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 2

This manual is intended to accompany the 5th edition of Analysis with an Introduction to Proof
by Steven R. Lay (Pearson, 2013). It contains solutions to nearly every exercise in the text. Those
exercises that have hints (or answers) in the back of the book are numbered in bold print, and the hints
are included here for reference. While many of the proofs have been given in full detail, some of the
more routine proofs are only outlines. For some of the problems, other approaches may be equally
acceptable. This is particularly true for those problems requesting a counterexample. I have not tried
to be exhaustive in discussing each exercise, but rather to be suggestive.
Let me remind you that the starred exercises are not necessarily the more difficult ones. They
are the exercises that are used in some way in subsequent sections. There is a table on page 3 that
indicates where starred exercises are used later. The following notations are used throughout this
manual:
Æ = the set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
= the set of rational numbers
R = the set of real numbers
 = “for every”
 = “there exists”
3 = “such that”
I have tried to be accurate in the preparation of this manual. Undoubtedly, however, some
mistakes will inadvertently slip by. I would appreciate having any errors in this manual or the text
brought to my attention.

Steven R. Lay
[email protected]

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 3

Table of Starred Exercåses

Note: The prefix P indicates a practice problem, the prefix E indicates an example, the prefix T refers to a
theorem or corollary, and the absence of a prefix before a number indicates an exercise.

Starred Starred
Exercise Later Use Exercise Later use
2.1.26 T3.4.11 4.3.14 4.4.5
2.2.10 2.4.26 4.4.10 8.2.14
2.3.32 2.5.3 4.4.16 8.3.9
3.1.3 E7.1.7 4.4.17 T8.3.3
3.1.4 7.1.7 5.1.14 6.2.8
3.1.6 E8.1.1 5.1.16 T6.2.9
3.1.7 4.3.10, 4.3.15, E8.1.7, T9.2.9 5.1.18 5.2.14, 5.3.15
3.1.8 P8.1.3 5.1.19 5.2.17
3.1.24 4.1.7f, E5.3.7 5.2.10 T7.2.8
3.1.27 3.3.14 5.2.11 7.2.9b
3.1.30b 3.3.11, E4.1.11, 4.3.14 5.2.13 T5.3.5, T6.1.7, 7.1.13
3.2.6a 4.1.9a, T4.2.1, 6.2.23, 7.2.16, T9.2.9 5.2.16 9.2.15
3.2.6b T6.3.8 5.3.13b T6.2.8, T6.2.10
3.2.6c T4.1.14 6.1.6 6. 2.14, 6.2.19
3.2.7 T8.2.5 6.1.8 7.3.13
3.3.7 T7.2.4, 7.2.3 6.1.17b 6.4.9
3.3.12 7.1.14, T7.2.4 6.2.8 T7.2.1
3.4.15 3.5.12, T4.3.12 6.3.13d 9.3.16
3.4.21 3.5.7 7.1.12 P7.2.5
3.5.8 9.2.15 7.1.13 7.2.5
3.6.12 5.5.9 7.1.16 7.2.17
4.1.6b E4.2.2 7.2.9a P7.3.7
4.1.7f T4.2.7, 4.3.10, E8.1.7 7.2.11 T8.2.13
4.1.9a 5.2.10, 9.2.17 7.2.15 7.3.20
4.1.11 E4.3.4 7.2.20 E7.3.9
4.1.12 5.1.15 8.1.7 E8.2.6
4.1.13 5.1.13 8.1.8 8.2.13
4.1.15b 4.4.11, 4.4.18, 5.3.12 8.1.13a 9.3.8
4.1.16 5.1.15 8.2.12 9.2.7, 9.2.8
4.2.17 E6.4.3 8.2.14 T8.3.4
4.2.18 5.1.14, T9.1.10 9.1.15a 9.2.9

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.1  Logical Connectives 4

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for
the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning.
Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web)
will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials
from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using
the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to
abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

Analysås
with an Introduction to Proof
5th Edition

by Steven R. Lay
[email protected]

Chapter 1 – Logåc and Proof

Solutåons to Exercåses

Section 1.1 – Logical Connectives

1. (a) False: A statement may be false.

(b) False: A statement cannot be both true and false.
(c) True: See the comment after Practice 1.1.4.
(d) False: See the comment before Example 1.1.3.
(e) False: If the statement is false, then its negation is true.

2. (a) False: p is the antecedent.

(b) True: Practice 1.1.6(a).
(c) False: See the paragraph before Practice 1.1.5.
(d) False: “p whenever q” is “if q, then p”.
(e) False: The negation of p ⇒ q is p  ~ q.

