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 Stephen Lynch

Dynamical Systems
with Applications
using MapleTM
Second Edition

Birkhäuser
Boston • Basel • Berlin
 Stephen Lynch
Department of Computing and Mathematics
Manchester Metropolitan University
Manchester M1 5GD
United Kingdom
[email protected]
http://www.docm.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/S.Lynch

ISBN 978-0-8176-4389-8 e-ISBN 978-0-8176-4605-9

DOI 10.1007/978-0-8176-4605-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939273

Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 34Axx, 34Cxx, 34Dxx, 37Exx, 37Gxx, 37Nxx, 58F10,
58F14, 58F21, 78A25, 78A60, 78A97, 92Bxx, 92Exx, 93Bxx, 93Cxx, 93Dxx

c Birkhäuser Boston, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2001, 2010

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writ-
ten permission of the publisher (Birkhäuser Boston, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233
Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or
scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter de-
veloped is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they
are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are
subject to proprietary rights.

Printed on acid-free paper

Birkhäuser Boston is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.birkhauser.com)

 For
my dad, Geoffrey Lynch (1943–2008)
and
the father of chaos, Edward Lorenz (1917–2008)
Contents

Preface xiii

0 A Tutorial Introduction to Maple 1

0.1 A Quick Tour of Maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
0.2 Tutorial One: The Basics (One Hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
0.3 Tutorial Two: Plots and Differential Equations (One Hour) . . . 7
0.4 Simple Maple Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
0.5 Hints for Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
0.6 Maple Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1 Differential Equations 17
1.1 Simple Differential Equations and Applications . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2 Applications to Chemical Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3 Applications to Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4 Existence and Uniqueness Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2 Planar Systems 43
2.1 Canonical Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.2 Eigenvectors Defining Stable and Unstable Manifolds . . . . . . 48
2.3 Phase Portraits of Linear Systems in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4 Linearization and Hartman’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
viii Contents

2.5 Constructing Phase Plane Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2.6 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3 Interacting Species 71
3.1 Competing Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2 Predator–Prey Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3 Other Characteristics Affecting Interacting Species . . . . . . . 80
3.4 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4 Limit Cycles 87
4.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2 Existence and Uniqueness of Limit Cycles in the Plane . . . . . 91
4.3 Nonexistence of Limit Cycles in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4 Perturbation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.5 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

5 Hamiltonian Systems, Lyapunov Functions, and Stability 113

5.1 Hamiltonian Systems in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2 Lyapunov Functions and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.3 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6 Bifurcation Theory 129

6.1 Bifurcations of Nonlinear Systems in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2 Normal Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3 Multistability and Bistability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

7 Three-Dimensional Autonomous Systems and Chaos 147

7.1 Linear Systems and Canonical Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.2 Nonlinear Systems and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.3 The Rössler System and Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.4 The Lorenz Equations, Chua’s Circuit, and the Belousov–
Zhabotinski Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
7.5 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
 Contents ix

8 Poincaré Maps and Nonautonomous Systems in the Plane 173

8.1 Poincaré Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
8.2 Hamiltonian Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . 180
8.3 Nonautonomous Systems in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.4 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
8.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

9 Local and Global Bifurcations 197

9.1 Small-Amplitude Limit Cycle Bifurcations . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
9.2 Gröbner Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
9.3 Melnikov Integrals and Bifurcating Limit Cycles from a Center . 209
9.4 Bifurcations Involving Homoclinic Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.5 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
9.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10 The Second Part of Hilbert’s Sixteenth Problem 219

10.1 Statement of Problem and Main Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
10.2 Poincaré Compactification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
10.3 Global Results for Liénard Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.4 Local Results for Liénard Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
10.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

11 Linear Discrete Dynamical Systems 243

11.1 Recurrence Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
11.2 The Leslie Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
11.3 Harvesting and Culling Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
11.4 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
11.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

12 Nonlinear Discrete Dynamical Systems 263

12.1 The Tent Map and Graphical Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
12.2 Fixed Points and Periodic Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
12.3 The Logistic Map, Bifurcation Diagram, and Feigenbaum
Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
12.4 Gaussian and Hénon Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
12.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
12.6 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
12.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

13 Complex Iterative Maps 297

13.1 Julia Sets and the Mandelbrot Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
13.2 Boundaries of Periodic Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
13.3 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
13.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
x Contents

14 Electromagnetic Waves and Optical Resonators 309

14.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . 310
14.2 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
14.3 The Nonlinear SFR Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
14.4 Chaotic Attractors and Bistability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
14.5 Linear Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
14.6 Instabilities and Bistability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
14.7 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
14.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

15 Fractals and Multifractals 337

15.1 Construction of Simple Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
15.2 Calculating Fractal Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
15.3 A Multifractal Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
15.4 Multifractals in the Real World and Some Simple Examples . . . 355
15.5 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
15.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

16 Chaos Control and Synchronization 371

16.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
16.2 Controlling Chaos in the Logistic Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
16.3 Controlling Chaos in the Hénon Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
16.4 Chaos Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
16.5 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
16.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

17 Neural Networks 395

17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
17.2 The Delta Learning Rule and Backpropagation . . . . . . . . . . 402
17.3 The Hopfield Network and Lyapunov Stability . . . . . . . . . . 406
17.4 Neurodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
17.5 Maple Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
17.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

18 Simulation 427
18.1 Simulink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
18.2 The MapleSim Connectivity Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
18.3 MapleSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
18.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

19 Examination-Type Questions 445

19.1 Dynamical Systems with Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
19.2 Dynamical Systems with Maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
 Contents xi

20 Solutions to Exercises 453

20.0 Chapter 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
20.1 Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
20.2 Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
20.3 Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
20.4 Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
20.5 Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
20.6 Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
20.7 Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
20.8 Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
20.9 Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
20.10 Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
20.11 Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
20.12 Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
20.13 Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
20.14 Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
20.15 Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
20.16 Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
20.17 Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
20.18 Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
20.19 Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

References 475
Textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Research Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Maple Program Index 493

Index 497
Preface

Since the first edition of this book was published in 2001, the algebraic computa-
tion package Maple™ has evolved from Maple V into Maple 13. Accordingly, the
second edition has been thoroughly updated and new material has been added. In
this edition, there are many more applications, examples, and exercises, all with
solutions, and new chapters on neural networks and simulation have been added.
There are also new sections on perturbation methods, normal forms, Gröbner bases,
and chaos synchronization.
This book provides an introduction to the theory of dynamical systems with
the aid of the Maple algebraic manipulation package. It is written for both senior
undergraduates and graduate students. The first part of the book deals with con-
tinuous systems using ordinary differential equations (Chapters 1–10 ), the second
part is devoted to the study of discrete dynamical systems (Chapters 11–15), and
Chapters 16–18 deal with both continuous and discrete systems. Chapter 19 lists
examination-type questions used by the author over many years, one set to be
used in a computer laboratory with access to Maple, and the other set to be used
without access to Maple. Chapter 20 lists answers to all of the exercises given
in the book. It should be pointed out that dynamical systems theory is not lim-
ited to these topics but also encompasses partial differential equations, integral
and integro-differential equations, stochastic systems, and time delay systems, for
instance. References [1]–[5] given at the end of the Preface provide more infor-
mation for the interested reader. The author has emphasized breadth of coverage
rather than fine detail, and theorems with proofs are kept to a minimum. The ma-
terial is not clouded by functional analytic and group theoretical definitions, and
xiv Preface

so is intelligible to readers with a general mathematical background. Some of the

topics covered are scarcely covered elsewhere. Most of the material in Chapters 9,
10, 14, 16, 17, and 18 is at the postgraduate level and has been influenced by the
author’s own research interests. There is more theory in these chapters than in the
rest of the book since it is not easily accessed anywhere else. It has been found that
these chapters are especially useful as reference material for senior undergraduate
project work. The theory in other chapters of the book is dealt with more compre-
hensively in other texts, some of which may be found in the references section of
the corresponding chapter. The book has a very hands-on approach and takes the
reader from basic theory right through to recently published research material.
Maple is extremely popular with a wide range of researchers from all sorts of
disciplines. It is a symbolic, numerical, and graphical manipulation package which
makes it ideal for the study of nonlinear dynamical systems.
An efficient tutorial guide to Maplesoft’s Maple symbolic computation sys-
tem has been included in Chapter 0. The reader is shown how to use both text-based
input commands and palettes. Students should be able to complete Tutorials One
and Two in under two hours depending upon their past experience. New users
will find that the tutorials enable them to become familiar with Maple within a
few hours. Both engineering and mathematics students appreciate this method of
teaching, and the author has found that it generally works well with a ratio of one
staff member to about 20 students in a computer laboratory. Those moderately
familiar with the package and even expert users will find Chapter 0 to be a useful
source of reference. The Maple worksheet files are listed at the end of each chapter
to avoid unnecessary cluttering in the text. The author suggests that the reader save
the relevant example programs listed throughout the book in separate worksheets.
These programs can then be edited accordingly when attempting the exercises at
the end of each chapter. The Maple worksheets, commands, programs, and output
can also be viewed in color over the Web at the author’s book site:
http://www.docm.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/S.Lynch/cover1.html.
Maple files can be downloaded at Maplesoft’s Application Center:
http://www.maplesoft.com/applications/.
Throughout this book, Maple is viewed as a tool for solving systems or producing
eye-catching graphics. The author has used Maple 13 in the preparation of the
material. However, the Maple programs have been kept as simple as possible and
should also run under later versions of the package. One of the advantages of using
the Application Center rather than a companion CD-ROM is that programs can be
updated as new versions of Maple are released.
The first few chapters of the book cover some theory of ordinary differential
equations, and applications to models in the real world are given. The theory of
differential equations applied to chemical kinetics and electric circuits is intro-
duced in some detail. Chapter 1 ends with the existence and uniqueness theorem
 Preface xv

for the solutions of certain types of differential equations. A variety of numerical

procedures are available in Maple when solving stiff and nonstiff systems when
an analytic solution does not exist or is extremely difficult to find. The theory
behind the construction of phase plane portraits for two-dimensional systems is
dealt with in Chapter 2. Applications are taken from chemical kinetics, economics,
electronics, epidemiology, mechanics, and population dynamics. The modeling of
populations of interacting species are discussed in some detail in Chapter 3, and
domains of stability are discussed for the first time. Limit cycles, or isolated peri-
odic solutions, are introduced in Chapter 4. Since we live in a periodic world, these
are the most common type of solution found when modeling nonlinear dynami-
cal systems. They appear extensively when modeling both the technological and
natural sciences. Hamiltonian, or conservative, systems and stability are discussed
in Chapter 5, and Chapter 6 is concerned with how planar systems vary depend-
ing upon a parameter. Bifurcation, bistability, multistability, and normal forms are
discussed.
The reader is first introduced to the concept of chaos in Chapters 7 and 8,
where three-dimensional systems and Poincaré maps are investigated. These
higher-dimensional systems can exhibit strange attractors and chaotic dynamics.
One can rotate the three-dimensional objects in Maple and plot time series plots
to get a better understanding of the dynamics involved. A new feature in Maple
13 is the fly through animation for three-dimensional plots. Once again, the theory
can be applied to chemical kinetics (including stiff systems), electric circuits, and
epidemiology; a simplified model for the weather is also briefly discussed. Chapter
8 deals with Poincaré first return maps that can be used to untangle complicated
interlacing trajectories in higher-dimensional spaces. A periodically driven non-
linear pendulum is also investigated by means of a nonautonomous differential
equation. Both local and global bifurcations are investigated in Chapter 9. The
main results and statement of the famous second part of David Hilbert’s sixteenth
problem are listed in Chapter 10. In order to understand these results, Poincaré
compactification is introduced. The study of continuous systems ends with one of
the author’s specialities—limit cycles of Liénard systems. There is some detail on
Liénard systems, in particular, in this part of the book, but they do have a ubiquity
for systems in the plane.
Chapters 11–15 deal with discrete dynamical systems. Chapter 11 starts with
a general introduction to iteration and linear recurrence (or difference) equations.
The bulk of the chapter is concerned with the Leslie model used to investigate the
population of a single species split into different age classes. Harvesting and culling
policies are then investigated and optimal solutions are sought. Nonlinear discrete
dynamical systems are dealt with in Chapter 12. Bifurcation diagrams, chaos, in-
termittency, Lyapunov exponents, periodicity, quasiperiodicity, and universality
are some of the topics introduced. The theory is then applied to real-world prob-
lems from a broad range of disciplines, including population dynamics, biology,
economics, nonlinear optics, and neural networks. Chapter 13 is concerned with
xvi Preface

