Electromagnetic Compatibility

( EMC )

Introduction EMC Testing

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 Agenda

System Radiated Interference Test

System Conducted Interference Test

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 System Radiated Interference Test

Open-Area Test Site (OATS)

RE RS measurement
Test Antennas
Measurement Precautions( )

Open-Area Test Site

Measurement in a Laboratory( )

Microwave Anechoic( ) Chamber( )

Transverse( ) Electromagnetic (TEM) Cell

Reverberating( ) Chamber
G-TEM Cell
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 Open-Area Test Site
Why use “Open-Area Test Site”
IF RE RS measurement are done in a room, or
an enclosed area, it is possible that reflections or
scattered( ) signals from walls, floor and
ceiling( ) will be present.

It is necessary if the measurements yield a true

representation of the characteristic being
measured, and lead to repeatable results.
Defect
No Immunity test procedures are allowed on this
type of EMC facilities due to governmental
regulations.

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 Open-Area Test Site
RE RS measurement

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 Open-Area Test Site
Test Antennas

A convenient approach to illuminate an equipment

under test with known field strengths is to use exact
half wavelength long dipoles at fixed frequency.
Test antenna depends on the frequency of operation.
Antenna Type Frequency, MHz
Rod antenna .01 ~ 30
Loop antenna .01 ~ 30
Biconical antenna 30 ~ 220
Log periodic antenna 200 ~ 1000
Dipole antenna (Broad-Band antenna) 30 ~ 1000
Conical log spiral 200 ~ 10,000
Double ridged waveguide 1000 ~ 18,000
Waveguide horn Above 1000
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 Open-Area Test Site
Test Antennas -- Example

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 Open-Area Test Site
Measurement Precautions

Measurement Precautions( )

Electromagnetic environment of the open

area test site will be relatively quite (at least
6dB below) and free from strong signals.
The open area test site will be free from
electromagnetic scatters.( )

Underground cables and pipelines also lead

to electromagnetic scattering, if not buried
deep enough.

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 Open-Area Test Site
Measurement Precautions

A well-defined test environment

The metallic ground plane and absence
of reflecting objects ensure That the
measurements will be quite repeatable.

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 Open-Area Test Site
Stationary EUT

Sc, Sd scattered signals

Sc ≤ Sd - 6dB
D’ ≥ 1.5D

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 Open-Area Test Site
Stationary Antenna

MD=2D
Md= 3 D

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 Open-Area Test Site
Height of Antenna

D=3 or 10m,h2 scans from 1 to 4m

D=30m, h2 scans from 2 to 6m
Antenna scans vertically and horizontally

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 Open-Area Test Site

Advantage Disadvantage
No multiple reflections Weather influence
Full Compliance Emission Environmental influence
Cheap investment Regular maintenance
Easy to construct Needs quiet environment
No Immunity test is allowed
Dimensions: 6 x 20 m
Space needed: 20 x 40 m

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 Open-Area Test Site

Metallic
ground
plane

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 System Radiated Interference Test

Open-Area Test Site (OATS)

RE RS measurement
Test Antennas
Measurement Precautions( )

Open-Area Test Site

Measurement in a Laboratory( )

Microwave Anechoic( ) Chamber( )

Transverse( ) Electromagnetic (TEM) Cell

Reverberating( ) Chamber
G-TEM Cell
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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Semi-Anechoic Chamber

A Semi-Anechoic Chamber is constructed

as a shielded room, with absorbing
materials on all walls and ceiling, thus
simulating an OATS.
On the floor, a full reflecting groundplane
is installed.
With some additions, these chambers can
be used for Full Compliance Immunity
testing as well.

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Semi-Anechoic Chamber

Some reflections still exist in the 30-80 MHz range, this is because
the chamber size limited the size of the absorbing cones.( )
FCC allows use of 3m semi-anechoic rooms, if it results correlative
to open site.
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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Semi-Anechoic Chamber

Advantage Disadvantage
Full Compliance Emission Need internal office space
Full Compliance Immunity Capital investment
using add. Floor absorber Dimensions: 9x6x6(h) m
No weather influence 3m S.A. chamber
Ambient-free Dimensions: 20x12x8(h) m
10m S.A. chamber
Operator friendly work
condition

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Semi-Anechoic Chamber

Broad-Band
Antenna

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Full Anechoic Chamber

The Full Anechoic Chamber, CFAC, is

constructed as a shielded room, covered with
absorber materials on all walls, ceiling and floor.
Its application is for Full compliance Immunity
testing.
It can be used for Pre-compliance emission
testing.
Standards are in preparation to accept
Emission testing in this type of chambers

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Full Anechoic Chamber

A most common laboratory approach

High isolation from external electromagnetic
environment, so it is suitable for highly sensitive
measurements involving very low signal levels
Cost of a microwave anechoic chamber increases
very rapidly with its size
Typical 10.8x7.2x5.2m
Available test zone is limited to 200MHz
Because the properties of this absorbing
materials( / ); they provide higher absorption
capabilities at higher frequencies.
Used for EMI and EMS test

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Full Anechoic Chamber

Advantage Disadvantage
Full Compliance Immunity Pre-Compliance Emission
Correlation with OATS
EMI measurements
Needs little office space
Quick scan EMI testing
Economical investment
No weather influence
Ambient-free
Operator friendly work
condition
Dimensions: 7x3x3(h) m
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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Full Anechoic Chamber