3. Answers in Book: (a) The 3 × 3 identity matrix is not singular.

(b) The function f (x) = sin x is not bounded on R.
(c) The function f is not linear or the function g is not linear.
(d) Six is not prime and seven is not odd.
(e) x is in D and f (x)  5.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.1  Logical Connectives 5
(f) ) (an) is monotone and bounded, but (an) is not convergent.
(g) f is injective, and S is not finite and not denumerable.

4. (a) The function f (x) = x2 – 9 is not continuous at x = 3.

(b) The relation R is not reflexive and not symmetric.
(c) Four and nine are not relatively prime.
(d) x is not in A and x is in B.
(e) x < 7 and f (x) is in C.
(f ) (an) is convergent, but (an) is not monotone or not bounded.
(g) f is continuous and A is open, but f – 1(A) is not open.

5. Answers in book: (a) Antecedent: M is singular; consequent: M has a zero eigenvalue.

(b) Antecedent: linearity; consequent: continuity.
(c) Antecedent: a sequence is Cauchy; consequent: it is bounded.
(d) Antecedent: y > 5; consequent: x < 3.

6. (a) Antecedent: it is Cauchy; consequent: a sequence is convergent.

(b) Antecedent: boundedness; consequent: convergence.
(c) Antecedent: orthogonality; consequent: invertability.
(d) Antecedent: K is closed and bounded; consequent: K is compact.

7 and 8 are routine.

9. Answers in book: (a) T  T is T. (b) F  T is T. (c) F  F is F. (d) T ⇒ T is T. (e) F ⇒ F is T.

(f) T ⇒ F is F. (g) (T  F) ⇒ T is T. (h) (T  F) ⇒ F is F. (i) (T  F) ⇒ F is T. (j) ~ (F  T) is F.

10. (a) T  F is F. (b) F  F is F. (c) F  T is T. (d) T ⇒ F is F. (e) F ⇒ F is T. (f) F ⇒ T is T.

(g) (F  T) ⇒ F is F. (h) (T ⇒ F) ⇒ T is T. (i) (T  T) ⇒ F is F. (j) ~ (F  T) is T.

11. Answers in book: (a) p  ~ q; (b) ( p  q)  ~ ( p  q); (c) ~ q ⇒ p; (d) ~ p ⇒ q; (e) p e ~ q.

12. (a) n  ~ m; (b) ~ m  ~ n or ~ (m  n); (c) n ⇒ m; (d) m ⇒ ~ n; (e) ~ (m  n).

13. (a) and (b) are routine. (c) p  q.

14. These truth tables are all straightforward. Note that the tables for (c) through (f) have 8 rows because there are 3
letters and therefore 23 = 8 possible combinations of T and F.

Section 1.2 - Quantifiers

1. (a) True: See the comment before Example 1.2.1.

(b) False: The negation of a universal statement is an existential statement.
(c) True: See the comment before Example 1.2.1.

2. (a) False: It means there exists at least one.

(b) True: Example 1.2.1.
(c) True: See the comment after Practice 1.2.4.

3. (a) No pencils are red.

(b) Some chair does not have four legs.
(c) Someone on the basketball team is over 6 feet 4 inches tall.
(d)  x > 2, f (x)  7.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.2  Quantifiers 6
(e)  x in A 3  y > 2, f ( y)  0 or f ( y)  f (x).
(f )  x 3 x > 3 and   > 0, x2 ≤ 9 + .

4. (a) Someone does not like Robert.

(b) No students work part-time.
(c) Some square matrices are triangular.
(d)  x in B, f (x) ≤ k.
(e)  x 3 x > 5 and 3  f (x)  7.
(f )  x in A 3 y in B, f (y) ≤ f (x).

5. Hints in book: The True/False part of the answers.

(a) True. Let x = 3. (b) True. 4 is less than 7 and anything smaller than 4 will also be less than 7.
(c) True. Let x = 5. (d) False. Choose x   5 such as x = 2.
(e) True. Let x = 1, or any other real number.
(f) ) True. The square of a real number cannot be negative.
(g) True. Let x = 1, or any real number other than 0. (h) False. Let x = 0.

6. (a) True. Let x = 5. (b) False. Let x = 3. (c) True. Choose x   3 such as x = 2.
(d) False. Let x = 3. (e) False. The square of a real number cannot be negative.
(f ) False. Let x = 1, or any other real number. (g) True. Let x = 1, or any other real number.
(h) True. x – x = x + (– x) and a number plus its additive inverse is zero.