complex iterative maps; Julia sets and the now-famous Mandelbrot set are plotted.
Basins of attraction are investigated for these complex systems. As a simple intro-
duction to optics, electromagnetic waves and Maxwell’s equations are studied at
the beginning of Chapter 14. Complex iterative equations are used to model the
propagation of light waves through nonlinear optical fibers. A brief history of non-
linear bistable optical resonators is discussed, and the simple fiber ring resonator
is analyzed in particular. Chapter 14 is devoted to the study of these optical res-
onators, and phenomena such as bistability, chaotic attractors, feedback, hysteresis,
instability, linear stability analysis, multistability, nonlinearity, and steady-states
are discussed. The first and second iterative methods are defined in this chapter.
Some simple fractals may be constructed using pencil and paper in Chapter 15,
and the concept of fractal dimension is introduced. Fractals may be thought of as
identical motifs repeated on ever-reduced scales. Unfortunately, most of the frac-
tals appearing in nature are not homogeneous but are more heterogeneous, hence
the need for the multifractal theory given later in the chapter. It has been found
that the distribution of stars and galaxies in our universe is multifractal, and there
is even evidence of multifractals in rainfall, stock markets, and heartbeat rhythms.
Applications in materials science, geoscience, and image processing are briefly
discussed.
Chapter 16 is devoted to the new and exciting theory behind chaos control and
synchronization. For most systems, the maxim used by engineers in the past has
been “stability good, chaos bad,” but more and more nowadays this is being replaced
with “stability good, chaos better.” There are exciting and novel applications in
cardiology, communications, engineering, laser technology, and space research,
for example.
A brief introduction to the enticing field of neural networks is presented in
Chapter 17. Imagine trying to make a computer mimic the human brain. One could
ask the question: In the future will it be possible for computers to think and even
be conscious? Sony’s artificial intelligent robotic dog, AIBO, has been a popular
toy with both adults and children, and more recently, Hanson Robotics and Mas-
sive Software have partnered to create an interactive artificial intelligent robot boy
called Zeno. The reader is encouraged to browse through some of the video clips on
YouTube to see how these, and other, robots behave. The human brain will always
be more powerful than traditional, sequential, logic-based digital computers, and
scientists are trying to incorporate some features of the brain into modern comput-
ing. Neural networks perform through learning, and no underlying equations are
required. Mathematicians and computer scientists are attempting to mimic the way
neurons work together via synapses; indeed, a neural network can be thought of
as a crude multidimensional model of the human brain. The expectations are high
for future applications in a broad range of disciplines. Neural networks are already
being used in pattern recognition (credit card fraud, prediction and forecasting, dis-
ease recognition, facial and speech recognition), the consumer home entertainment
market, psychological profiling, predicting wave overtopping events, and control
 Preface xvii

problems, for example. They also provide a parallel architecture allowing for very
fast computational and response times. In recent years, the disciplines of neural
networks and nonlinear dynamics have increasingly coalesced, and a new branch
of science called neurodynamics is emerging. Lyapunov functions can be used to
determine the stability of certain types of neural networks. There is also evidence of
chaos, feedback, nonlinearity, periodicity, and chaos synchronization in the brain.
Examples of Simulink® and MapleSim® models, referred to in earlier chap-
ters of the book, are presented in Chapter 18. It is possible to change the type of
input into the system, or parameter values, and investigate the output very quickly.
There is a section on the MapleSim Connectivity Toolbox® where readers can use
Maple to produce blocks to be used within the Simulink environment. This is as
close as one can get to experimentation without the need for expensive equipment.
Note that you need MATLAB® and Simulink® , developed by the MathWorks® , to
run Simulink models, and you need Maple 12.0.2 or later versions to run MapleSim.
Both textbooks and research papers are presented in the list of references.
The textbooks can be used to gain more background material, and the research
papers have been included to encourage further reading and independent study.
This book is informed by the research interests of the author, which currently
are nonlinear ordinary differential equations, nonlinear optics, multifractals, and
neural networks. Some references include recently published research articles by
the author.
The prerequisites for studying dynamical systems using this book are un-
dergraduate courses in linear algebra, real and complex analysis, calculus, and
ordinary differential equations; a knowledge of a computer language such as C or
Fortran would be beneficial but not essential.

Recommended Textbooks
[1] G. A. Articolo, Partial Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems
with Maple, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 2009.
[2] B. Bhattacharya and M. Majumdar, Random Dynamical Systems: Theory
and Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[3] J. Chiasson, and J. J. Loiseau, Applications of Time Delay Systems, Springer,
2007.
[4] V. Volterra, Theory of Functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential
Equations, Dover Publications, 2005.
[5] J. K. Hale, L. T. Magalhaes and W. Oliva, Dynamics in Infinite Dimensions,
2nd ed., Springer, 2002.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Maplesoft for supplying me with

the latest versions of Maple. Thanks also go to all of the reviewers from the editions
xviii Preface

of the MATLAB and Mathematica books. Special thanks go to Mike Seymour

(Operations, Waterloo Maple Inc.), Tom Grasso (Editor, Computational Sciences
and Engineering, Birkhäuser), and Ann Kostant (Executive Editor, Mathematics
and Physics, Birkhäuser), and to John Spiegelman (John L. Spiegelman Type &
Tech) for typesetting my LATEX files. Thanks to the referee of the first draft of
this book for his useful comments and suggestions. Finally, thanks to my family
and especially my wife Gaynor, and our children, Sebastian and Thalia, for their
continuing love, inspiration, and support.

Stephen Lynch
0
A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

Aims and Objectives

• To provide a tutorial guide to Maple.
• To give practical experience in using the package.
• To promote self-help using the online help facilities.
• To provide a concise source of reference for experienced users.

On completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to

• use Maple as a tool;
• produce simple Maple worksheets;
• access some Maple commands and worksheets over the World Wide Web.
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with either the Windows or UNIX
platform. This book was prepared using Maple (Version 13), but most programs
should work under earlier and later versions of the package. Note that the online
version of the Maple commands for this book will be written using the most up to
date version of the package.
The command lines and programs listed in this chapter have been chosen to
allow the reader to become familiar with Maple within a few hours. They provide
a concise summary of the type of commands that will be used throughout the

TM
S. Lynch, Dynamical Systems with Applications using Maple , DOI 10.1007/978-0-8176-4605-9_1,
© Birkhäuser Boston, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
2 0. A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

text. New users should be able to start on their own problems after completing
the chapter, and experienced users should find this chapter an excellent source of
reference. Of course, there are many Maple textbooks on the market for those who
require further applications or more detail.
If you experience any problems, there are several options for you to take.
There is an excellent index within Maple, and Maple commands, worksheets, pro-
grams, and output can also be viewed in color over the Web at

http://www.docm.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/S.Lynch

or downloaded at the Maple Application Center

http://www.maplesoft.com/applications/.

0.1 A Quick Tour of Maple

To start Maple, simply double-click on the Maple icon. In the Unix environment,
one types maple as a shell command. The author has used the Windows platform in
the preparation of this material. When Maple starts up, a blank worksheet appears
on the computer screen entitled Untitled (1) and some palettes with buttons appear
along the left-hand side. Some examples of palettes are given in Figure 0.1. The
buttons on the palettes serve essentially as additional keys on the user’s keyboard.
Input to the Maple worksheet can either be performed by typing in text commands or
pointing and clicking on the symbols provided by various palettes and subpalettes.
Maple has two standard worksheet interfaces: Document mode and Work-
sheet mode. The Document mode is designed for quick calculations either by
typing in commands or using the buttons on the palettes. The user can enter a
mathematical expression and then evaluate, manipulate, plot, or solve with a few
keystrokes or mouse clicks. Using the Document mode, the user can access Maple
without needing to know the Maple syntax. There are two types of content that
can be typed in Document mode; these are Text and Math modes. It is important
to note that you can only execute a statement if it is entered in Math mode. It
is impossible to convey the full functionality of Maple in a book; therefore, it is
highly recommended that all users of Maple watch the Maple 13 demo movie at the
Maplesoft website (http://www.maplesoft.com/). Readers may also be interested
in the products Maple Toolbox for MATLAB, Connectivity Toolbox for Simulink,
Placement Test Suite, Maple T.A., and MapleNet. The Connectivity Toolbox for
Simulink is discussed in Chapter 18.
The Worksheet mode is designed for interactive use through Maple com-
mands, which may offer advanced functionality or customized control not avail-
able using context menus or other syntax-free methods. Using either mode, one
can create high-quality interactive mathematical documents or presentations.
As this book relies heavily on Maple programming, the author has decided
to adopt the Maple Worksheet mode. It is also the mode that the author has used
 0.1. A Quick Tour of Maple 3

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 0.1: Some Maple palettes: (a) common symbols; (b) expression; (c) units
(FPS); (d) units (SI).

for many years. However, the use of palettes can save some time in typing, and the
reader may wish to experiment in the Document mode. To create a Maple document
in Worksheet mode, click on File, New and choose Worksheet Mode in the Maple
window.
Maple can be used to generate full publication-quality documents. In fact, all
of the Maple Help pages have been created in either Document mode or Worksheet
4 0. A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

mode. The Help menu also includes an online version Maplesoft’s documentation.
The author recommends a brief tour of some of the Help pages to give the reader
an idea of how the worksheets can be used. For example, click on the Help toolbar
at the top of the Maple graphical user interface and scroll down to Help Maple.
Simply type in solve in the Search box and type ENTER; an interactive Maple help
page will be opened showing the syntax, some related commands, and examples of
the solve command. You can then Edit and Copy examples into your worksheet.
The author has provided the reader with a tutorial introduction to Maple in
Sections 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. Each tutorial should take no more than one hour to
complete. The author highly recommends that new users go through these tutorials
line by line; however, readers already familiar with the package will probably use
Chapter 0 as reference material only.
Tutorial One provides a basic introduction to the Maple package. The first
command line shows the reader how to input comments, which are extremely useful
when writing long or complicated programs. The reader will type in # This is a
comment after the “>” prompt and then type ENTER or RETURN. Maple will
label the first input with > # This is a comment. Note that no output is given for a
comment. The second input line is simple arithmetic. The reader types 1+2-3; and
types ENTER to compute the result. Note that Maple requires a delimeter, either
a semicolon to see the output or a colon to suppress the output. Maple labels the
second input with > 1+2-3; and labels the corresponding output, zero in this case,
with (1). As the reader continues to input new command lines, the output numbers
change accordingly. This allows users to easily label output that may be useful later
in the worksheet. Tutorial Two contains graphic commands and commands used to
solve simple differential equations. Tutorial Three provides a simple introduction
to programming with Maple.
The tutorials are intended to give the reader a concise and efficient introduc-
tion to the Maple package. Many more commands are listed in other chapters of
the book, where the output has been included. Of course, there are many Maple
textbooks on the market for those who require further applications or more detail.
A list of some textbooks is given in the reference section of this chapter.

0.2 Tutorial One: The Basics (One Hour)

There is no need to copy the comments; they are there to help you. Click on the
Maple icon and copy the commands. Press ENTER at the end of a line to see the
answer. You can interrupt a calculation at any time by clicking on the “Interrupt
the current operation” icon in the toolbar. Recall that a working Maple worksheet
of Tutorial One can be downloaded from the Maple Application Center at

http://www.maplesoft.com/applications/.
 0.2. Tutorial One: The Basics (One Hour) 5

Maple Commands Comments

> # This is a comment. # Helps when writing

# programs.

> 1+2-3; # Simple addition and

# subtraction.

> 2*3/7; # Multiplication and

# division.

> 2*6+3ˆ2-4/2; # Powers.

> (5+3)*(4-2); # Brackets.

> sqrt(100); # The square root.

> n1:=10: # The colon suppresses

# the output.

> printf("n1=%-d",n1): # Print the value

# of n1.

> n1ˆ(-1); # Negative powers.

> sin(Pi/3); # Use capital P for Pi.

> evalf(sin(Pi/3)); # Evaluate as a floating

# point number.

> y:=sin(x)+3*xˆ2; # Equations and

# assignments.

> diff(y,x); # Differentiate y with

# respect to x.

> y:=’y’: # Set y back equal to y.

> diff(xˆ3*yˆ2,x$1,y$2); # Partial differentiation.

> int(cos(x),x); # Integration with

# respect to x.

> int(x/(xˆ3-1),x=0..1); # Definite integration.

> int(1/x,x=1..infinity); # Improper integration.

> convert(1/((s+1)*(s+2)),parfrac,s); # Split into partial

# fractions.

> expand(sin(x+y)); # Expansion.

> factor(xˆ2-yˆ2); # Factorization.

> limit((cos(x)-1)/x,x=0); # The limit as x goes

# to zero.
6 0. A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

> z1:=3+2*I:z2:=2-I: # Complex numbers. Use

# I NOT i.

> z3:=z1+z2;

> z4:=z1*z2/z3;

> modz1:=abs(z1); # Modulus of a complex

# number.

> evalc(exp(I*z1)); # Evaluate as a complex

# number.

> solve({x+2*y=1,x-y=3},{x,y}); # Solve two simultaneous

# equations.

> fsolve(x*cos(x)=0,x=7..9); # Find a root in a given

# interval.

> series(xˆx,x=0,8); # Series expansion about 0.

