ENGINEERING

DRAWINGS AND PLANS

ENGR. CLAYDEL JACQUILANE S. PATRON

Lecturer
 TOPIC 2

LINES, LETTERING,
AND DIMENSIONING
DIMENSIONING
ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS
CONTINUOUS OR CHAIN DIMENSIONING
In chain dimensioning, the dimensions are aligned such
that an arrowhead of one dimension touches tip to tip the
arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The overall dimension
is placed outside the other smaller dimensions.

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONING FROM A COMMON FEATURE
1. Progressive or parallel dimensioning.
In parallel dimensioning, the dimension lines are spaced
out parallel one to another. Smaller dimension is placed nearer
the outline. The next smaller dimension is placed next and so on.

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS
2. Superimposed running dimensioning.
It is a simplified parallel dimensioning and is used where
there are space limitations and where no legibility problems
would occur. All the dimensions begin from a common origin
(indicated by a small circle of approximately 3 mm diameter) and
terminate with arrowheads where the individual dimension ends.
The dimension values are rotated through 90° and placed in-line
with the projection line.
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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS
COMBINED DIMENSIONING
This combined dimensioning results from simultaneous
use of chain dimensioning, parallel dimensioning and
superimposed running dimensioning in a single drawing.

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS
COORDINATE DIMENSIONING
Dimensioning by using a coordinate table make the
drawing easier to read, especially when the part have too
many dimensions when drawn to other style.

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ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

1. CIRCLE
The circles are generally specified by its diameter. The
dimension value of diameter should be preceded by a symbol ‘Ø’.
When leader is used to specify diameter it should be a radial line
and when dimension line is used to specify diameter it should be
placed either horizontal or vertical.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

1. CIRCLE

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

2. RADIUS
The dimension value of radius should be preceded by a
letter ‘R’. Leader which is basically a radial line with one
arrowhead should be used to specify radius. The arrowhead
must touch the arc contour either on the inside or outside. As far
as possible, the center of the arc should be denoted either by a
dot or small cross, and the leader should pass through the
center.
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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

2. RADIUS

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

3. ANGLE
For dimensioning an angle, a curved dimension line is
drawn which is basically a circular arc having its center at the
vertex. Radius of the arc depends upon the space required for
the dimension vales. Lesser the angle more is the radius required
for the dimensioning arc. The dimension value is placed over the
dimension line and expressed in degree, minutes and seconds.
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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

3. ANGLE

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

4. CHORD AND ARC LENGTH

For dimensioning the chord length, a straight dimension
line is stretched out from the ends points of the curved outline
using projection lines. For dimensioning the arc length, a curved
dimension line which has radius that is offset from the curved
outline is stretched out using straight projection lines.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

4. CHORD AND ARC LENGTH

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

5. CURVED SURFACE
Sometimes contour of a curved surface cannot be defined
by arcs. Such curved surfaces are dimensioned by locating
points along the contour using parallel dimensioning. The points
along the contour can also be locating using coordinate
dimensioning.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

5. CURVED SURFACE

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

6. SPHERE
The dimension value of spherical diameter should be
preceded by a symbol ‘SØ’. The dimension value of spherical
radius should be preceded by a letter ‘SR’.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

7. CHAMFERS
A chamfer is obtained by cutting off the inside or outside
edges of a cylindrical part. The chamfer of 45° to the surface is
commonly applied and can be dimensioned with a note. The
chamfer of angle other than 45° should be dimensioned by
mentioning the angle and a side length.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

7. CHAMFERS

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

8. SLOPE OR FLAT TAPER

Slope or flat taper is the inclination of a line representing
the inclined surface of the wedge. The rate of slope is defined as
the difference in the height of the two sections of the wedge to
their baseline distance. If H and h are the heights at the two
sections and L is the distance between them, then the rate of
slope is given by:
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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

8. SLOPE OR FLAT TAPER

𝐻 −ℎ
𝑆= = tan 𝛼
𝐿
The slope can also be indicated using graphical symbol
preceding the value for rate of slope. The orientation of the
graphical symbol should coincide with that of the wedge.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

8. SLOPE OR FLAT TAPER

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

9. CONICAL TAPER
The rate of taper is defined as the difference in the
diameters of the two sections of a cone to the distance between
them. If D and d are the diameters at the two sections and L is
the distance between them, then the rate of taper is given by:
𝐷 −𝑑 𝛼
𝐶= = 2 tan
𝐿 2

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

9. CONICAL TAPER

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

10. EQUIDISTANT AND REPEATED FEATURES

It is common to use same size of hole or other feature more
than once in the design of a part. The features equidistant and
repeated in linear space can be dimensioned by giving one
typical dimension, noting the number of times a dimension is
repeated and total length as reference.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

10. EQUIDISTANT AND REPEATED FEATURES

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

10. EQUIDISTANT AND REPEATED FEATURES

The features equidistant and repeated in angular space can
be dimensioned by giving one typical dimension and noting the
number of times a dimension is repeated and total angle as
reference. The angles of the spacing may be omitted if their
number is evident without any confusion.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

10. EQUIDISTANT AND REPEATED FEATURES

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

11. PARTIAL DRAWN VIEWS

It is common to draw partial view of parts that are too long
for the drawing sheet. In this case a symmetry symbol can be
placed. The symmetry symbol is two short thick parallel lines
places near the centerline ends outside the view and drawn at
90° to the centerline. The symmetry symbol should not be used if
the entire part is drawn.