7. Answers in book: (a) You can use (ii) to prove (a) is true. (b) You can use (i) to prove (b) is true.
Additional answers: (c) You can use (ii) to prove (c) is false. (d) You can use (i) to prove (d) is false.

8. The best answer is (c).

9. Hints in book: The True/False part of the answers.

(a) False. For example, let x = 2 and y = 1. Then x > y.
(b) True. For example, let x = 2 and y = 3. Then x ≤ y.
(c) True. Given any x, let y = x + 1. Then x ≤ y.
(d) False. Given any y, let x = y + 1. Then x > y.

10. (a) True. Given any x, let y = 0.

(b) False. Let x = 0. Then for all y we have xy = 0  1.
(c) False. Let y = 0. Then for all x we have xy = 0  1.
(d) True. Given any x, let y = 1. Then xy = x.

11. Hints in book: The True/False part of the answers.

(a) True. Let x = 0. Then given any y, let z = y. (A similar argument works for any x.)
(b) False. Given any x and any y, let z = x + y + 1.
(c) True. Let z = y – x.
(d) False. Let x = 0 and y = 1. (It is a true statement for x  0.)
(e) True. Let x  0.
(f) ) True. Take z  y. This makes “z  y ” false so that the implication is true. Or, choose z  x + y.

12. (a) True. Given x and y, let z = x + y.

(b) False. Let x = 0. Then given any y, let z = y + 1.
(c) True. Let x = 1. Then given any y, let z = y. (Any x  0 will work.)
(d) False. Let x = 1 and y = 0. (Any x  0 will work.)
(e) False. Let x = 2. Given any y, let z = y + 1. Then “z  y ” is true, but “z  x + y ” is false.
(f ) True. Given any x and y, either choose z  x + y or z  y.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.2  Quantifiers 7
13. Answer in book: (a)  x, f (x) = f (x); (b)  x 3 f (x)  f (x).

14. (a)  k  0 3  x, f (x + k) = f (x). (b)  k  0,  x 3 f (x + k)  f (x).

15. Answer in book: (a)  x and y, x  y ⇒ f (x)  f ( y). (b)  x and y 3 x  y and f (x) > f ( y).

16. (a)  x and y, x  y ⇒ f (x)  f ( y). (b)  x and y 3 x  y and f (x)  f ( y).

17. Answer in book: (a)  x and y, f (x) = f ( y) ⇒ x = y. (b)  x and y 3 f (x) = f ( y) and x  y.
18. (a)  y in B  x in A 3 f (x) = y. (b)  y in B 3  x in A, f (x)  y.

19. Answer in book: (a)    0,    0 3  x  D, | x  c |   ⇒ | f (x)  f (c)|  .

(b)    0 3    0,  x  D 3 | x  c | <  and | f (x)  f (c)|  .

20. (a)    0    0 3  x and y in S, | x – y |   ⇒ | f (x) – f ( y) |  o .

(b)  o  0 3  6  0,  x and y in S 3 | x – y |  6 and | f (x) – f ( y) |  o .

21. Answer in book: (a)    0,    0 3  x  D, 0  | x  c |   ⇒ | f (x)  L|  .

(b)    0 3    0,  x  D 3 0  | x  c |   and | f (x)  L|  .

22. Answers will vary.

Section 1.3 – Techniques of Proof: I

1. (a) False: p is the hypothesis. (b) False: The contrapositive is ~ q ⇒ ~ p.

(c) False: The inverse is ~ p ⇒ ~ q. (d) False: p(n) must be true for all n.
(e) True: Example 1.3.1.

2. (a) True: See the comment after Practice 1.3.4. (b) False: It’s called a contradiction.
(c) True: See the comment after Practice 1.3.8. (d) True: See the end of Example 1.3.1.
(e) False: Must show p(n) is true for all n.

3. Answers in book: (a) If all violets are not blue, then some roses are not red.
(b) If A is invertible, then there is no nontrivial solution to Ax = 0.
(c) If f (C) is not connected, then either f is not continuous or C is not connected.

4. (a) If some violets are blue, then all roses are red.
(b) If A is not invertible, then there exists a nontrivial solution to Ax = 0.
(c) If f (C) is connected, then f is continuous and C is connected.

5. (a) If some roses are not red, then no violets are blue.
(b) If Ax = 0 has no nontrivial solutions, then A is invertible.
(c) If f is not continuous or C is not connected, then f (C) is not connected.