> series(xˆ3/(xˆ4+4*x-5,x=infinity)); # Asymptotic expansion.

> S:=sum(iˆ2,i=1..n); # A finite sum.

> with(LinearAlgebra): # Load the linear algebra

# package.

> u:=<1,2,3>;v:=<1|2|3>; # Two vectors.

> u.u; # Dot product.

> u &x u; # Cross product.

> A:=Matrix([[1,2],[3,4]]); # Defining 2 by 2

> B:=Matrix([[1,0],[-1,3]]); # matrices.

> Bˆ(-1); # Matrix inverse.

> C:=A+2*B; # Evaluate the new

# matrix.

> AB:=A.B; # Matrix multiplication.

> A1:=Matrix([[1,0,4],[0,2,0],[3,1,-3]]);

> Determinant(A1); # The determinant.

> Eigenvalues(A1); # Gives the eigenvalues

# of A1.

> Eigenvectors(A1); # Gives the eigenvectors

# of A1.

> with(inttrans); # Transforms package.

> laplace(tˆ3,t,s); # Laplace transform.

 0.3. Tutorial Two: Plots and Differential Equations (One Hour) 7

> invlaplace(6/sˆ4,s,t); # Inverse transform.

> fourier(tˆ4*exp(-tˆ2),t,w); # Fourier transform.

> invfourier(%,w,t); # Transform previous line.

> ?coeff # Open a help page for

# coeff.

> ??coeff # List the syntax for

# this command.

> ???coeff # List some examples.

> # End of Tutorial One.

0.3 Tutorial Two: Plots and Differential Equations

(One Hour)
Maple has excellent graphical capabilities and many solutions of nonlinear systems
are best portrayed graphically. The graphs produced from the input text commands
listed below may be found in the Tutorial Two worksheet, which can be downloaded
from the Maple Application Center. Plots in other chapters of the book are referred
to in many of the Maple programs at the end of each chapter.
> # Plotting graphs.

> # Set up the domain and plot a simple function.

> plot(cos(2*x),x=0..4*Pi,font=[TIMES,ROMAN,20],color=black);

> # Plot two curves on one graph.

> plot({x*cos(x),x-2},x=-5..5);

> # Plotting with a title.

> plot(xˆ3,x=-3..3,y=-30..30,title=‘A cubic polynomial‘);

> # Plotting with discontinuities.

> plot(tan(x),x=-2*Pi..2*Pi,y=-10..10,discont=true);

> # Plotting with different line styles.

> c1:=plot(sin(x),x=-2*Pi..2*Pi,linestyle=1):
> c2:=plot(2*sin(2*x-Pi/2),x=-2*Pi..2*Pi,linestyle=3):
> display({c1,c2});

> # Plotting points.

> points:=[[n,sin(n)]$n=1..10]:
> plot(points,x=0..15,style=point,symbol=circle);
8 0. A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

> # Surface plot.

> plot3d(yˆ2*xˆ2/2+xˆ2*yˆ2/2-xˆ2/2-yˆ2/2,x=-2..2,y=-2..2,
axes=boxed);

> # A contour plot.

> contourplot(yˆ2*xˆ2/2+xˆ2*yˆ2/2-xˆ2/2-yˆ2/2,x=-2..2,y=-2..2,
contours=50,grid=[50,50]);

> # A cylinder plot.

> cylinderplot(z+3*cos(2*theta),theta=0..Pi,z=0..3);

> # An implicit plot.

> implicitplot(yˆ2+y=xˆ3-x,x=-2..3,y=-3..3,numpoints=1000);

> # Solving simple ODEs analytically and numerically.

> # Load the differential equations package.
> with(DEtools):

> # Solve a simple ODE.

> dsolve(diff(y(x),x)=x,y(x));

> # Solve an initial value problem (IVP).

> dsolve({diff(v(t),t)+2*t=0,v(1)=5},v(t));

> # Solve a second order ODE.

> dsolve(diff(x(t),t$2)+8*diff(x(t),t)+25*x(t)=0,x(t));

> # Plot a solution curve for a second order ODE.

> deqn:=diff(y(x),x$2)=xˆ3*y(x)+1;
> DEplot(deqn,y(x),x=-5..2,[[y(0)=0.5,D(y)(0)=1]],linecolor=blue,
thickness=1);

> # Plot the solution curve for a stiff van der Pol system of ODEs.
> mu:=1000:
> deq:=diff(y(x),x,x)-mu*(1-y(x)ˆ2)*diff(y(x),x)+y(x)=0:
> ics:={y(0)=2,D(y)(0)=0}:
> dsol:=dsolve({deq} union ics,numeric,range=0..3000,stiff=true ):
> plots[odeplot](dsol,[x,y(x)]);

0.4 Simple Maple Programs

Sections 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 illustrate the interactive nature of Maple. More involved
tasks will require more code. Each Maple program is displayed between horizontal
lines and kept short to aid in understanding; the output is also included. Type
SHIFT-ENTER at the end of a command line so that the program will execute on
one ENTER command.
 0.4. Simple Maple Programs 9

In Document mode, the reader should use the Exploration assistant for Inter-
active Exploration.

Procedures. Declare local variables within procedures.

> # Program 1: Procedures.
> # The norm of a 3-dimensional vector.
> norm3d:=proc() local a,b,c;sqrt(aˆ2+bˆ2+cˆ2) end;
> norm3d(3,4,5);
√
5 (2)

> # Program 2: For..do..end loop.

> # Sum the natural numbers from 1 to 100.
> i:=‘i‘:total:=0:
for i from 0 to 100 do
total:=i+total:
end do:
total;

5050

> # Program 3: If..then..elif...else.

> # Determine if p is less than or not less than 2.
> p:=4:
if p<2 then printf("p is less than 2");
elif p>=2 then printf("p is not less than 2");
end if;

p is not less than 2

> # Program 4: Arrays and sequences.

> # List the first 10 terms of the Fibonacci sequence.
> F:=array(1..10000):
F[1]:=1:F[2]:=1:N:=10:
for i from 3 to N do
F[i]:=F[i-1]+F[i-2]:
end do:
seq(F[i],i=1..N);

{1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55}

> # Program 5: Iteration.

> # List the last 10 iterates of the logistic map.
> mu:=3.2:x[0]:=0.2:
for n from 0 to 99 do
10 0. A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

x[n+1]:=mu*x[n]*(1-x[n]):
end do:
for n from 90 to 99 do
nprintf("x[%-d]=%g",n+1,x[n+1]);
end do;

x[91]=0.513044, x[92]=0.799455, x[93]=0.513044, x[94]=0.799455,

x[95]=0.513044, x[96]=0.799455, x[97]=0.513044, x[98]=0.799455,
x[99]=0.513044, x[100]=0.799455

> # Program 6: Multiple plots with text.

> # Figure 0.2: Plot solution curves to ODEs.
> # Note that it is sometimes better to label colored curves with colored
> # text, as below. Figure 0.2 in the book is a black and white version.
> deqn1:=diff(x(t),t$2)=-2*diff(x(t),t)-25*x(t):
p3:=DEplot(deqn1,x(t),t=0..10,[[x(0)=1,D(x)(0)=0]],stepsize=0.1,
linecolor=blue,thickness=1):
deqn2:=diff(x(t),t$2)=-25*x(t):
p4:=DEplot(deqn2,x(t),t=0..10,[[x(0)=1,D(x)(0)=0]],stepsize=0.1,
linecolor=red,thickness=1):
t3:=textplot([6,1,‘Harmonic motion‘],align=RIGHT,color=red):
t4:=textplot([1.8,0.2,‘Damped motion‘],align=RIGHT,color=blue):
display({p3,p4,t3,t4},labels=[‘t‘,‘x‘]);

x
1

0.5

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

0.5

1

Figure 0.2: Harmonic and damped motion of a pendulum.

> # Program 7: Interactive exploration. Intersecting curves.

> # On execution of the command, an interactive parameter Maplet
> # pops up with a parameter slider. The plot varies as the slider is
> # moved up and down.
> restart:with(DEtools):with(plots):
interactiveparams(plot,[{1-a*x,(x-1)/a},x=0..2],a=0..1);
 0.5. Hints for Programming 11

> # Program 8: Interactive exploration. Solutions to a system of

> # differential equations.
> # On execution of the command, an interactive parameter Maplet
> # pops up with two parameter sliders. The plot varies as the sliders
> # are moved up and down.
> restart:with(DEtools):with(plots):
sys1:=diff(x(t),t)=-a*x(t),diff(y(t),t)=a*x(t)-b*y(t),diff(z(t),t)
=b*y(t);
dsolve([sys1,x(0)=10,y(0)=0,z(0)=0]);
interactiveparams(plot,[{10*exp(-a*t),
10*a*exp(-b*t)/(a-b)-10*a*exp(-a*t)/(a-b),
(10*exp(-a*t)*b-10*exp(-b*t)*aˆ2/(a-b)+
10*exp(-b*t)*a*b/(a-b)+10*a-10*b)/(a-b)},t=0..30],
a=0.1..0.9,b=0.1..0.8);

Figure 0.3: Solution curves for Program 8 when a = 0.5 and b = 0.45.

0.5 Hints for Programming

The Maple language contains very powerful commands, which means that some
complex programs may contain only a few lines of code. Of course, the only way to
learn programming is to sit down and try it yourself. This section has been included
to point out common errors and give advice on how to troubleshoot. Remember
12 0. A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

to check the Help pages in Maple and the Web if the following does not help you
with your particular problem.

Common typing errors. The author strongly advises new users to type Tutorials
One, Two, and Three into their own worksheets; this should reduce typing errors.

• All command lines must end with a colon or semicolon.

• Type ENTER at the end of every command line.

• If a command line is ended with a colon, the output will not be displayed.

• Make sure brackets, parentheses, etc. match up in correct pairs.

• Remember Maple is case sensitive.

• Check the syntax; type ??solve to list syntax for the solve command, for
example.

Programming tips. The reader should use the Maple programs listed in Sec-
tion 0.4 to practice simple programming techniques.

• Use the restart command at the beginning of a new program.

• Use comments throughout a program. You will find them extremely useful
in the future.

• Use procedures to localize variables. This is especially useful for very large
programs.

• If a program involves a large number of iterations (e.g., 50,000), then run it

for three iterations first and list all output.

• If the computer is not responding, click on the interrupt icon and try reducing
the size of the problem.

• Read the error message printed by Maple.

• Find a similar Maple program in a book or on the Web and edit it to meet
your needs.

• Check which version of Maple you are using. The syntax of some commands
may have altered. For example, some Maple 11 programs will not run under
Maple 13.
 0.6. Maple Exercises 13

0.6 Maple Exercises

1. Evaluate the following:

(a) 4 + 5 − 6;
(b) 312 ;
(c) sin(0.1π);
(d) (2 − (3 − 4(3 + 7(1 − (2(3 − 5))))));
(e) 2
5 − 3
4 × 23 .

2. Given that
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 2 −1 1 2 3 2 1 1
A=⎝0 1 0 ⎠, B=⎝1 1 2 ⎠, C=⎝0 1 −1 ⎠,
3 −1 2 0 1 2 4 2 2

determine the following:

(a) A + 4BC;
(b) the inverse of each matrix if it exists;
(c) A3 ;
(d) the determinant of C;
(e) the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of B.

3. Given that z1 = 1 + i, z2 = −2 + i, and z3 = −i, evaluate the following:

(a) z1 + z2 − z3 ;
z1 z2
(b) z3 ;
(c) ez1 ;
(d) ln(z1 );
(e) sin(z3 ).

4. Evaluate the following limits if they exist:

sin x
(a) limx→0 x ;
x 3 +3x 2 −5
(b) limx→∞ 2x 3 −7x
;
(c) limx→π cos x+1
x−π ;
(d) limx→0+ x1 ;
(e) limx→0 2 sinh x−2 sin x
cosh x−1 .
14 0. A Tutorial Introduction to Maple

5. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(a) y = 3x 3 + 2x 2 − 5;
√
(b) y = 1 + x 4 ;
(c) y = ex sin x cos x;
(d) y = tanh x;
(e) y = x ln x .
6. Evaluate the following definite integrals:
1
(a) x=0 3x 3 + 2x 2 − 5 dx;
∞
(b) x=1 x12 dx;
∞
(c) −∞ e−x dx;
2

1
(d) 0 √1x dx;
 2
π sin(1/t)
(e) 0 t2
dt.