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

11. PARTIAL DRAWN VIEWS

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SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING

12. DIMENSION NOT TO SCALE

All drawings should be
made to a scale. However, it is
often simpler to revise a
dimension rather than redraw
the object with revised
dimensions.

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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
1. Dimensions should be clear and permit only one interpretation.
Numerals and letters should be large enough (about 3 to 5 mm high for
whole numbers and 6 mm high for fractions) to ensure easy reading.
2. In general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter and an arc by its
radius. The center lines should not extend from view to view.
3. Dimensions should be quoted in millimeters to the minimum number of
significant figures. For example, 12 and not 12.0.

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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
4. The decimal point in a dimension should be bold and in line with the
bottom line of the figure. In case the dimension is less than unity, a zero
should precede the decimal point such as 0.35.
5. Projection lines should be drawn perpendicular to the feature being
dimensioned. However, they may be drawn obliquely and parallel to
each other.
6. Dimension values should be placed preferably near the middle. If
unavoidable due to lack of space, they may be placed above the
extended portion of the dimension line beyond the arrowheads,
preferably on right-hand side. 37
RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
7. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the views. In
case it is not possible, they may be placed within the view.
8. The line of the drawing should never be used as a dimension line or
coincide with a dimension line. Dimension lines should be spaced
uniformly throughout the drawing. They should be 8 mm to 10 mm from
the object outline and 6 mm to 10 mm from each other.
9. The dimensions should be staggered when the number of parallel
dimensions is more.
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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
10. Dimensions indicated in one view need not be repeated in another view,
except for purpose of identification, clarity or both.
11. Dimensions shall be placed on the view that most clearly shows the
corresponding features and the view where the contour shape is best
shown.
12. Dimensions should be marked with reference to the visible outlines,
rather than from the hidden lines. Dimensions should be marked from a
base line or center line of a hole or cylindrical parts or finished surfaces,
etc, which may be readily established.
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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
13. Dimensioning to a center line should be avoided, except when the
center line passes through the center of a hole, or a cylindrical part.
14. An axis or a contour line should never be used as a dimension line but
may be used as a projection lines.
15. As far as possible, the intersection of dimension lines should be avoided.
However, if the intersection of two dimension lines is unavoidable, the
lines should not be broken.

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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
16. When several dimensions are placed on the same side of the drawing,
position the shortest dimension nearest to the component. This will avoid
intersection of dimension lines with projection lines.
17. An axis or a contour line should never be used as a dimension line but
may be used as a projection lines.
18. As far as possible, the intersection of dimension lines should be avoided.
However, if the intersection of two dimension lines is unavoidable, the
lines should not be broken.
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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
19. When several dimensions are placed on the same side of the drawing,
position the shortest dimension nearest to the component. This will avoid
intersection of dimension lines with projection lines.
20. Overall dimensions should be placed outside the intermediate
dimensions. If an overall dimension is shown, one of the intermediate
dimensions is redundant and should not be dimensioned.

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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
21. If the space for arrowhead termination is sufficient, it should be shown within
the limit of dimension lines. If the space is limited, the arrowhead termination
may be shown outside the intended limits of the dimension lines that are
extended for that purpose. However, where space is too small for an
arrowhead, it may be replaced by oblique stroke or a dot.
22. As far as possible, all dimensions in one particular drawing should be
expressed in one unit only. The recommended unit is being millimetre. There is
no necessity to add the symbol for the unit, for example, a dimension 35
means 35 mm, even though the symbol for the unit ‘mm’ is omitted.
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RULES FOR DIMENSIONING
23. If in a particular drawing, it is not possible to express dimensions in
millimeters but a different unit such as meter, kilometer, etc., is used for
all values, then also only the dimension value and at a prominent place
a footnote is added such as, “ALL DIMENSIONS IN METRES” or “ALL
DIMENSIONS IN KILOMETRES”, etc.
24. No more dimensions should be given than are necessary to describe the
finished product.

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 PLATE NO. 2
Lettering Exercise
Write the English alphabet using single-stroke vertical letters and then single-stroke
inclined letters. Make sure to write both uppercase and lowercase letters. Also include the
Hindu-Arabic Numerals from 0 to 9. Please refer to the attached file for reference on layout
and measurements.

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 PLATE NO. 2
Lettering Exercise

PLATE NO.: SCALE:

Ratio
1:2:1 CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY NAME OF PLATE 2 1:1
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
Ratio COURSE – SECTION: DATE: DRAWN BY: CHECKED BY: RATING:
1:2:1:2:1
ES 11 – A2 SEPTEMBER 19, 2024 CLAYDEL JACQUILANE S. PATRON ENGR. CLAYDEL S. PATRON

32.5

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