6. For some of these, other answers are possible.

(a) Let x = – 4. (b) Let n = 2.
(c) If 0  x  1, then x3  x2. In particular, (1/2)3 = 1/8 < 1/4 = (1/2)2.
(d) An equilateral triangle. (e) n = 40 or n = 41.
(f) 2 is prime, but not odd. (g) 101, 103, etc.
(h) 35 + 2 = 245 is not prime. (i) Let n = 5 or any odd greater than 3.
(j) Let x = 2 and y = 18. (k) Let x = 0.
( l) The reciprocal of 1 is not less than 1. (m) Let x = 0.
(n) Let x = 1.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.3  Techniques of Proof: I 8
7. (a) Suppose p = 2k + 1 and q = 2r + 1 for integers k and r. Then p + q = (2k + 1) + (2r + 1) = 2(k + r + 1), so
p + q is even.
(b) Suppose p = 2k + 1 and q = 2r + 1 for integers k and r. Then pq = (2k + 1)(2r + 1) = 4kr + 2k + 2r + 1 =
2(2kr + k + r) + 1, so pq is odd.
(c) Here are two approaches. The first mimics part (a) and the second uses parts (a) and (b).
Proof 1: Suppose p = 2k + 1 and q = 2r + 1 for integers k and r. Then p + 3q = (2k + 1) + 3(2r + 1) =
2(k + 3r + 2), so p + 3q is even.
Proof 2: Suppose p and q are both odd. By part (b), 3q is odd since 3 is odd. So by part (a), p + 3q is even.
(d) Suppose p = 2k + 1 and q = 2r for integers k and r. Then p + q = (2k + 1) + 2r = 2(k + r) + 1, so p + q is odd.
(e) Suppose p = 2k and q = 2r for integers k and r. Then p + q = 2k + 2r = 2(k + r), so p + q is even.
(f) Suppose p = 2k, then pq = 2(kq), so pq is even. A similar argument applies when q is even.
(g) This is the contrapositive of part (f).
(h) Hint in book: look at the contrapositive.
Proof: To prove the contrapositive, suppose p = 2k + 1. Then p2 = (2k + 1)2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 =
2(2k2 + 2k) + 1, so p2 is odd.
(i) To prove the contrapositive, suppose p = 2k. Then p2 = (2k)2 = 4k2 = 2(2k2), so p2 is even.

8. Suppose f (x1) = f (x2). That is, 4x1 + 7 = 4x2 + 7. Then 4x1 = 4x2, so x1 = x2.

9. Answers in book:
(a) r⇒~s hypothesis
~s⇒~t contrapositive of hypothesis: 1.3.12(c)
r⇒~t by 1.3.12(l)
(b) ~ t ⇒ (~ r  ~ s) contrapositive of hypothesis: 1.3.12(c)
~r~s by 1.3.12(h)
~s by 1.3.12(j)
(c) r~r by 1.3.12(d)
~s⇒~v contrapositive of hypothesis 4 [1.3.12(c)]
r⇒~v hypothesis 1 and 1.3.12(l)
~r⇒ u hypotheses 2 and 3 and 1.3.12(l)
~v u by 1.3.12(o)

10. (a) ~r hypothesis

~ r ⇒ (r  ~ s) contrapositive of hypothesis: 1.3.12(c)
r  ~s by 1.3.12(h)
~s by lines 1 and 3, and 1.3.12(j)
(b) ~t hypothesis
~ t ⇒ (~ r  ~ s) contrapositive of hypothesis: 1.3.12(c)
~r  ~s by lines 1 and 2, and 1.3.12(h)
~s by line 3 and 1.3.12(k)
(c) s⇒r contrapositive of hypothesis: 1.3.12(c)
t⇒u hypothesis
s t hypothesis
r u by 1.3.12(o)

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.3  Techniques of Proof: I 9
11. Let p: The basketball center is healthy. q: The point guard is hot.
r: The team will win. s: The fans are happy.
t: The coach is a millionaire. u: The college will balance the budget.
The hypotheses are ( p  q) ⇒ (r  s) and (s  t) ⇒ u. The conclusion is p ⇒ u.
Proof: p ⇒ ( p  q) from the contrapositive of 1.3.12(k)
( p  q) ⇒ (r  s) hypothesis
(r  s) ⇒ s by 1.3.12(k)
s ⇒ (s  t) from the contrapositive of 1.3.12(k)
(s  t) ⇒ u hypothesis
p⇒u by 1.3.12(m)

Section 1.4 – Techniques of Proof: II

1. (a) True: See the comment before Example 1.4.1.