7. Graph the following:

(a) y = 3x 3 + 2x 2 − 5;
(b) y = e−x , for −5 ≤ x ≤ 5;
2

(c) x 2 − 2xy − y 2 = 1;
(d) z = 4x 2 ey − 2x 4 − e4y , for −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and −1 ≤ y ≤ 1;
(e) x = t 2 − 3t, y = t 3 − 9t, for −4 ≤ t ≤ 4.
8. Solve the following differential equations:

(a) dy
dx = 2y , given that y(1) = 1;
x

−y
(b) dy
dx = x , given that y(2) = 3;
x2
(c) dy
dx = y3
, given that y(0) = 1;
d2x
(d) dt 2
+ 5 dx
dt + 6x = 0, given that x(0) = 1 and ẋ(0) = 0;
d2x
(e) dt 2
+ 5 dx
dt + 6x = sin(t), given that x(0) = 1 and ẋ(0) = 0.

9. Carry out 100 iterations on the recurrence relation

xn+1 = 4xn (1 − xn ),

given that (a) x0 = 0.2 and (b) x0 = 0.2001. List the final 10 iterates in each
case.
 Recommended Textbooks 15

10. Type ?while to read the help page on the while command. Use a while loop to
program Euclid’s algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two
integers. Use your program to find the greatest common divisor of 12,348
and 14,238.

Recommended Textbooks
Note that Maple documentation comes with the package and is also available
through the Help pages. More Maple books are listed in the reference sections of
other chapters in the book.

[1] D. Richards, Advanced Mathematical Methods with Maple, 2nd ed., Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009.
[2] B. Barnes and G. R. Fulford, Mathematical Modelling with Case Studies: A
Differential Equations Approach using Maple and MATLAB, 2nd ed., Chap-
man and Hall, London, 2008.

[3] I. K. Shingareva and C. Lizárraga-Celaya, Maple and Mathematica: A Prob-

lem Solving Approach for Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2007.

[4] M. L. Abell and J. P. Braselton, Maple By Example, 3rd ed., Academic Press,
New York, 2005.

[5] A. Heck, Introduction to Maple, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 2003.
1
Differential Equations

Aims and Objectives

• To review basic methods for solving some differential equations.
• To apply the theory to simple mathematical models.
• To introduce an existence and uniqueness theorem.
On completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to
• solve certain first- and second-order differential equations;
• apply the theory to chemical kinetics and electric circuits;
• interpret the solutions in physical terms;
• understand the existence and uniqueness theorem and its implications.
The basic theory of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and analytical
methods for solving some types of ODEs are reviewed. This chapter is not intended
to be a comprehensive study on differential equations, but more an introduction to
the theory that will be used in later chapters. Most of the material will be covered in
first- and second-year undergraduate mathematics courses. The differential equa-
tions are applied to all kinds of models, but this chapter concentrates on chemical
kinetics and electric circuits in particular.
The chapter concludes with the existence and uniqueness theorem and some
analysis.

TM
S. Lynch, Dynamical Systems with Applications using Maple , DOI 10.1007/978-0-8176-4605-9_2,
© Birkhäuser Boston, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
18 1. Differential Equations

1.1 Simple Differential Equations and Applications

Definition 1. A differential equation that involves only one independent variable
is called an ordinary differential equation (ODE). Those involving two or more
independent variables are called partial differential equations (PDEs). This chapter
will be concerned with ODEs only.
The subject of ODEs encompasses analytical, computational, and applicable
fields of interest. There are many textbooks written from the elementary to the
most advanced, with some focusing on applications and others concentrating on
existence theorems and rigorous methods of solution. This chapter is intended to
introduce the reader to all three branches of the subject.

Separable Differential Equations. Consider the differential equation

dx
(1.1) = f (t, x)
dt
and suppose that the function f (t, x) can be factored into a product f (t, x) =
g(t)h(x), where g(t) is a function of t and h(x) is a function of x. If f can be
factored in this way, then (1.1) can be solved by the method of separation of
variables.
To solve the equation, divide both sides by h(x) to obtain

1 dx
= g(t);
h(x) dt

integration with respect to t gives

 
1 dx
dt = g(t) dt.
h(x) dt

Changing the variables in the integral gives

 
dx
= g(t) dt.
h(x)

An analytic solution to (1.1) can be found only if both integrals can be evaluated.
The method can be illustrated with some simple examples.
Example 1. Solve the differential equation dx
dt = − xt .
Solution. The differential equation is separable. Separate the variables and inte-
grate both sides with respect to t. Therefore,
 
dx
x dt = − t dt,
dt
 1.1. Simple Differential Equations and Applications 19

and so
 
x dx = − t dt.

Integration of both sides yields

t 2 + x2 = r 2,

where r 2 is a constant. There are an infinite number of solutions. The solution

curves are concentric circles of radius r centered at the origin. There are an infinite
number of solution curves that would fill the plane if they were all plotted. Three
such solution curves are plotted in Figure 1.1. Note that, throughout the book,
[Maple] in the figure caption indicates that the Maple commands for plotting the
figure may be found at the end of the corresponding chapter.

2
x
1

–3 –2 –1 1 t 2 3
–1

–2

–3

Figure 1.1: [Maple] Three of an infinite number of solution curves for Example 1.

Example 2. Solve the differential equation dx

dt = − xt2 .
Solution. The differential equation is separable. Separate the variables and inte-
grate both sides with respect to t to give
 
x dx = t dt.
2

Integration of both sides yields

x3 t2
= + C,
3 2
where C is a constant. Six of an infinite number of solution curves are plotted in
Figure 1.2.
20 1. Differential Equations

x2

–4 –2 0 2 4
t
–2

–4

Figure 1.2: Six solution curves for Example 2.

Example 3. The population of a certain species of fish living in a large lake at

time t can be modeled using Verhulst’s equation, otherwise known as the logistic
equation,
dP
= P (β − δP ),
dt
where P (t) is the population of fish measured in tens of thousands and β and δ
are constants representing the birth and death rates of the fish living in the lake,
respectively. Suppose that β = 0.1, δ = 10−3 , and the initial population is 50×104 .
Solve this initial value problem and interpret the results in physical terms.
Solution. Using the methods of separation of variables gives
 
dP
= dt.
P (β − δP )
The solution to the integral on the left may be determined using partial fractions.
The general solution is
 
 P 
ln   = βt + C,
β − δP 
or
β
P (t) = ,
δ + kβe−βt
computed using Maple, where C and k are constants. Substituting the initial con-
ditions, the solution is
100
P (t) = .
1 + e−0.1t
 1.1. Simple Differential Equations and Applications 21

100

90

80
P
70

60

50
0 20 40 t 60 80 100

Figure 1.3: The solution curve for the initial value problem in Example 3. Note
that the axes would be scaled by 104 in applications.

Thus, as time increases, the population of fish tends to a value of 100 × 104 . The
solution curve is plotted in Figure 1.3.
Note the following:

• The quantity βδ is the ratio of births to deaths and is called the carrying
capacity of the environment.

• Take care when interpreting the solutions. This and similar continuous mod-
els only work for large species populations. The solutions give approximate
numbers. Even though time is continuous, the population size is not. For
example, you cannot have a fractional living fish, so population sizes have
to be rounded out to whole numbers in applications.

• Discrete models can also be applied to population dynamics (see Chapter 11).

Exact Differential Equations. A differential equation of the form

dx
(1.2) M(t, x) + N (t, x) =0
dt
is said to be exact if there exists a function, say, F (t, x), with continuous second
partial derivatives such that

∂F ∂F
= M(t, x) and = N (t, x).
∂t ∂x
22 1. Differential Equations

Such a function exists as long as

∂M ∂N
= ,
∂x ∂t

and then the solution to (1.2) satisfies the equation

F (t, x) = C,

where C is a constant. Differentiate this equation with respect to t to obtain (1.2).

Example 4. Solve the differential equation

dx 9 − 12t − 5x
= .
dt 5t + 2x − 4

Solution. In this case, M(t, x) = −9 + 12t + 5x and N (t, x) = 5t + 2x − 4. Now

∂M ∂N
= =5
∂x ∂t

and integration gives the solution F (t, x) = x 2 + 6t 2 + 5tx − 9t − 4x = C. There

are an infinite number of solution curves, some of which are shown in Figure 1.4.

4
x

0 1 2 3 4
t
–2

–4

–6

Figure 1.4: Some solution curves for Example 4.

 1.1. Simple Differential Equations and Applications 23

Homogeneous Differential Equations. Consider differential equations of the

form

dx x
(1.3) =f .
dt t

Substitute v = x
t into (1.3) to obtain

d
(vt) = f (v).
dt

Therefore,

dv
v+t = f (v),
dt
and so

dv f (v) − v
= ,
dt t
which is separable. A complete solution can be found as long as the equations are
integrable, and then v may be replaced with xt .

Example 5. Solve the differential equation

dx t −x
= .
dt t +x

Solution. The equation may be rewritten as

dx 1− x
(1.4) = t
.
dt 1+ x
t

Let v = xt . Then (1.4) becomes

dv 1 − 2v − v 2
= .
dt t (1 + v)

This is a separable differential equation. The general solution is given by

x 2 + 2tx − t 2 = C,

where C is a constant. Some solution curves are plotted in Figure 1.5.

24 1. Differential Equations

4 x

t
–4 –2 0 2 4

–2

–4

Figure 1.5: Some solution curves for Example 5.

Linear Differential Equations. Consider differential equations of the form

dx
(1.5) + P (t)x = Q(t).
dt
Recall from elementary calculus that multiplying through by an integrating factor,
say, J (t), (1.5) becomes
dx
(1.6) J + J P x = J Q.
dt
Find J such that (1.6) can be written as
d dx dJ
(J x) = J +x = J Q.
dt dt dt
In order to achieve this, set
dJ
= JP
dt
and integrate to get

J (t) = exp P (t) dt .

Thus, the solution to system (1.5) may be found by solving the differential equation
d
(J x) = J Q,
dt
as long as the right-hand side is integrable.
 1.1. Simple Differential Equations and Applications 25

Example 6. A chemical company pumps v liters (L) of solution containing mass

m grams (g) of solute into a large lake of volume V per day. The inflow and outflow
of the water is constant. Using the fact that the rate of change of concentration of
solute in the lake equals the rate at which solute enters minus the rate at which
it leaves, the concentration of solute in the lake, say, σ , satisfies the differential
equation
dσ v m
(1.7) + σ = .
dt V V
Determine the concentration of solute in the lake at time t assuming that σ = 0
when t = 0. What happens to the concentration in the long term?
Solution. This is a linear differential equation, and the integrating factor is given
by

v vt
J = exp dt = e V .
V
Multiply (1.7) by the integrating factor to obtain
d  vt vt m
eV σ = eV .
dt V
Integration gives
m
− ke− V ,
vt
σ (t) =
v
where k is a constant. Substituting the initial conditions, the final solution is
m
1 − e− V .
vt
σ (t) =
v
As t → ∞, the concentration settles to m
v gl−1 .

Series Solutions. Another very useful method for determining the solutions to
some ODEs is the series solution method. The basic idea is to seek a series solution
(assuming that the series converge) of the form
∞
x(t) = an (t − t0 )n ,
n=0

about the point t0 . The method holds for infinitely differentiable functions (i.e.,
functions that can be differentiated as often as desired) and is outlined using two
simple examples.
Example 7. Determine a series solution to the initial value problem
dx
(1.8) + tx = t 3 ,
dt
given that x(0) = 1.
26 1. Differential Equations

∞
Solution. Given that t0 = 0, set x(t) = n
n=0 an t . Substituting into (1.8) gives
∞
 ∞

nan t n−1 + t an t n = t 3 .
n=1 n=0
Combining the terms into a single series,
∞
a1 + ((n + 1)an+1 + an−1 ) t n = t 3 .
n=1
Equating coefficients gives
a1 = 0, 2a2 + a0 = 0, 3a3 + a1 = 0, 4a4 + a2 = 1, 5a5 + a3 = 0, . . .
and solving these equations gives a2n+1 = 0, for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
a0 1 − a2
a2 = − , a4 = ,
2 4
and
a2n−2
a2n = − ,
2n
where n = 3, 4, 5, . . . . Based on the assumption that x(t) = ∞ n
n=0 an t , substi-
tuting x(0) = 1 gives a0 = 1. Hence, the series solution to the ODE (1.8) is
∞
1 3 1 1 1 3 2n
x(t) = 1 − t 2 + t 4 + (−1)n ... t .
2 8 (2n) (2n − 2) 68
n=3
Note that the analytic solution can be found in this case and is equal to
t2
x(t) = −2 + t 2 + 3e− 2 ,
which is equivalent to the series solution above.
Example 8. Consider the van der Pol equation given by
d 2x  dx
(1.9) + 2 x2 − 1 + x = 0,
dt 2 dt
where x(0) = 5 and ẋ(0) = 0. Use Maple to plot a numerical solution against a
series solution up to order 6 near the point x(0) = 5.
Solution. Using Maple, the series solution is computed to be
5 11515 4 9183 5
x(t) = 5 − t 2 + 40t 3 − t + t + O(t 6 ).
2 24 2
Figure 1.6 shows the truncated series and numerical solutions for the ODE (1.9)
near x(0) = 5. The Maple commands are listed at the end of the chapter. The
upper curve is the truncated series approximation that diverges quite quickly away
from the numerical solution. Of course, one must also take care that the numerical
solution is correct.
 1.2. Applications to Chemical Kinetics 27

Figure 1.6: [Maple] Numerical and truncated series solutions for the van der Pol
equation (1.9) near x(0) = 5.

