-state outputs.
● Area of application: Actuators can be classified based on the specific industry or vertical where
they are used.
● Type of energy: Actuators can be classified based on their energy type.

Different types of Actuators are presented in Table -2.2

Table -2.2: Actuator Classification by Energy Type

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
● Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS referred to as micro-machines, can integrate and combine
electric and mechanical elements, such as sensors and actuators, on a very small (millimeter or less)
scale.
● The combination of tiny size, low cost, and the ability to mass produce makes MEMS an attractive
option for a huge number of IoT applications.
Ex: Inkjet printers use micropump MEMS. Smart phones also use MEMS technologies for things
like accelerometers and gyroscopes

3. IoT reference model published by IoTWF

Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer

▪ This layer is home to the “things” in the Internet of Things, including the
various endpoint devices and sensors that send and receive information.
▪ The primary function is generating data

Layer 2: Connectivity Layer

▪ The primary function of this IoT layer is the reliable and timely transmission of
data.

Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer

▪ Here emphasis is on data reduction and converting information that is ready for
storage and processing by higher layers.
 4. a. One M2M IoT Standardized Architecture b. Genesis of IoT

• It was created with a goal of accelerating Machine to machine applications & devices.
• It expanded to include IoT.
• One M2M was launched with a goal to promote efficient M2M communication systems
and IoT.
• OneM2M Goal: create a common services layer.
• Its framework focuses on IoT services , applications, and platforms.
• It divides IoT functions into 3 major domains.
• It supports wide range of IoT technologies.

4 b. IoT and Digitization

IoT is focused on connecting “things” to Internet.

Example: Wi-Fi location tracking in shopping mall

“things” Wi-Fi devices
Operation Tracking consumer locationto understand how much time they spend in
different parts of a mall or store through their smart phone.
Advantages Changing locations of product displays and advertising, shops, rent to charge
and security positions.
Digitization is the conversion of information into a digital format. It is focused on connecting “things”
with its data and business result.

Example: Digitization of Photography

“things” Digital camera
Advantages No need retailer to develop film and better capturing of images.

Example: Digitization of Taxi services

“things” Taxi Driver device, Rider mobile
Advantages Mobile app identifies cab, driver and fare. The rider pays fare through app.

In the context of IoT, digitization brings together things, data, and business process to make
networked connections more relevant and valuable.

Example: “Nest” home automation

The sensors determine desired climate settings and other smart objects, such as smoke alarms, video
cameras, and other third-party devices. The devices and their functions are managed and controlled
together and could provide the holistic experience.

Smart objects and increased connectivity drive digitization, and thus many companies, countries, and
governments are embracing this growing trend.

5a. Data Aggregation in the hierarchy of smart objects

Wireless sensor networks are made up of wirelessly connected smart objects, which are sometimes
referred to as motes. The following are some of the most significant limitations of the smart objects in
WSNs:
● Limited processing power
● Limited memory
● Lossy communication
● Limited transmission speeds
● Limited power
These limitations greatly influence how WSNs are designed, deployed, and utilized. Figure 2.3 below
shows an example of such a data aggregation function in a WSN where temperature readings from a
logical grouping of temperature sensors are aggregated as an average temperature reading.
 Figure 2.3 Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

These data aggregation techniques are helpful in reducing the amount of overall traffic (and energy) in
WSNs with very large numbers of deployed smart objects. Wirelessly connected smart objects
generally have one of the following two communication patterns:
● Event-driven: Transmission of sensory information is triggered only when a smart object detects a
particular event or predetermined threshold.
● Periodic: Transmission of sensory information occurs only at periodic intervals.

Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks:

● Any communication protocol must be able to scale to a large number of nodes.

● Likewise, when selecting a communication protocol, you must carefully take into account the
requirements of the specific application.
● Also consider any trade-offs the communication protocol offers between power consumption,
maximum transmission speed, range, tolerance for packet loss, topology optimization, security, and so
on.
● Sensors often produce large amounts of sensing and measurement data that needs to be processed.
● This data can be processed locally by the nodes of a WSN or across zero or more hierarchical levels in
IoT networks.
● IoT is one of those rare technologies that impacts all verticals and industries, which means
standardization of communication protocols is a complicated task, requiring protocol definition across
multiple layers of the stack, as well as a great deal of coordination across multiple standards
development organizations.
 5b. Differences between IT and OT networks and their various challenges

6a. Simplified IoT architecture

Genesis of IoT

The IoT started between the years 2008 and 2009. “Internet of Things” is invented by Kevin Ashton.
Kevin quoted as saying: “In the 20th century, computers were brains without senses—they only
knew what we told them.” Computers depended on humans to input data and knowledge. Butin the
21st century, computers are sensing things too.
Nearly every published IoT model includes core layers including “things,” a communications network,
and applications. However, unlike other models, the framework presented here separates the core IoT
and data management into parallel and aligned stacks, allowing you to carefully examine the functions
of both the network and the applications at each stage of a complex IoT system. This separation gives
you better visibility into the functions of each layer.

The presentation of the Core IoT Functional Stack in three layers is meant to simplify your
understanding of the IoT architecture into its most foundational building blocks. Of course, such a
simple architecture needs to be expanded on. The network communications layer of the IoT stack itself
involves a significant amount of detail and incorporates a vast array of technologies. Consider for a
moment the heterogeneity of IoT sensors and the many different ways that exist to connect them to a
network. The network communications layer needs to consolidate these together, offer gateway and
backhaul technologies, and ultimately bring the data back to a central location for analysis and
processing.

Unlike with most IT networks, the applications and analytics layer of IoT doesn’t necessarily exist
only in the data center or in the cloud. Due to the unique challenges and requirements of IoT, it is often
necessary to deploy applications and data management throughout the architecture in a tiered approach,
allowing data collection, analytics, and intelligent controls at multiple points in the IoT system. In the
model presented in this book, data management is aligned with each of the three layers of the Core IoT
Functional Stack.

The three data management layers are the edge layer (data management within the sensors themselves),
the fog layer (data management in the gateways and transit network), and the cloud layer (data
management in the cloud or central data center).

The communications layer is broken down into four separate sub-layers: the access network, gateways
and backhaul, IP transport, and operations and management sub-layers.
The applications layer of IoT networks is quite different from the application layer of a typical
enterprise network. Instead of simply using business applications, IoT often involves a strong
big data analytics component. One message that is stressed throughout this book is that IoT is
not just about the control of IoT devices but, rather, the useful insights gained from the data
generated by those devices. Thus, the applications layer typically has both analytics and
industry-specific IoT control system components.

6b. IoT. Genesis of IoT.

A world where everything is online and communicating to other things and people to enhance
people’s lives like self-driving drones and sensors for monitoring your health, is collectively
known as the Internet of Things (IoT).

Basic goal of IoT : “connect the unconnected.”

This means that objects not currently joined to the Internet will be connected so that they
can communicate and interact with people and other objects.

The evolution of the Internet can be categorized into four phases:

Internet Phases Definition

1. Connectivity • Connect people using email, web services…
( Digitize access ) • Search and access the information
2. Networked • Enable e-commerce and supply-chain enhancements
Economy( • Collaborative engagement to increase efficiency
Digitize business
)
3. Immersive • Extend Internet using social media while always
Experiences( beingconnected through mobility.
Digitize interactions • Most applications are cloud-based.
)
4. Internet of Things • Connect objects and machines in real world.
( Digitize the world ) • Enable connecting the unconnected.