(b) False: Indirect proofs avoid this.
(c) False: Only the “relevant” steps need to be included.

2. (a) True: See the comment before Practice 1.4.2.

(b) False: The left side of the tautology should be [(p  ~ q) ⇒ c].
(c) True: See the comment after Practice 1.4.8.
 
3. Given any  > 0, let  =  /3. Then  is also positive and whenever 2 –  < x < 2 + , we have 2   x  2  so
3 3
that 6 –  < 3x < 6 +  and 11 –  < 3x + 5 < 11 + , as required.
 
4. Given any  > 0, let  =  /5. Then  is also positive and whenever 1 –  < x < 1 + , we have 1  x  1 so
5 5
that 5 –  < 5x < 5 +  and –2 –  < 5x – 7 < –2 + . Now multiply by –1 and reverse the inequalities: 2 +  >
7 – 5x > 2 – . This is equivalent to 2 –  < 7 – 5x < 2 + .
5. Let x = 1. Then for any real number y, we have xy = y.
6. Let x = 0. Then for any real number y, we have xy = x because xy = 0.
7. Given any integer n, we have n2 + n3 = n2(1 + n). If n is even, then n2 is even. If n is odd, then 1 + n is even. In
either case, their product is even. [This uses Exercise 1.3.7(f).]
8. If n is odd, then n = 2m + 1 for some integer m, so n2 = (2m + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4m + 1 = 4m(m + 1) + 1. If m is even,
then m = 2p for some integer p. But then n2 = 4(2p)(m + 1) + 1 = 8[p(m + 1)] + 1. So n2 = 8k + 1, where k is the
integer p(m + 1). On the other hand, if m is odd, then m + 1 is even and m + 1 = 2q for some integer q. But then,
n2 = 4m(2q) + 1 = 8(mq) + 1. In this case, n2 = 8k + 1, where k is the integer mq. In either case, n2 = 8k + 1 for
some integer k.
3 3
9. Answer in book: Let n  2. Then n2  n  4  (2)  4  3  1, as required. The integer is unique.
 
2  2 
10. Existence follows from Exercise 3. It is not unique. x = 2 or x = 1/2.

11. Answer in book: Let x be a real number greater than 5 and let y = 3x/(5  x). Then 5  x  0 and 2x  0, so y  0.
 3x 
5y 5 5 x  15x 15x
Furthermore,      x, as required.
y  3   3x  3x  3(5  x) 15


3
 
 5  x 

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.4  Techniques of Proof: II 10
12. Solve the quadratic y2 – 6xy + 9 = 0 to obtain y  3x  3 x2 1. Call one solution y and the other z. The proof is
organized like Exercise 11.

13. Answer in book: Suppose that x2  x  6  0 and x  3. It follows that (x  2)(x  3)  0 and, since x  3  0, it
must be that x  2  0. That is, x  2.
x
14. Suppose  3 and x  2. Then x – 2 > 0, so we can multiply both sides of the first inequality by x – 2 to
x2
x
obtain x  3(x – 2). Thus x  3x – 6. That is, x  3. If x = 2, then is not defined.
x2
15. Hint in book: Suppose log 2 7 is rational and find a contradiction.
a/b
Proof: Suppose log 2 7 = a/b, where a and b are integers. We may assume that a > 0 and b > 0. We have 2 = 7,
a b a b
which implies 2 = 7 . But the number 2 is even and the number 7 is odd, a contradiction. Thus log 2 7 must be
irrational.

16. Suppose | x + 1 |  3 and consider the two cases: x  –1 and x  –1. If x ≥ –1, then x + 1 ≥ 0 so that |x + 1| = x + 1.
This implies x + 1 ≤ 3 and x ≤ 2. So in this case we have –1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
On the other hand, if x < –1, then x + 1 < 0 and |x + 1| = – (x + 1). This leads to – (x + 1) ≤ 3, x + 1 ≥ – 3, and
x ≥ – 4. In this case we have – 4 ≤ x < –1.
Combining the two cases, we get – 4 ≤ x ≤ 2.

17. (a) This proves the converse, which is not a valid proof of the original implication.
(b) This is a valid proof using the contrapositive.

18. (a) This is a valid proof in the form of Example 1.3.12 ( p): [ p ⇒ (q  r)] e [( p  ~ q) ⇒ r].
(b) This proves the converse, which is not a valid proof of the original implication.