1.2 Applications to Chemical Kinetics

Even the simplest chemical reactions can be highly complex and difficult to model.
Physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, and mixing, for example, are
ignored in this text, and differential equations are constructed that are dependent
only on the concentrations of the chemicals involved in the reaction. This is po-
tentially a very difficult subject and some assumptions have to be made to make
progress.
The Chemical Law of Mass Action. The rates at which the concentrations of the
various chemical species change with time are proportional to their concentrations.
Consider the simple chemical reaction

aA + bB → cC,

where a, b, and c are the stoichiometric coefficients, A and B are the reactants,
and C is the product. The rate of reaction, say, r, is given by
change in concentration
r= .
change in time
For this simple example,
1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[C]
r=− =− = ,
a dt b dt c dt
where [A], [B], and [C] represents the concentrations of A, B, and C, respectively.
Consider the following example, where one molecule of hydrogen reacts with
one molecule of oxygen to produce two molecules of hydroxyl (OH):

H2 + O2 → 2OH.
28 1. Differential Equations

Suppose that the concentration of hydrogen is [H2 ] and the concentration of oxygen
is [O2 ]. Then from the chemical law of mass action, the rate equation is given by

Rate = k[H2 ][O2 ],

where k is called the rate constant, and the reaction rate equation is
d[OH]
= 2k[H2 ][O2 ].
dt
Unfortunately, it is not possible to write down the reaction rate equations based
on the stoichiometric (balanced) chemical equations alone. There may be many
mechanisms involved in producing OH from hydrogen and oxygen in the above
example. Even simple chemical equations can involve a large number of steps and
different rate constants. Suppose in this text that the chemical equations give the
rate-determining steps.
Suppose that species A, B, C, and D have concentrations a(t), b(t), c(t), and
d(t) at time t and initial concentrations a0 , b0 , c0 , and d0 , respectively. Table 1.1
lists some reversible chemical reactions and one of the corresponding reaction rate
equations, where kf and kr are the forward and reverse rate constants, respectively.
Example 9. A reaction equation for sulfate and hydrogen ions to form bisulfite
ions is given by
+ −
SO2−
3 + H
HSO3 ,
where kf and kr are the forward and reverse rate constants, respectively. Denote
+ −
the concentrations by a = [SO2− 3 ], b = [H ], and c = [HSO3 ], and let the initial
concentrations be a0 , b0 , and c0 . Assume that there is much more of species H+
than the other two species, so that its concentration b can be regarded as constant.
The reaction rate equation for c(t) is given by
dc
= kf (a0 − c)b − kr (c0 + c).
dt
Find a general solution for c(t).
Solution. The differential equation is separable and
 
dc
= dt.
kf (a0 − c)b − kr (c0 + c)
Integration yields
kf a0 b − kr c0 k r c0
c(t) = − + Ae(−kf a0 −kr )t ,
kf b + k r kf b + k r

where A is a constant.
 1.2. Applications to Chemical Kinetics 29

Table 1.1: One of the possible reaction rate equations for each chemical reaction.
Chemical reaction The reaction rate equation for one species
may be expressed as follows:

dc
A+B → C = kf ab = kf (a0 − c)(b0 − c)
dt

db
2A
B = kf (a0 − 2b)2 − kr b
dt

db b
A
2B = kf a0 − − kr b 2
dt 2

dc
A
B+C = kf (a0 − c) − kr (b0 + c)(c0 + c)
dt

dc
A+B
C = kf (a0 − c)(b0 − c) − kr c
dt

dc
A+B
C+D = kf (a0 − c)(b0 − c) − kr (c0 + c)(d0 + c)
dt

Example 10. The chemical equation for the reaction between nitrous oxide and
oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide at 25◦ C,
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
obeys the law of mass action. The rate equation is given by
dc  c
= k(a0 − c)2 b0 − ,
dt 2
where c = [NO2 ] is the concentration of nitrogen dioxide, k is the rate constant, a0
is the initial concentration of NO, and b0 is the initial concentration of O2 . Find the
concentration of nitrogen dioxide after time t given that k = 0.00713 l2 M−2 s−1 ,
a0 = 4 Ml−1 , b0 = 1 Ml−1 , and c(0) = 0 Ml−1 .
Solution. The differential equation is separable and
 
dc
= k dt.
(4 − c)2 (1 − c/2)
30 1. Differential Equations

Integrating using partial fractions gives

1 1 1 1 1
kt = + ln |c − 4| − ln |c − 2| + − ln 2.
c−4 2 2 4 2
It is not possible to obtain c(t) explicitly, so numerical methods are employed
using Maple. The concentration of nitrogen dioxide levels off at 2 Ml−1 as time
increases, as depicted in Figure 1.7.

2.6
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
c(t)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 100 200 300 400
t

Figure 1.7: [Maple] The concentration of NO2 in moles per liter against time in
seconds.

Chemical reactions displaying periodic behavior will be dealt with in Chap-

ter 7. There may be a wide range of timescales involved in chemical reactions
and this can lead to stiff systems. Loosely speaking, a stiff system of differential
equations is one in which the velocity or magnitude of the vector field changes
rapidly in phase space. Examples are presented in Sections 0.3 and 7.6.

1.3 Applications to Electric Circuits

For many years, differential equations have been applied to model simple electrical
and electronic circuits. If an oscilloscope is connected to the circuit, then the results
from the analysis can be seen to match very well with what happens physically. As
a simple introduction to electric circuits, linear systems will be considered in this
chapter and the basic definitions and theory will be introduced.

Current and Voltage. The current I flowing through a conductor is proportional

to the number of positive charge carriers that pass a given point per second. The
 1.3. Applications to Electric Circuits 31

unit of current is the ampere A. A coulomb is defined to be the amount of charge

that flows through a cross section of wire in 1 second when a current of 1A is
flowing, so 1 amp is 1 coulomb per second. As the current passes through a circuit
element, the charge carriers exchange energy with the circuit elements, and there is
a voltage drop or potential difference measured in joules per coulomb, or volts V .
Consider simple electric circuits consisting of voltage sources, resistors, in-
ductors, and capacitors, or RLC circuits. A series RLC circuit is shown schemat-
ically in Figure 1.8. The voltage drop across a resistor and the current flowing
through it are related by Ohm’s Law.

E L

Figure 1.8: Schematic of a simple RLC series circuit.

Ohm’s Law. The voltage drop V across a resistor is proportional to the current I
flowing through it:

V = I R,
where R is the resistance of the resistor measured in ohms ().
A changing electric current can create a changing magnetic field that induces
a voltage drop across a circuit element, such as a coil.
Faraday’s Law. The voltage drop across an inductor is proportional to the rate of
change of the current:
dI
V =L ,
dt
where L is the inductance of the inductor measured in henries (H ).
A capacitor consists of two plates insulated by some medium. When con-
nected to a voltage source, charges of opposite sign build up on the two plates, and
the total charge on the capacitor is given by
 t
q(t) = q0 + I (s) ds,
t0
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
exclusively, in seeking who should be earliest in importing from
London what was newest and most fashionable in attire; or in vying
with each other in giving and receiving splendid repasts; and in
struggling to make their every rotation become more and more
luxurious.
By no means was this love of frippery, or feebleness of character
among the females, peculiar to Lynn: such, ALMOST[12] universally,
is the inheritance bequeathed from mother to daughter in small
towns at a distance from the metropolis; where there are few
suspensive subjects or pursuits of interest, ambition, or literature,
that can enlist either imagination or instruction into conversation.
That men, when equally removed from the busy turmoils of cities, or
the meditative studies of retirement, to such circumscribed spheres,
should manifest more vigour of mind, may not always be owing to
possessing it; but rather to their escaping, through the calls of
business, that inertness which casts the females upon themselves:
for though many are the calls more refined than those of business,
there are few that more completely do away with insignificancy.
In the state, however, in which Lynn then was found, Lynn will be
found no longer. The tide of ignorance is turned; and not there
alone, nor alone in any other small town, but in every village, every
hamlet, nay, every cottage in the kingdom; and though mental
cultivation is as slowly gradual, and as precarious of circulation, as
Genius, o’erleaping all barriers, and disdaining all auxiliaries, is rapid
and decisive, still the work of general improvement is advancing so
universally, that the dark ages which are rolling away, would soon be
lost even to man’s joy at their extirpation, but for the retrospective
and noble services of the press, through which their memory—if only
to be blasted—must live for ever.
There were two exceptions, nevertheless, to this stagnation of
female merit, that were flowing with pellucid clearness.
The first, Mrs. Stephen Allen, has already been mentioned. She was
the wife of a wine-merchant of considerable fortune, and of a very
worthy character. She was the most celebrated beauty of Lynn, and
might have been so of a much larger district, for her beauty was
high, commanding, and truly uncommon: and her understanding
bore the same description. She had wit at will; spirits the most
vivacious and entertaining; and, from a passionate fondness for
reading, she had collected stores of knowledge which she was
always able, and “nothing loath” to display; and which raised her to
as marked a pre-eminence over her townswomen in literary
acquirements, as she was raised to exterior superiority from her
personal charms.
The other exception, Miss Dorothy Young, was of a different
description. She was not only denied beauty either of face or person,
but in the first she had various unhappy defects, and in the second
she was extremely deformed.
Here, however, ends all that can be said in her disfavour; for her
mind was the seat of every virtue that occasion could call into use;
and her disposition had a patience that no provocation could even
momentarily subdue; though her feelings were so sensitive, that
tears started into her eyes at every thing she either saw or heard of
mortal sufferings, or of mortal unkindness—to any human creature
but herself.
It may easily be imagined that this amiable Dorothy Young, and the
elegant and intellectual Mrs. Allen, were peculiar and deeply
attached friends.
When a professional call brought Mr. Burney and his wife to this
town, that accomplished couple gave a new zest to rational, as well
as a new spring to musical, society. Mr. Burney, between business
and conviviality, immediately visited almost every house in the
county; but his wife, less easily known, because necessarily more
domestic, began her Lynn career almost exclusively with Mrs. Allen
and Dolly Young, and proved to both an inestimable treasure; Mrs.
Allen generously avowing that she set up Mrs. Burney as a model for
her own mental improvement; and Dolly Young becoming
instinctively the most affectionate, as well as most cultivated of Mrs.
Burney’s friends; and with an attachment so fervent and so sincere,
that she took charge of the little family upon every occasion of its
increase during the nine or ten years of the Lynn residence.[13]
With regard to the extensive neighbourhood, Mr. Burney had soon
nothing left to desire in hospitality, friendship, or politeness; and
here, as heretofore, he scarcely ever entered a house upon terms of
business, without leaving it upon those of intimacy.
The first mansions to which, naturally, his curiosity pointed, and at
which his ambition aimed, were those two magnificent structures
which stood loftily pre-eminent over all others in the county of
Norfolk, Holcomb and Haughton; though neither the nobleness of
their architecture, the grandeur of their dimensions, nor the vast
expense of their erection, bore any sway in their celebrity, that could
compare with what, at that period, they owed to the arts of
sculpture and of painting.