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Full Anechoic Chamber

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Full Anechoic Chamber

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 Measurement in a Laboratory
Full Anechoic Chamber

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 System Radiated Interference Test

Open-Area Test Site (OATS)

RE RS measurement
Test Antennas
Measurement Precautions( )

Open-Area Test Site

Measurement in a Laboratory( )

Microwave Anechoic( ) Chamber( )

Transverse( ) Electromagnetic (TEM) Cell

Reverberating( ) Chamber
G-TEM Cell
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 Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Cell

Using a TEM cell (commonly approach)

Advantages
Less expensive, broadband without different
antennas
Limitations size
The size of a TEM cell is limited by the upper
frequency, up to which it can be used.
Possible cell size smaller at higher frequencies
The maximum size of an EUT inside a TEM is
limited by the requirement that any change in
TEM cell characteristic impedance resulting from
an EUT placement should be minimum.
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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell
TEM cell is a rectangular coaxial transmission line.
The rectangular section is tapered at both ends and
matched to a 50Ω coaxial transmission line.
EUT is placed in the rectangular part of the transmission
line between the bottom plate and the center conductor, or
between the center conductor and the top plate.
Center conductor and outer conductor facilitate ( )
the propagation of electromagnetic energy from one
end of the cell to the other end in TEM.
The center conductor is held in position by several
dielectric supports. Another dielectric material is used to
isolate the EUT from outer or inner conductor of TEM,
when
The closed outer conductor serves as an effective shield to
isolate the electromagnetic environment.
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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell
The characteristic impedance Zo of a TEM cell is
relative to a, b and g [2] Ch 6-3

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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell

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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell
External dimensions (LxDxH) 3,020mmx1008mmx1900mm
Test volume (LxDxH) 750mmx450mmx300mm
Frequency rangy DC~2GHz with ferrite absorber

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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell

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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell
Measurements using TEM Cell

Radiation Susceptibility Test (IEC 1000-4-3)

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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell
Measurements using TEM Cell

Radiation Susceptibility Test Steps

1. EUT is positioned centrally in the lower half.
EUT is placed on the floor, when a grounding of EUT is desired.
When EUT casing must be floated electrically, a sheet of
insulating (dielectric constant close to unity) is placed between
EUT and the bottom of TEM cell.
Note the EUT orientation( ) relative to field polarization
When EUT is not small, it will effectively short out a part of the vertical
separation, and result in an increase field level.
2. Input/output connections are given to EUT.
Setting up EUT, including power, signals…connectors. These
connectors must be with appropriate filters to prevent RF leakages
into TEM cell, and also to ensure filters themselves don’t affect the
measured results.
Various cables may be placed on the bottom of TEM cell and
covered with a conductive tape to avoid the cross coupling by an
exposure of these to the fields in TEM.
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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell
Measurements using TEM Cell

Radiation Susceptibility Test Steps

3. Measuring apparatus are connected to TEM cell and
EUT
A RF power source is connected to TEM cell to establish
necessary field levels.
E = VRF/ b
4. The radiation susceptibility test is now conducted as per
the test schedule and specification.

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 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell
Measurements using TEM Cell

Measurement of Radiated Emissions

When RF energy is somehow generated and radiated by a
source (EUT) located inside TEM cell, it propagates inside
the cell and couples to the two ports of the TEM cell.
By measuring such energy, one can estimate the radiated
emissions from The EUT.

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 Agenda

System Radiated Interference Test

System Conducted Interference Test

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 System Conducted Interference Test

Line Impedance Stabilization Networks

Conducted EMI Emission
Immunity to Conducted EMI

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 Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISN)

Measurement of conducted EMI requires

ambient( ) power line noise isolated from
that emitted by EUT.
Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISN)

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 Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISN)

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 Measurement to Conducted EMI Emission

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 Measurement to Conducted EMI Emission
1. Interconnecting cables that hang closer than 40cm to the ground
plane shall be folded back and forth forming a bundle 30 to 40 cm
long, hanging approximately in the middle between ground plane and
table.
2. I/O cables that are connected to a peripheral shall be bundled in
center. The end of the cable may be terminated if required using
correct terminating impedance. The total length shall not exceed 1m.
3. EUT connected to one LISN. Unused LISN connectors shall be
terminated in 50Ω. LISN can be placed on top of, or immediately
beneath, ground plane.
3.1 All other equipment powered from second LISN.
3.2 LISN at least 80cm from nearest part of EUT chassis.
4. Cables of hand-operated devices, such as keyboards, mice, have to
be placed as close as possible to the host.
5. Non-EUT components being tested.
6. Rear of EUT, including peripherals, shall be all aligned( , ) with
rear of table top.
7. Rear of table top shall be 40cm removed from a vertical conducting
plane that is bonded to the floor ground plane.
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 FCC Conducted EMI Emission

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 Immunity to Conducted EMI -- EMS

Common mode

Differential mode
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 Summary

Testing result should be repeatable.

Test environment should be as like as
possible to the practical application.
Open-Area Test Site is the better way to
measure EMI performance of a device.
Antenna for radiated testing and LISN
for conducted testing.

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