19. (a) If x  p
and y  m , then x  y  p
m  pn  qm
, so x + y is rational.
q n q n qn
(b) If x  p
and y  m , then xy  pm
, so xy is rational.
q n qn
(c) Hint in book: Use a proof by contradiction.
Proof: Suppose x  p , y is irrational, and suppose x  y  r . Then
q s
p rq  ps
y  (x  y)  x  r   ,
s q qs
so that y is rational, a contradiction. Thus x + y must be irrational.

20. (a) False. For example, let x = 2 and y =  2. Then x + y = 0.

(b) True. This is the contrapositive of Exercise 7(a).
(c) False. For example, let x = y = 2. Then xy = 2.
(d) True. This is the contrapositive of Exercise 13(b).

21. (a) Let x = 0 and y  2. Then xy = 0.

xy
(b) y  x when x = 0.
(c) If x  0, then the conclusion is true.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 1.4  Techniques of Proof: II 11
22. It is false as stated, and a counterexample is x =  2. Since x is negative, it’s square root is not real, and hence
not irrational. (Every irrational number is a real number.) If x  0, then the result is true, and can be established by
looking at the contrapositive. (In order to use the contrapositive, you have to know that the negation of “ x is
irrational” is “ x is rational.” This is only true if you know that x is a real number.)

23. Hint in book: Find a counterexample.

Solution: 62 + 82 = 102 or (2)2 + 02 = 22.

24. If a, b, c are consecutive odd integers, then a = 2k + 1, b = 2k + 3, and c = 2k + 5 for some integer k. Suppose
a2 + b2 = c2. Then (2k + 1)2 + (2k + 3)2 = (2k + 5)2. Whence 4k2 – 4k – 15 = 0 and k = 5/2 or k = 3/2. This
contradicts k being an integer.

25. It is true. We may label the numbers as n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, and n + 4. We have the sum
S = n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) + (n + 3) + (n + 4) = 5n + 10 = 5(n + 2),
so that S is divisible by 5.

26. It is true. We may label the numbers as n, n + 1, n + 2, and n + 3. We have the sum
S = n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) + (n + 3) = 4n + 6 = 2(2n + 3).
Since 2n + 3 is odd, S is not divisible by 4.

27. Hint in book: Consider two cases depending on whether n is odd or even.
Proof: If n is odd, then n2 and 3n are both odd, so n2  3n is even. Thus n2  3n  8 is even. If n is even, then so are
n2, 3n, and n2  3n  8. (This uses Exercise 1.3.7.)

28. False. Let n = 1. Then n2  4n  8 = 13. Any other odd n will also work.
2
29. Hint in book: Let z = 2 . If z is rational, we are done. If z is irrational, look at z 2 .
 2
2
   
( 2 2 ) 2
Solution: We have z   2   2
2
 2  2.
 
30. Counterexample: let x = 1/3 and y = – 8. Then (1/3) – 8 = 38 is a positive integer and (– 8)1/3 is a negative integer.

31. Suppose x  0. Then (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1  x2 + 1, so the first inequality holds. For the second inequality,
consider the difference 2(x2 + 1)  (x + 1)2. We have
2(x2 + 1)  (x + 1)2 = 2x2 + 2  x2  2x  1 = x2  2x + 1 = (x  1)2  0,
for all x, so the second inequality also holds.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other documents randomly have
different content
 Massie Mil-stone up a tedious Hill,
With mighty Labour, Sisyphus doth roll;
Which being rais'd-aloft, downe-tumbleth, still,
To keepe imployed his afflicted Soule.
On him, this tedious Labour is impos'd;
And (though in vaine) it must be still assayd:
But, some, by no Necessity inclos'd,
Vpon themselves, such needlesse Taskes have layd.
Yea, knowing not (or caring not to know)
That they are worne and weary'd out in vaine,
They madly toyle to plunge themselves in Woe;
And, seeke uncertaine Ease, in certaine Paine.
Such Fooles are they, who dreame they can acquire
A Minde-content, by Lab'ring still for more:
For, Wealth encreasing, doth encrease Desire,
And makes Contentment lesser then before.
Such Fooles are they, whose Hopes doe vainely
stretch
To climbe by Titles, to a happy Height:
For, having gotten one Ambitious-Reach,
Another comes perpetually in sight.
And, their stupidity is nothing lesse,
Who dreame that Flesh and Blood may raysed be
Vp to the Mount of perfect-Holinesse:
For (at our best) corrupt and vile are we.
Yet, we are bound by Faith, with Love and Hope,
To roll the Stone of Good-Endeavour, still,
As neere as may be, to Perfections top,
Though backe againe it tumble downe the Hill.
So; What our Workes had never power to doe,
God's Grace, at last, shall freely bring us to.
 As, to the World I naked came,
So, naked-stript I leave the same.