HOLCOMB.
At Holcomb, the superb collection of statues, as well as of pictures,
could not fail to soon draw thither persons of such strong native
taste for all the arts as Mr. Burney and his wife; though, as there
were, at that time, which preceded the possession of that fine
mansion by the Cokes, neither pupils nor a Male chief, no intercourse
beyond that of the civilities of reception on a public day, took place
with Mr. Burney and the last very ancient lady of the house of
Leicester, to whom Holcomb then belonged.
 HAUGHTON HALL.
boasted, at that period, a collection of pictures that not only every
lover of painting, but every British patriot in the arts, must lament
that it can boast no longer.[14]
It had, however, in the heir and grandson of its founder, Sir Robert
Walpole, first Earl of Orford, a possessor of the most liberal cast; a
patron of arts and artists; munificent in promoting the prosperity of
the first, and blending pleasure with recompense to the second, by
the frank equality with which he treated all his guests; and the ease
and freedom with which his unaffected good-humour and good
sense cheered, to all about him, his festal board.
Far, nevertheless, from meriting unqualified praise was this noble
peer; and his moral defects, both in practice and example, were as
dangerous to the neighbourhood, of which he ought to have been
the guide and protector, as the political corruption of his famous
progenitor, the statesman, had been hurtful to probity and virtue, in
the courtly circles of his day, by proclaiming, and striving to bring to
proof, his nefarious maxim, “that every man has his price.”
At the head of Lord Orford’s table was placed, for the reception of
his visitors, a person whom he denominated simply “Patty;” and that
so unceremoniously, that all the most intimate of his associates
addressed her by the same free appellation.
Those, however, if such there were, who might conclude from this
degrading familiarity, that the Patty of Lord Orford was “every body’s
Patty,” must soon have been undeceived, if tempted to make any
experiment upon such a belief. The peer knew whom he trusted,
though he rewarded not the fidelity in which he confided; but the
fond, faulty Patty loved him with a blindness of passion, that hid
alike from her weak perceptions, her own frailties, and his
seductions.
In all, save that blot, which, on earth, must to a female be ever
indelible, Patty was good, faithful, kind, friendly, and praise-worthy.
The table of Lord Orford, then commonly called Arthur’s Round
Table, assembled in its circle all of peculiar merit that its
neighbourhood, or rather that the county produced, to meet there
the great, the renowned, and the splendid, who, from their various
villas, or the metropolis, visited Haughton Hall.
Mr. Burney was soon one of those whom the penetrating peer
selected for a general invitation to his repasts; and who here, as at
Wilbury House, formed sundry intimacies, some of which were
enjoyed by him nearly through life. Particularly must be mentioned
Mr. Hayes, who was a scholar, a man of sense, and a passionate
lover of books and of prints. He had a great and pleasant turn for
humour, and a fondness and facility for rhyming so insatiable and
irrepressible, that it seemed, like Strife in Spencer’s Faerie Queene,
to be always seeking occasion.
Yet, save in speaking of that propensity, Strife and John Hayes ought
never to come within the same sentence; for in character,
disposition, and conduct, he was a compound of benevolence and
liberality.
There was a frankness of so unusual a cast, and a warmth of
affection, that seemed so glowing from the heart, in Mr. Hayes for
Lord Orford; joined to so strong a resemblance in face and feature,
that a belief, if not something beyond, prevailed, that Mr. Hayes was
a natural son of Sir Robert Walpole, the first Earl of Orford, and,
consequently, a natural uncle of his Lordship’s grandson.

RAINHAM.
To name the several mansions that called for, or welcomed, Mr.
Burney, would almost be to make a Norfolk Register. At Rainham
Castle he was full as well received by its master, General Lord
Townshend, as a guest, as by its lady, the Baroness de Frerrars in
her own right, for an instructor; the lady being natively cold and
quiet, though well bred and sensible; while the General was warm-
hearted, witty, and agreeable; and conceived a liking for Mr. Burney,
that was sustained, with only added regard, through all his lordship’s
various elevations.

FELBRIG.
But there was no villa to which he resorted with more certainty of
finding congenial pleasure, than to Felbrig, where he began an
acquaintance of highest esteem and respect with Mr. Windham,
father of the Right Honourable Privy Counsellor and orator; with
whom, also, long afterwards, he became still more closely
connected; and who proved himself just the son that so erudite and
elegant a parent would have joyed to have reared, had he lived to
behold the distinguished rank in the political and in the learned
world to which that son rose; and the admiration which he excited,
and the pleasure which he expanded in select society.

WILLIAM BEWLEY.
A name next comes forward that must not briefly be glided by; that
of William Bewley; a man for whom Mr. Burney felt the most
enlightened friendship that the sympathetic magnetism of similar
tastes, humours, and feelings, could inspire.
Mr. Bewley was truly a philosopher, according to the simplest,
though highest, acceptation of that word; for his love of wisdom was
of that unsophisticated species, that regards learning, science, and
knowledge, with whatever delight they may be pursued abstractedly,
to be wholly subservient, collectively, to the duties and practice of
benevolence.
To this nobleness of soul, which made the basis of his character, he
superadded a fund of wit equally rare, equally extraordinary: it was a
wit that sparkled from the vivid tints of an imagination as pure as it
was bright; untarnished by malice, uninfluenced by spleen,
uninstigated by satire. It was playful, original, eccentric: but the
depth with which it could have cut, and slashed, and pierced around
him, would never have been even surmised, from the urbanity with
which he forbore making that missile use of its power, had he not
frequently darted out its keenest edge in ridicule against himself.
And not alone in this personal severity did he resemble the self-
unsparing Scarron; his outside, though not deformed, was peculiarly
unfortunate; and his eyes, though announcing, upon examination,
something of his mind, were ill-shaped, and ill set in his head, and
singularly small; and no other feature parried this local
disproportion; for his mouth, and his under-jaw, which commonly
hung open, were displeasing to behold.
The first sight, however, which of so many is the best, was of Mr.
Bewley, not only the worst, but the only bad; for no sooner, in the
most squeamish, was the revolted eye turned away, than the
attracted ear, even of the most fastidious, brought it back, to listen
to genuine instruction conveyed through unexpected pleasantry.
This original and high character, was that of an obscure surgeon of
Massingham, a small town in the neighbourhood of Haughton Hall.
He had been brought up with no advantages, but what laborious toil
had worked out of native abilities; and he only subsisted by the
ordinary process of rigidly following up the multifarious calls to
which, in its provincial practice, his widely diversified profession is
amenable.
Yet not wholly in “the desert air,” were his talents doomed to be
wasted: they were no sooner spoken of at Haughton Hall, than the
gates of that superb mansion were spontaneously flung open, and
its Chief proved at once, and permanently remained, his noble
patron and kind friend.

LYNN REGIS.
The visits of Mr. Burney to Massingham, and his attachment to its
philosopher, contributed, more than any other connection, to
stimulate that love and pursuit of knowledge, that urge its votaries
to snatch from waste or dissipation those fragments of time, which,
by the general herd of mankind, are made over to Lethe, for
reading; learning languages; composing music; studying sciences;
fathoming the theoretical and mathematical depths of his own art;
and seeking at large every species of intelligence to which either
chance or design afforded him any clew.
As he could wait upon his country pupils only on horseback, he
purchased a mare that so exactly suited his convenience and his
wishes, in sure-footedness, gentleness and sagacity, that she soon
seemed to him a part of his family: and the welfare and comfort of
Peggy became, ere long, a matter of kind interest to all his house.
On this mare he studied Italian; for, obliged to go leisurely over the
cross roads with which Norfolk then abounded, and which were
tiresome from dragging sands, or dangerous from deep ruts in clay,
half his valuable time would have been lost in nothingness, but for
his trust in Peggy; who was as careful in safely picking her way, as
she was adroit in remembering from week to week whither she was
meant to go.
Her master, at various odd moments, and from various opportunities,
had compressed, from the best Italian Dictionaries, every word of
the Italian language into a small octavo volume; and from this in one
pocket, and a volume of Dante, Petrarch, Tasso, Ariosto, or
Metastasio, in another, he made himself completely at home in that
language of elegance and poetry.
His common-place book, at this period, rather merits the appellation
of uncommon, from the assiduous research it manifests, to illustrate
every sort of information, by extracts, abstracts, strictures, or
descriptions, upon the almost universality of subject-matter which it
contains.
It is without system or method; he had no leisure to put it into
order; yet it is possible, he might owe to his familiar recurrence to
that desultory assemblage of unconcocted materials, the general and
striking readiness with which he met at once almost every topic of
discourse.
This manuscript of scraps, drawn from reading and observation,
was, like his Italian Dictionary, always in his great-coat pocket, when
he travelled; so that if unusually rugged roads, or busied haste,
impeded more regular study, he was sure, in opening promiscuously
his pocket collection of odds and ends, to come upon some remark
worth weighing; some point of science on which to ruminate; some
point of knowledge to fix in his memory; or something amusing,
grotesque, or little known, that might recreate his fancy.

THE GREVILLES.
Meanwhile, he had made too real an impression on the affections of
his first friends, to let absence of sight produce absence of mind.
With Mr. and Mrs. Greville he was always in correspondence; though,
of course, neither frequently nor punctually, now that his
engagements were so numerous, his obligations to fulfil them so
serious, and that his own fireside was so bewitchingly in harmony
with his feelings, as to make every moment he passed away from it
a sacrifice.
He expounds his new situation and new devoirs, in reply to a letter
that had long been unanswered, of Mr. Greville’s, from the
Continent, with a sincerity so ingenuous that, though it is in rhyme,
it is here inserted biographically.

“TO FULK GREVILLE, ESQ., AT PARIS.

 “Hence, ‘loathed business,’ which so long
Has plunged me in the toiling throng.
Forgive, dear Sir! and gentle Madam!
A drudging younger son of Adam,
Who’s forc’d from morn to night to labor
Or at the pipe, or at the tabor:
Nor has he hope ’twill e’er be o’er
Till landed on some kinder shore;
Some more propitious star, whose rays
Benign, may cheer his future days.
Ah, think for rest how he must pant
Whose life’s the summer of an ant!
With grief o’erwhelm’d, the wretched Abel[15]
Is dumb as architect of Babel.
—Three months of sullen silence—seem
With black ingratitude to teem;
As if my heart were made of stone
Which kindness could not work upon;
Or benefits e’er sit enshrin’d
Within the precincts of my mind.
But think not so, dear Sir! my crime
Proceeds alone from want of time.
No more a giddy youth, and idle,
Without a curb, without a bridle,
Who frisk’d about like colt unbroke,
And life regarded as a joke.—
No!—different duties now are mine;
Nor do I at my cares repine:
With naught to think of but myself
I little heeded worldly pelf;
But now, alert I act and move
For others whom I better love.
Should you refuse me absolution,
Condemning my new institution,
’Twould chill at once my heart and zeal
For this my little commonweal.—
O give my peace not such a stab!
Nor slay—as Cain did—name-sake Nab.

This prologue first premis’d in hopes

 This prologue first premis d, in hopes
Such figures, metaphors, and tropes
For pardon will not plead in vain,
We’ll now proceed in lighter strain.

The epistle then goes on to strictures frank and honest, though

softened off by courteous praise and becoming diffidence, on a
manuscript poem of Mr. Greville’s, that had been confidentially
transmitted to Lynn, for the private opinion and critical judgment of
Mr. Burney.
Mr. Greville, now, was assuming a new character—that of an author;
and he printed a work which he had long had in agitation, entitled
“Maxims, Characters, and Reflections, Moral, Serious, and
Entertaining;” a title that seemed to announce that England, in its
turn, was now to produce, in a man of family and fashion, a La
Bruyere, or a La Rochefoucaul. And Mr. Greville, in fact, waited for a
similar fame with dignity rather than anxiety, because with
expectation unclogged by doubt.
With Mrs. Greville, also, Mr. Burney kept up an equal, or more than
equal, intercourse, for their minds were invariably in unison.
The following copy remains of a burlesque rhyming billet-doux,
written by Mr. Burney in his old dramatic character of Will Fribble,
and addressed to Mrs. Greville in that of Miss Biddy Bellair, upon her
going abroad.

“WILLIAM FRIBBLE, ESQ.

“TO HER WHO WAS ONCE MISS BIDDY BELLAIR.
“Greeting.
 “No boisterous hackney coachman clown,
No frisky fair nymph of the town
E’er wore so insolent a brow
As Captain Flash, since Hymen’s vow
To him in silken bonds has tied
So sweet, so fair, so kind a bride.
Well! curse me, now, if I can bear it!—
Though to his face I’d not declare it—
To think that you should take a dance
With such a roister into France;
And leave poor Will in torturing anguish
To sigh and pine, to grieve and languish.
’Twas—let me tell you, Ma’am—quite cruel!
Though Jack and I shall fight a duel
If ever he to England come
And does not skulk behind a drum.
But—apropos to coming over,
I hope you soon will land at Dover
That I may fly, more swift than hawk,
With you to have some serus talk.
The while, how great will be my bliss
Should you but deign to let me kiss—
O may these ardent vows prevail!—
Your little finger’s vermeil nail!
Who am,
Till direful death to dust shall crumble,
My dearest cretur! yours,

most humble,
“Will Fribble.”

