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Written By R L Sharma
BASIC COMPUTER
AWARENESSFirst
Edition
5. Operating System:
7. Software Programs:
Applications or software programs are designed for specific tasks.
Common examples include web browsers, word processors, and
spreadsheet applications.
8. Internet and Networking:
Abacus (c. 3000 BC): One of the earliest known computing devices,
the abacus, was used for arithmetic calculations in ancient
civilizations. It consisted of rows of beads or stones on rods and
allowed for basic addition and subtraction. 2. Mechanical Calculators:
5. Personal Computers:
Altair 8800 (1975): The Altair 8800 is often considered the first
personal computer. It was sold as a kit and featured an Intel 8080
microprocessor. IBM PC (1981): The IBM Personal Computer,
commonly known as the IBM PC, marked the start of the personal
computer revolution. It ran on the MS-DOS operating system and
used Intel processors.
Tablets: Tablets, like the iPad, offer a touch-screen interface and are
widely used for browsing, entertainment, and productivity.
7. Modern Computing:
Cloud Computing: The rise of cloud computing allows for remote
storage, processing, and access to services over the internet.
2. Mainframe Computers:
6. Tablets:
7. Smartphones:
8. Embedded Computers:
9. Servers:
Quantum computers are still in the experimental stage but hold the
potential to revolutionize computing. They use quantum bits (qubits)
to perform calculations much faster than classical computers,
especially for specific problems like cryptography and optimization.
Computer Hardware:
Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU provides electrical power to the
computer components. It converts electricity from the wall outlet
into the appropriate voltage and current needed by the computer.
Computer Software:
Utilities: These are system tools for tasks such as disk management,
data backup, and system maintenance.
Application Software: Application software includes programs
designed for specific tasks and user needs. Examples of application
software include:
Word Processors: Like Microsoft Word for creating and editing
documents.
Spreadsheets: Like Microsoft Excel for organizing and analyzing data.
Web Browsers: Such as Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox for
browsing the internet.
Software is the set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
Without software, hardware components are essentially inert.
Together, hardware and software form the foundation of modern
computing and enable the vast array of tasks and applications we
rely on in our personal and professional lives.
2. Control Unit:
The Control Unit is another critical part of the CPU, responsible for
managing and coordinating the operation of all the components in
the CPU and controlling the execution of instructions. Its primary
functions include: Instruction Fetch: The Control Unit fetches
program instructions from memory (RAM) and loads them into the
CPU.
The Control Unit and ALU work together to execute instructions. The
Control Unit fetches instructions, decodes them, and then sends the
necessary control signals to the ALU and other components to
perform the specified operation. The ALU carries out the arithmetic
and logical operations, and the results are then stored back in
registers or memory as needed.
Memory Hierarchy
The memory hierarchy in a computer system represents a structure
of different types of memory with varying speeds, capacities, and
costs. This hierarchy is designed to optimize the storage and
retrieval of data to ensure that the CPU can access information
quickly and efficiently. The memory hierarchy typically consists of
several levels, each serving a specific purpose:
Registers:
Usage: Registers are used for storing data that the CPU is currently
processing. They are used for storing variables, intermediate results,
and memory addresses.
Cache Memory:
Location: On the CPU chip (L1 cache), and sometimes on separate
chips (L2 and L3 cache).
Characteristics: Cache memory is faster than main memory but
smaller in capacity. It serves as a buffer between the CPU and main
memory.
Input Devices:
Input devices are used to provide data and instructions to the
computer. They allow users to input various types of information into
the computer for processing.
Joystick and Gamepad: These devices are used primarily for gaming
and simulations, providing control for movement, aiming, and
actions in games.
Output Devices:
Output devices are used to present information and results from the
computer to the user.
Monitor (Display): Monitors are the primary output devices for visual
information. They display text, images, videos, and graphical user
interfaces. Types of monitors include CRT, LCD, LED, and OLED
displays.
Printer: Printers produce hard copies of documents, images, and
graphics. There are various types of printers, including inkjet, laser,
dot matrix, and 3D printers.
Storage Devices
Use Cases: SSDs are used for enhancing overall system performance
by storing operating systems and frequently used applications. They
are commonly found in laptops and desktops.
Use Cases: USB flash drives are used for transporting and
transferring files between computers and for creating portable
versions of software.
Memory Cards (SD Cards, MicroSD Cards):
Use Cases: Memory cards are used for expanding the storage
capacity of devices like cameras, smartphones, and tablets.
Optical Drives (CD/DVD/Blu-ray Drives):
Description: Optical drives read and write data to optical discs like
CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. These discs use lasers to read and
write data.
Use Cases: Optical drives are used for reading and writing data to
optical media. They were more commonly used in the past for
software installation, data backup, and media playback.
Use Cases: NAS devices are used for data backup, file sharing,
media streaming, and remote access in homes and businesses.
Cloud Storage:
Use Cases: External hard drives are used for backup, data transfer,
and expanding storage capacity for laptops and desktops.
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