Illvstr. XII. Book. 1.

 Hrice happy is that Man whose Thoughts doe
reare
His Minde above that pitch the Worldling flies,
And by his Contemplations, hovers where
He viewes things mortall, with unbleared eyes.
What Trifles then doe Villages and Townes
Large Fields or Flockes of fruitfull Cattell seeme?
Nay, what poore things are Miters, Scepters, Crownes,
And all those Glories which Men most esteeme?
Though he that hath among them, his Delight,
Brave things imagines them (because they blinde
With some false Lustre his beguiled sight)
He that's above them, their meane-Worth may finde.
Lord, to that Blessed-Station me convey
Where I may view the World, and view her so,
That I her true Condition may survey;
And all her Imperfections rightly know.
Remember me, that once there was a Day
When thou didst weane me from them with content,
Ev'n when shut up within those Gates I lay
Through which the Plague-inflicting Angel went.
And, let me still remember, that an Houre
Is hourely comming on, wherein I shall
(Though I had all the World within my powre)
Be naked stript, and turned out of all.
But minde me, chiefely, that I never cleave
Too closely to my Selfe; and cause thou me,
Not other Earthly things alone to leave,
But to forsake my Selfe for love of Thee:
That I may say, now I have all things left,
Before that I of all things, am bereft.
 To him a happy Lot befalls
That hath a Ship, and prosp'rous Gales.

Illvstr. XIII. Book. 1.

 O wonder he a prosp'rous Voyage findes
That hath both Sailes and Oares to serve his
turne,
And, still, through meanes of some propitious Winds
Is to his wished Harbour, swiftly borne.
Nor is it much admir'd, if they that lacke
Those aydes (on which the Common-faith depends)
Are from their hoped aymes repelled backe,
Or made to labour for unfruitfull ends.
Yet neither in the Ship, Wind, Oares, or Sailes,
Nor in the want of Outward meanes, alone,
Consists it, that our Hope succeedes or failes;
But, most in that, which Men least thinke upon.
For, some endeavour, and their Paines are blest
With Gales which are so fortunate, that they
Fly safe, and swiftly on, among the best,
Whil'st others labour, and are cast away.
Some others, on this Worlds wide Ocean floate,
And neither Wind, nor Tide assistant have,
Nor Saile, nor Oare, nor Anchor, nor sound Boate,
Nor take so much as heede themselves to save;
And yet are safe: A third sort, then, there are
Who neither want fit Meanes, nor yet neglect,
The painefull-Industrie, or honest Care,
Which Need requires; yet find small good effect.
Therefore, let that which you propose, be Iust;
Then, use the fairest Meanes, to compasse it:
And, though Meanes faile, yet foster no mistrust;
But fearelesly, to God, your Course commit:
For, Hee, to Faithfull-Hearts, and Honest-Mindes
Turnes Losse to Gaine; and Stormes, to prosp'rous
Windes.
Though he endeavour all he can,
An Ape, will never be a Man.

Illvstr. XIIII. Book. 1.

 Hat though an Apish-Pigmie, in attire,
His Dwarfish Body Gyant-lyke, array?
Turne Brave, and get him Stilts to seem the
higher?
What would so doing, handsome him I pray?
Now, surely, such a Mimicke sight as that,
Would with excessive Laughter move your Spleene,
Till you had made the little Dandiprat,
To lye within some Auger-hole, unseene.
I must confesse I cannot chuse but smile,
When I perceive, how Men that worthlesse are,
Piece out their Imperfections, to beguile,
By making showes, of what they never were.
For, in their borrow'd-Shapes, I know those Men,
And (through their Maskes) such insight of them have;
That I can oftentimes disclose (ev'n then)
How much they savour of the Foole or Knave.
A Pigmey-spirit, and an Earthly-Minde,
Whose looke is onely fixt on Objects vaine;
In my esteeme, so meane a place doth finde,
That ev'ry such a one, I much refraine.
But, when in honour'd Robes I see it put,
Betrimm'd, as if some thing of Worth it were,
Looke big, and on the Stilts of Greatnesse, strut;
From scorning it, I cannot then forbeare.
For, when to grosse Vnworthinesse, Men adde
Those Dues, which to the Truest-worth pertaine;
Tis like an Ape, in Humane-Vestments clad,
Which, when most fine, deserveth most disdaine:
And, more absurd, those Men appeare to me,
Then this Fantasticke-Monkey seemes to thee.
 I pine, that others may not perish,
And waste my Selfe, their Life to cherish.