Mrs. Greville, too, had commenced being an author; but without

either the throes of pain or the joys of hope. It was, in fact, a burst
of genius emanating from a burst of sorrow, which found an
alleviating vent in a supplication to Indifference.
This celebrated ode was no sooner seen than it was hailed with a
blaze of admiration, that passed first from friend to friend; next from
newspapers to magazines; and next to every collection of fugitive
pieces of poetry in the English language.[16]
The constant friendship that subsisted between this lady and Mr.
Burney bad been cemented after his marriage, by the grateful
pleasure with which he saw his chosen partner almost instantly
included in it by a triple bond. The quick-sighted, and quick-feeling
author of that sensitive ode, needed nor time nor circumstance for
animating her perception of such merit as deserved a place in her
heart; which had not, at that early period, become a suppliant for
the stoical composure with which her wounded sensibility sought
afterwards to close its passage.
She had first seen the fair Esther in the dawning bloom of youthful
wedded love, while new-born happiness enlivened her courage,
embellished her beauty, and enabled her to do honour to the choice
of her happy husband; who stood so high in the favour of Mrs.
Greville, that the sole aim of that lady, in the opening of the
acquaintance, had been his gratification; aided, perhaps, by a
natural curiosity, which attaches itself to the sight of any object who
has inspired an extraordinary passion.
Far easier to conceive than to delineate was the rapture of the
young bridegroom when, upon a meeting that, unavoidably, must
have been somewhat tremendous, he saw the exertions of his lovely
bride to substitute serenity for bashfulness; and read, in the piercing
eyes of Mrs. Greville, the fullest approbation of such native self-
possession.
From that time all inferiority of worldly situation was counteracted by
intellectual equality.[17]
But the intercourse had for several years been interrupted from the
Grevilles living abroad. It was renewed, however, upon their return
to England; and the Burneys, with their eldest daughter,[18] visited
Wilbury House upon every vacation that allowed time to Mr. Burney
for the excursion. And every fresh meeting increased the zest for
another. They fell into the same train of observation upon
characters, things, and books; and enjoyed, with the same gaiety of
remark, all humorous incidents, and all traits of characteristic
eccentricity. Mrs. Greville began a correspondence with Mrs. Burney
the most open and pleasantly communicative. But no letters of Mrs.
Burney remain; and two only of Mrs. Greville have been preserved.
These two, however, demonstrate all that has been said of the terms
and the trust of their sociality.[19]

DOCTOR JOHNSON.
How singularly Mr. Burney merited encouragement himself, cannot
more aptly be exemplified than by portraying the genuine ardour
with which he sought to stimulate the exertions of genius in others,
and to promote their golden as well as literary laurels.
Mr. Burney was one of the first and most fervent admirers of those
luminous periodical essays upon morals, literature, and human
nature, that adorned the eighteenth century, and immortalized their
author, under the vague and inadequate titles of the Rambler and
the Idler. He took them both in; he read them to all his friends; and
was the first to bring them to a bookish little coterie that assembled
weekly at Mrs. Stephen Allen’s. And the charm expanded over these
meetings, by the original lecture of these refined and energetic
lessons of life, conduct, and opinions, when breathed through the
sympathetic lips of one who felt every word with nearly the same
force with which every word had been dictated, excited in that small
auditory a species of enthusiasm for the author, that exalted him at
once in their ideas, to that place which the general voice of his
country has since assigned him, of the first writer of the age.
Mr. Bewley more than joined in this literary idolatry; and the works,
the character, and the name of Dr. Johnson, were held by him in a
reverence nearly enthusiastic.
At Haughton, at Felbrig, at Rainham, at Sir A. Wodehouse’s, at Major
Mackenzie’s, and wherever his judgment had weight, Mr. Burney
introduced and recommended these papers. And when, in 1755, the
plan of Dr. Johnson’s Dictionary reached Norfolk, Mr. Burney, by the
zeal with which he spread the fame of that lasting monument of the
Doctor’s matchless abilities, was enabled to collect orders for a
Norfolk packet of half a dozen copies of that noble work.
This empowered him to give some vent to his admiration; and the
following letter made the opening to a connection that he always
considered as one of the greatest honours of his life.[20]

Mr. Burney to Mr. Johnson.

“Sir,
“Though I have never had the happiness of a personal knowledge of you,
I cannot think myself wholly a stranger to a man with whose sentiments I
have so long been acquainted; for it seems to me as if the writer, who
was sincere, had effected the plan of that philosopher who wished men
had windows at their breasts, through which the affections of their hearts
might be viewed.
“It is with great self-denial that I refrain from giving way to panegyric in
speaking of the pleasure and instruction I have received from your
admirable writings; but knowing that transcendent merit shrinks more at
praise, than either vice or dulness at [Pg 120] censure, I shall compress
my encomiums into a short compass, and only tell you that I revere your
principles and integrity, in not prostituting your genius, learning, and
knowledge of the human heart, in ornamenting vice or folly with those
beautiful flowers of language due only to wisdom and virtue. I must add,
that your periodical productions seem to me models of true genius, useful
learning, and elegant diction, employed in the service of the purest
precepts of religion, and the most inviting morality.
“I shall waive any further gratification of my wish to tell you, Sir, how
much I have been delighted by your productions, and proceed to the
business of this letter; which is no other than to beg the favour of you to
 inform me, by the way that will give you the least trouble, when, and in
what manner, your admirably planned, and long wished-for Dictionary will
be published? If it should be by subscription, or you should have any
books at your own disposal, I shall beg of you to favour me with six
copies for myself and friends, for which I will send you a draft.
“I ought to beg pardon of the public as well as yourself, Sir, for detaining
you thus long from your useful labours; but it is the fate of men of
eminence to be persecuted by insignificant friends as well as enemies;
and the simple cur who barks through fondness and affection, is no less
troublesome than if stimulated by anger and aversion.
“I hope, however, that your philosophy will incline you to forgive the
intemperance of my zeal and impatience in making these inquiries; as well
as my ambition to subscribe myself, with very great regard,
“Sir, your sincere admirer, and most humble servant,
“Charles Burney.”
“Lynn Regis, 16th Feb. 1755.”

Within two months of the date of this letter, its writer was honoured
with the following answer.

“To Mr. Burney, in Lynn Regis, Norfolk.

“Sir,
“If you imagine that by delaying my answer I intended to shew any
neglect of the notice with which you have favoured me, you will neither
think justly of yourself nor of me. Your civilities were offered with too
much elegance not to engage attention; and I have too much pleasure in
pleasing men like you, not to feel very sensibly the distinction which you
have bestowed upon me.
“Few consequences of my endeavours to please or to benefit mankind,
have delighted me more than your friendship thus voluntarily offered;
which, now I have it, I hope to keep, because I hope to continue to
deserve it.
“I have no Dictionaries to dispose of for myself; but shall be glad to have
you direct your friends to Mr. Dodsley, because it was by his
recommendation that I was employed in the work.
 “When you have leisure to think again upon me, let me be favoured with
another letter, and another yet, when you have looked into my Dictionary.
If you find faults, I shall endeavour to mend them: if you find none, I shall
think you blinded by kind partiality: but to have made you partial in his
favour will very much gratify the ambition of,
“Sir,
“Your most obliged
“And most humble servant,
“Sam. Johnson.”
“Gough-square, Fleet-street,
“April 8, 1755.”

A reply so singularly encouraging, demanding “another letter,” and

yet “another,” raised the spirits, and flattered the hopes—it might
almost be said the foresight—of Mr. Burney, with a prospect of future
intimacy, that instigated the following unaffected answer.

“Sir,
“That you should think my letter worthy of notice was what I began to
despair of; and, indeed, I had framed and admitted several reasons for
your silence, more than sufficient for your exculpation. But so highly has
your politeness overrated my intentions, that I find it impossible for me to
resist accepting the invitation with which you have honoured me, of
writing to you again, though conscious that I have nothing to offer that
can by any means merit your attention.
“It is with the utmost impatience that I await the possession of your great
work, in which every literary difficulty will he solved, and curiosity
gratified, at least as far as English literature is concerned: nor am I fearful
of letting expectation rise to the highest summit in which she can
accompany reason.
“From what you are pleased to say concerning Mr. Dodsley, I shall ever
think myself much his debtor; but yet I cannot help suspecting that you
intended him a compliment when you talked of recommendation. Is it
possible that the world should be so blind, or booksellers so stupid, as to
need other recommendation than your own? Indeed, I shall honour both,
world and booksellers, so far as to substitute solicitation in the place of
the above humiliating term.

“Perhaps you will smile when I inform you, that since first the rumour of
your Dictionary’s coming abroad this winter was spread, I have been
supposed to be marvellously deep in politics: not a sun has set since the
above time without previously lighting me to the coffee-house; nor risen,
without renewing my curiosity. But time, the great revealer of secrets, has
at length put an end to my solicitude; for, if there be truth in book men, I
can now, by cunning calculation, foretell the day and hour when it will
arrive at Lynn.
“If, which is probable, I should fix my future abode in London, I cannot
help rejoicing that I shall then be an inhabitant of the same town, and
exulting that I shall then be a fellow citizen with Mr. Johnson; and were it
possible I could be honoured with a small share of his esteem, I should
regard it as the most grateful circumstance of my life. And—shall I add,
that I have a female companion, whose intellects are sufficiently
masculine to enter into the true spirit of your writings, and, consequently,
to have an enthusiastic zeal for them and their author? How happy would
your presence make us over our tea, so often meliorated by your
productions!
“If, in the mean time, your avocations would permit you to bestow a line
or two upon me, without greatly incommoding yourself, it would
communicate the highest delight to
“Sir,
“Your most obedient,
“And most humble servant,

“Chas. Burney.”
“Have you, Sir, ever met with a little French book, entitled, ‘Synonimes
François, par M. l’Abbé Girard?’ I am inclined to imagine, if you have not
seen it, that it would afford you, as [Pg 124] a philologer, some pleasure,
it being written with great spirit, and, I think, accuracy: but I should
rejoice to have my opinion either confirmed or corrected by yours. If you
should find any difficulty in procuring the book, mine is wholly at your
service.”
“Lynn Regis, April 14th, 1755.”
To this letter there was little chance of any answer, the demanded
“another,” relative to the Dictionary, being still due.
That splendid, and probably, from any single intellect, unequalled
work, for vigour of imagination and knowledge amidst the depths of
erudition, came out in 1756. And, early in 1757, Mr. Burney paid his
faithful homage to its author.

“To Mr. Johnson, Gough-square.

“Sir,
“Without exercising the greatest self-denial, I should not have been able
thus long to withhold from you my grateful acknowledgments for the
delight and instruction you have afforded me by means of your admirable
Dictionary—a work, I believe, not yet equalled in any language; for, not to
mention the accuracy, precision, and elegance of the definitions, the
illustrations of words are so judiciously and happily selected as to render it
a repository, and, I had almost said, universal register of whatever is
sublime or beautiful in English literature. In looking for words, we
constantly find things. The road, [Pg 125] indeed, to the former, is so
flowery as not to be travelled with speed, at least by me, who find it
impossible to arrive at the intelligence I want, without bating by the way,
and revelling in collateral entertainment. Were I to express all that I think
upon this subject, your Dictionary would be stript of a great part of its
furniture: but as praise is never gratefully received by the justly deserving
till a deduction is first made of the ignorance or partiality of him who
bestows it, I shall support my opinion by a passage from a work of
reputation among our neighbours, which, if it have not yet reached you, I
shall rejoice at being the first to communicate, in hopes of augmenting
the satisfaction arising from honest fame, and a conviction of having
conferred benefits on mankind: well knowing with how parsimonious and
niggard a hand men administer comfort of the kind to modest merit.

“‘Le savant et ingenieux M. Samuel Johnson, qui, dans l’incomparable

feuille periodique intitulée le Rambler, apprenoit à ses compatriotes à
penser avec justesse sur les matières les plus interessantes, vient de leur
fournir des secours pour bien parler, et pour écrire correctement; talens
que personne, peut être, ne possede dans un degré plus eminent que lui.
Il n’y a qu’une voix sur le succés de l’auteur pour epurer, fixer, et enricher
 une langue dont son Rambler montre si admirablement l’abondance et la
force, l’elegance et l’harmonie.’
“Bibliotheque des Savans. Tom. iii. p. 482.

“Though I had constantly in my remembrance the encouragement with

which you flattered me in your reply to my first letter, yet knowing that
civility and politeness seem often to countenance actions which they
would not perform, I could hardly think myself entitled to the permission
you gave me of writing to you again, had I not lately been apprised of
your intention to oblige the admirers of Shakespeare with a new edition of
his works by subscription. But, shall I venture to tell you, notwithstanding
my veneration for you and Shakespeare, that I do not partake of the joy
which the selfish public seem to feel on this occasion?—so far from it, I
could not but be afflicted at reflecting, that so exalted, so refined a genius
as the author of the Rambler, should submit to a task so unworthy of him
as that of a mere editor: for who would not grieve to see a Palladio, or a
Jones, undergo the dull drudgery of carrying rubbish from an old building,
when he should be tracing the model of a new one? But I detain you too
long from the main subject of this letter, which is to beg a place in the
subscription for,
The Right Hon. the Earl of Orford,
Miss Mason,
Brigs Carey, Esq.
Archdale Wilson, Esq.
Richard Fuller, Esq.
“And for, Sir,
“Your most humble, and extremely devoted servant,
“Charles Burney.”
“Lynn Regis,
28th March, 1757.”

