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Topic 3A - Fuel Consumption

This document covers the petrol engine fuel system, focusing on fuel consumption, its causes, and calculations for engine performance. It discusses various factors affecting fuel consumption, such as vehicle design, driving resistance, and drivetrain losses, as well as concepts like indicated work, mechanical efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. Additionally, it provides insights into thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and air-fuel ratios relevant to engine operation.

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Bill Lim
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5 views

Topic 3A - Fuel Consumption

This document covers the petrol engine fuel system, focusing on fuel consumption, its causes, and calculations for engine performance. It discusses various factors affecting fuel consumption, such as vehicle design, driving resistance, and drivetrain losses, as well as concepts like indicated work, mechanical efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. Additionally, it provides insights into thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and air-fuel ratios relevant to engine operation.

Uploaded by

Bill Lim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AUTO 2501

PETROL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3

TS. ENGKU AMIRUL RASHIDIN B. ENGKU ARIFF

MECHANICAL & AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING


INFRASTRUCTURE UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The students will be able to:
1. Explain the purpose of fuel consumption.
2. Understand the causes of the fuel consumption and
specific fuel consumption.
3. Calculate the engine performances including brake
specific fuel consumption.
CAUSE OF FUEL CONSUMPTION
FUEL CONSUMPTION & CO2 EMISSIONS
PRODUCT OF LIFE
VEHICLE DESIGN
DRIVING RESISTANCE - SUV
DRIVING RESISTANCE - SEDAN
AIR RESISTANCE
ROLLING RESISTANCE
CLIMBING RESISTANCE
ACCELERATION RESISTANCE
VEHICLE WEIGHT
DRIVE SYSTEM
DRIVETRAIN LOSSES - IDLE
DRIVETRAIN LOSSES – PART LOAD
DRIVETRAIN LOSSES – FULL LOAD
INFLUENCE OF THE DRIVER
ENGINE OPERATING POINT
USING THE VEHICLE
FUEL CONSUMPTION CALCULATION
1. A vehicle uses 350 liter of petrol fuel to drive 1200 km. Find the fuel
consumption:
𝑘𝑚ൗ → 1200ൗ = 3.429 𝑘𝑚ൗ
𝑙 350 𝑙
𝑙ൗ → 350ൗ = 29.167 𝑙ൗ
100 𝑘𝑚 12 100 𝑘𝑚

2. A car has a fuel consumption of 9.2 l/100 km. It drives 380 km.
Determine the fuel that has been use to drive the car:

9.2 𝑙 = 100 𝑘𝑚
x 𝑙 = 380 𝑘𝑚
x 𝑙 = 9.2 𝑙 × 380 𝑘𝑚ൗ100 𝑘𝑚 = 34.96 𝑙
INDICATED WORK
Given the cylinder pressure data over the operating cycle of the engine one can
calculate the work done by the gas on the piston.

The indicated work per cycle is Wi =  pdV

WA > 0

WB < 0

Compression Power Exhaust Intake


W<0 W>0 W<0 W>0
INDICATED POWER
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Mechanical efficiency depends on throttle position, engine


design, and engine speed. Typical values for car engines
at WOT are 90% @2000 RPM and 75% @ max speed.
POWER AND TORQUE VERSUS ENGINE SPEED
Rated brake power There is a maximum in the brake power
versus engine speed called the rated
brake power.
1 kW = 1.341 hp
At higher speeds brake power decreases as
friction power becomes significant compared
to the indicated power

There is a maximum in the torque versus


Max brake torque
speed called maximum brake torque (MBT).
Brake torque drops off:
• at lower speeds do to heat losses
• at higher speeds it becomes more difficult
to ingest a full charge of air.
INDICATED MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (IMEP)

imep does not depend on engine speed, just like torque.

imep is a better parameter than torque to compare engines for design and
output because it is independent of engine speed, N, and engine size, Vd.

Brake mean effective pressure (bmep) is defined as:


Wb 2  T  nR bmep  Vd
bmep = = → T=
Vd Vd 2  nR
MAXIMUM BMEP
Wb 2  T  n
bmep = =
Vd Vd
• The maximum bmep is obtained at WOT at a particular engine speed

• Closing the throttle decreases the bmep

• For a given displacement, a higher maximum bmep means more torque

• For a given torque, a higher maximum bmep means smaller engine

• Higher maximum bmep means higher stresses and temperatures in the


engine hence shorter engine life, or bulkier engine.

• For the same bmep 2-strokes have almost twice the power of 4-stroke
SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

. .

• Clearly a low value for sfc is desirable since at a given power


level less fuel will be consumed
BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION VS SIZE
•BSFC decreases with engine size due to reduced heat losses from gas to
cylinder wall.

•Note: cylinder surface to volume ratio increases with bore diameter.


cylinder surface area 2BS 1
= 
cylinder volume B S S
2
BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION VS SPEED
• There is a minimum in the bsfc versus engine speed curve

• At high speeds the bsfc increases due to increased friction.


• At lower speeds the bsfc increases due to increased time for heat
losses from the gas to the cylinder and piston wall.
• bsfc increases with compression ratio due to higher thermal efficiency
PERFORMANCE MAPS

bmep@WOT

𝒎ሶ 𝒇
𝒃𝒔𝒇𝒄 = ൘ ሶ
𝑾𝒃

Constant bsfc contours from a


two-liter four cylinder SI engine
Combustion Efficiency

Where Qin = heat added by combustion per cycle


mf = mass of fuel added to cylinder per cycle
QHV = heating value of the fuel (chemical energy per unit mass)
Thermal Efficiency

• Thermal efficiencies can be given in terms of brake or indicated values

• Indicated thermal efficiencies are typically 50% to 60% and brake


thermal efficiencies are usually about 30%
Arbitrary Efficiency
(aka fuel conversion efficiency)

.
Volumetric Efficiency

where ra is the density of air at atmospheric conditions Po, To for an


ideal gas ra =Po / RTo and R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K (at standard conditions
ra= 1.181 kg/m3)

• Typical values for WOT are in the range 75%-90%, and lower when
the throttle is closed.
Air-Fuel Ratio

• The ideal AF is about 15:1, with homogenous combustion


possible in the range of 6 to 19.

• For a SI engine the AF is in the range of 12 to 18 depending


on the operating conditions.

• For a CI engine, where the mixture is highly non-homogeneous


and the AF is in the range of 18 to 70.

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