It was yet some years later than this last date of correspondence,
before Mr. Burney found an opportunity of paying his personal
respects to Dr. Johnson; who then, in 1760, resided in chambers at
the Temple. No account, unfortunately, remains of this first
interview, except an anecdote that relates to Mr. Bewley.
While awaiting the appearance of his revered host, Mr. Burney
recollected a supplication from the philosopher of Massingham, to be
indulged with some token, however trifling or common, of his
friend’s admission to the habitation of this great man. Vainly,
however, Mr. Burney looked around the apartment for something
that he might innoxiously purloin. Nothing but coarse and necessary
furniture was in view; nothing portable—not even a wafer, the cover
of a letter, or a split pen, was to be caught; till, at length, he had the
happiness to espie an old hearth broom in the chimney corner. From
this, with hasty glee, he cut off a bristly wisp, which he hurried into
his pocket-book; and afterwards formally folded in silver paper, and
forwarded, in a frank, to Lord Orford, for Mr. Bewley; by whom the
burlesque offering was hailed with good-humoured acclamation, and
preserved through life.

LYNN REGIS.
In this manner passed on, quick though occupied, and happy though
toilsome, nine or ten years in Norfolk; when the health of Mr. Burney
being re-established, and his rising reputation demanding a wider
field for expansion, a sort of cry was raised amongst his early friends
to spur his return to the metropolis.
Fully, however, as he felt the flattery of that cry, and ill as, in its
origin, he had been satisfied with his Lynn residence, he had now
experienced from that town and its vicinity, so much true kindness,
and cordial hospitality, that his reluctance to quit them was verging
upon renouncing such a measure; when he received the following
admonition upon the subject from his first friend, and earliest guide,
Mr. Crisp.

“To Mr. Burney.

* * *
 “I have no more to say, my dear Burney, about harpsichords: and if you
remain amongst your foggy aldermen, I shall be the more indifferent
whether I have one or not. But really, among friends, is not settling at
Lynn, planting your youth, genius, hopes, fortune, &c., against a north
wall? Can you ever expect ripe, high-flavoured fruit, from such an aspect?
Your underrate prices in the town, and galloping about the country for
higher, especially in the winter—are they worthy of your talents? In all
professions, do you not see every thing that has the least pretence to
genius, fly up to the capital—the centre of riches, [Pg 129] luxury, taste,
pride, extravagance,—all that ingenuity is to fatten upon? Take, then, your
spare person, your pretty mate, and your brats, to that propitious mart,
and,

‘Seize the glorious, golden opportunity,’

while yet you have youth, spirits, and vigour to give fair play to your
abilities, for placing them and yourself in a proper point of view. And so I
give you my blessing.
“Samuel Crisp.”

Mr. Crisp, almost immediately after this letter, visited, and for some
years, the continent.
This exhortation, in common with whatever emanated from Mr.
Crisp, proved decisive; and Mr. Burney fixed at once his resolve upon
returning to the capital; though some years still passed ere he could
put it in execution.
The following are his reflections, written at a much later period,
upon this determination.
After enumerating, with warm regard, the many to whom he owed
kindness in the county of Norfolk, he adds:

“All of these, for nearly thirty miles round, had their houses and tables
pressingly open to me: and, in the town of Lynn, my wife, to all evening
parties, though herself no card player, never failed to be equally invited;
for she had a most delightful turn in conversation, seasoned with
agreeable wit, and pleasing [Pg 130] manners; and great powers of
entering into the humours of her company; which, with the beauty of her
 person, occasioned her to receive more invitations than she wished; as
she was truly domestic, had a young family on her hands, and, generally,
one of them at her breast. But whenever we could spend an evening at
home, without disappointing our almost too kind inviters, we had a course
of reading so various and entertaining, in history, voyages, poetry, and, as
far as Chambers’ Dictionary, the Philosophical Transactions, and the
French Encyclopedia, to the first edition of which I was a subscriber, could
carry us, in science, that those tête à tête seclusions were what we
enjoyed the most completely.
“This, of course, raised my wife far above all the females of Lynn, who
were, then, no readers, with the exception of Mrs. Stephen Allen and Dolly
Young. And this congeniality of taste brought on an intimacy of friendship
in these three females, that lasted during their several lives.
“My wife was the delight of all her acquaintance; excellent mother—
zealous friend—of highly superior intellects.
“We enjoyed at Lynn tranquillity and social happiness—”

Here again must be inserted another poetical epistle, written, during

a short separation, while still at Lynn; which shews that, with
whatever fervour of passion he married, he himself was “that other
happy man,” in the words of Lord Lyttleton, who had found “How
much the wife is dearer than the bride.”

“To Mrs. Burney.

 “To thee, henceforth, my matchless mate,
My leisure hours I’ll dedicate;
To thee my inmost thoughts transmit,
Whene’er the busy scene I quit.
For thee, companion dear! I feel
An unextinguishable zeal;
A love implanted in the mind,
From all the grosser dregs refined.
Ah! tell me, must not love like mine
Be planted by a hand divine,
Which, when creation’s work was done,
Our heart-strings tuned in unison?
If business, or domestic care
The vigour of my mind impair;
If forc’d by toil from thee to rove,
’Till wearied limbs forget to move,
At night, reclin’d upon thy breast,
Thy converse lulls my soul to rest.
If sickness her distemper’d brood
Let loose,—to burn, or freeze my blood,
Thy tender vigilance and care,
My feeble frame can soon repair.
When in some doubtful maze I stray,
’Tis thou point’st out the unerring way;
If judgment float on wavering wings,
In notions vague of men and things;
If different views my mind divide,
Thy nod instructs me to decide.
My pliant soul ’tis thou can’st bend,
My help! companion! wife! and friend!
When, in the irksome day of trouble
The mental eye sees evils double,
Sweet partner of my hopes and fears!
’Tis thou alone can’st dry my tears.
’Tis thou alone can’st bring relief,
Partner of every joy and grief!
E’en when encompass’d with distress,
Thy smile can every ill redress.
On thee, my lovely, faithful friend,
My worldly blessings all depend:
But if a cloud thy visage low’r, }
Not all the wealth in Plutus’ power, }
 Could buy my heart one peaceful hour. }
Then, lodg’d within that aching heart,
Is sorrow’s sympathetic dart.

But when upon that brow, the seat

Of sense refin’d, and beauty sweet,
The graces and the loves are seen,
And Venus sits by Wisdom’s queen;
Pale sadness takes her heavy flight,
And, envious, shuns the blissful sight.
So when the sun has long endur’d
His radiant face to be obscur’d
By baleful mists and vapours dense,
All nature mourns with grief intense:
But the refulgent God of Day
Soon shews himself in bright array;
And as his glorious visage clears,
The globe itself in smiles appears.”

“Lynn, 1753.”

The last act of Mr. Burney in relinquishing his residence in Norfolk,

was drawing up a petition to Lord Orford to allow park-room in the
Haughton grounds, for the rest of its life, to his excellent, faithful
mare, the intelligent Peggy; whose truly useful services he could not
bear to requite, according to the unfeeling usage of the many, by
selling her to hard labour in the decline of her existence.
Lord Orford good-humouredly complied with the request; and the
justly-prized Peggy, after enjoying for several years the most perfect
ease and freedom, died the death of old age, in Haughton Park.
 LONDON.
In 1760 Mr. Burney, with his wife and young family, returned to
London; but no longer to the city, which has the peculiar fate, whilst
praised and reverenced by the many who to its noble
encouragement owe their first dawn of prosperity, of being almost
always set aside and relinquished, when that prosperity is effected.
Is it that Fortune, like the sun, while it rises, cold, though of fairest
promise, in the East, must ever, in its more luxuriant splendour, set
in the West?
The new establishment was in Poland-street; which was not then, as
it is now, a sort of street that, like the rest of its neighbourhood,
appears to be left in the lurch. House-fanciers were not yet as
fastidious as they are become at present, from the endless variety of
new habitations. Oxford-road, as, at that time, Oxford-street was
called, into which Poland-street terminated, had little on its further
side but fields, gardeners’ grounds, or uncultivated suburbs.
Portman, Manchester, Russel, Belgrave squares, Portland-place, &c.
&c., had not yet a single stone or brick laid, in signal of intended
erection: while in plain Poland-street, Mr. Burney, then, had
successively for his neighbours, the Duke of Chandos, Lady Augusta
Bridges, the Hon. John Smith and the Miss Barrys, Sir Willoughby
and the Miss Astons; and, well noted by Mr. Burney’s little family, on
the visit of his black majesty to England, sojourned, almost
immediately opposite to it, the Cherokee King.
The opening of this new plan of life, was as successful to Mr. Burney
as its projection had been promising. Pupils of rank, wealth, and
talents, were continually proposed to him; and, in a very short time,
he had hardly an hour unappropriated to some fair disciple.
Lady Tankerville, amongst the rest, resumed her lessons with her
early master, obligingly submitting her time to his convenience, be it
what it might, rather than change her first favourite instructor. Ere
long, however, she resided almost wholly abroad, having attached
herself with enthusiastic fervour to the Princess Amelia, sister to
Frederick the Great of Prussia. The Countess even accepted the
place of Dame d’Atour to that accomplished princess; whose charms,
according to poetical record, banished for a while their too daring
admirer, Voltaire, from the Court of Berlin.
This enterprising Countess retained her spirit of whim, singularity,
and activity, through a long life; for when, many years later, she
returned to her own country, quite old, while Dr. Burney had not yet
reached the zenith of his fame, she again applied to him for musical
tuition; and when he told her, with regret, that his day was
completely filled up, from eight o’clock in the morning; “Come to me,
then,” cried she, with vivacity, “at seven!” which appointment
literally, and twice a week, took place.
All the first friends of Mr. Burney were happy to renew with him their
social intercourse. Mrs. Greville, when in town, was foremost in
eagerly seeking his Esther; and Mr. Greville met again his early
favourite with all his original impetuosity of regard: while their joint
newer friends of Norfolk, Mrs. Stephen Allen and Miss Dorothy Young
in particular, warmly sustained an unremitting communication by
letters: and Lords Orford, Eglinton, and March, General Lord
Townshend, Charles Boone, and many others, sought this enlivening
couple, with an unabating sense of their worth, upon every occasion
that either music or conversation offered, for accepting, or desiring,
admission to their small parties: for so uncommon were the powers
of pleasing which they possessed, that all idea of condescension in
their worldly superiors seemed superseded, if not annihilated, by
personal eagerness to enjoy their rare society.

ESTHER.
Thus glided away, in peace, domestic joys, improvement, and
prosperity, this first—and last! happy year of the new London
residence. In the course of the second, a cough, with alarming
symptoms, menaced the breast of the life and soul of the little circle;
consisting now of six children, clinging with equal affection around
each parent chief.
She rapidly grew weaker and worse. Her tender husband hastened
her to Bristol Hotwells, whither he followed her upon his first
possible vacation; and where, in a short time, he had the extasy to
believe that he saw her recover, and to bring her back to her fond
little family.
But though hope was brightened, expectation was deceived! stability
of strength was restored no more; and, in the ensuing autumn, she
was seized with an inflammatory disorder with which her delicate
and shaken frame had not force to combat. No means were left
unessayed to stop the progress of danger; but all were fruitless!
and, after less than a week of pain the most terrific, the deadly ease
of mortification suddenly, awfully succeeded to the most excruciating
torture.
Twelve stated hours of morbid bodily repose became, from that
tremendous moment of baleful relief, the counted boundary of her
earthly existence.
The wretchedness of her idolizing husband at the development of
such a predestined termination to her sufferings, when pronounced
by the celebrated Dr. Hunter, was only not distraction. But she
herself, though completely aware that her hours now were told, met
the irrevocable doom with open, religious, and even cheerful
composure—sustained, no doubt, by the blessed aspirations of
mediatory salvation; and calmly declaring that she quitted the world
with perfect tranquillity, save for leaving her tender husband and
helpless children. And, in the arms of that nearly frantic husband,
who, till that fatal epoch, had literally believed her existence and his
own, in this mortal journey, to be indispensably one—she expired.
When the fatal scene was finally closed, the disconsolate survivor
immured himself almost from light and life, through inability to
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