Illvstr. XV. Book. 1.

 Bserve I pray you, how the greedy Flame
The Fewell, on an Altar doth consume.
How it destroyeth that which feedes the same,
And how the Nourisher away doth fume.
For, so it fares with Parents that uphold
Their thriftlesse Children in unlawfull Pleasures:
With Cares, it weares them out, ere they are old;
And ere their Lives consume, consumes their Treasures.
So fares it with such Wantons as doe feede
Vnchast Desires; for, ev'ry day they grow
Vntill their Longings, their Supplies exceede,
And, quite devoure those men that fed them so.
So fares it with all those that spend their Youth
In lab'ring to enrich ungratefull Men,
Who, growing Great, and Wealthy, by their Truth,
Returne them Smoke and Ashes backe agen.
So fares it with good States-men, who to keepe
A thankelesse Common-wealth in happy Peace,
Deprive their Mindes of Rest, their Eyes of Sleepe,
And, waste themselves, that others may encrease.
And, so it fares with Men that passe away
Their time in Studies, (and their Healths impaire)
That helps to other men become they may,
And, their defective Knowledges, repaire.
But, let my Flesh, my Time, and my Estate,
Be so consum'd; so spent; so wasted bee,
That they may nourish Grace, and perfit that
For which all these were first bestowd'd on me:
So when I quite am vanish'd out of seeing,
I shall enjoy my Now-concealed-Being.
When to suppresse us, Men intend,
They make us higher to ascend.

Illvstr. XVI. Book. 1.

 Hen we observe the Ball, how to and fro
The Gamesters force it; we may ponder thus:
That whil'st we live we shall be playd with so,
And that the World will make her Game of us.
Adversities, one while our hearts constraine
To stoope, and knock the Pavements of Despaire;
Hope, like a Whirle-wind mounts us up againe,
Till oft it lose us in the empty ayre.
Sometimes, above the Battlements we looke;
Sometimes, we quite below the Line are tost:
Another-while, against the Hazard strooke,
We, but a little want, of being lost.
Detraction, Envie, Mischief, and Despight,
One Partie make, and watchfully attend
To catch us when we rise to any Height;
Lest we above their hatred should ascend.
Good-Fortune, Praises, Hopes, and Industries,
Doe side-together, and make Play to please us;
But, when by them we thinke more high to rise,
More great they make our Fall, and more disease us.
Yea, they that seeke our Losse, advance our Gaine;
And to our Wishes, bring us oft the nigher:
For, we that else upon the Ground had laine,
Are, by their striking of us lifted higher.
When Balls against the Stones are hardest throwne,
Then highest up into the Aire they fly;
So, when men hurle us (with most fury) downe,
Wee hopefull are to be advanc'd thereby:
And, when they smite us quite unto the Ground,
Then, up to Heav'n, we trust, we shall rebound.
Till God hath wrought us to his Will,
The Hammer we shall suffer still.

Illvstr. XVII. Book. 1.

 Hy should the foolish World discourage Men,
In just endurances? or bid them shunne
Good Actions, 'cause they suffer now and then,
For Doing well, as if some Ill were done?
Ere Plates extended are, they must abide
A thousand hamm'rings; And, then that which fill'd
So little roome, it scarce your Hand could hide,
Will serve a goodly Monument to gild.
So, he that hopes to winne an honest Name,
Must many blowes of Fortune undergoe,
And hazard, oft, the blast of Evill-Fame,
Before a Good-Report her Trumpe will blow.
A thousand Worthies had unworthily
Been raked up in Ashes and in Clay,
Vnknowne and bury'd in Obscurity,
If Malice had not fil'd their Rust away.
But, lo; their lasting prayses now are spread,
And rais'd, by Adverse-Chance, to such a height,
That they most glorious are, now they are dead;
And live in Injuries, and Deaths, despight.
For, by Afflictions, man refined growes,
And, (as the Gold prepared in the Fire)
Receiveth such a Forme by wrongs and blowes,
That hee becomes the Iewell we desire.
To thee therefore, Oh God! My Prayers are
Not to be freed from Griefes and Troubles quite:
But, that they may be such as I can beare;
And, serve to make me precious in thy Sight.
This please me shall, though all my Life time, I
Betweene thine Anvill and the Hammer, lie.
From thence, where Nets and Snares are layd,
Make-hast; lest els you be betray'd.

Illvstr. XVIII. Book. 1.

 He nimble Spider from his Entrailes drawes
A suttle Thread, and curious art doth show
In weaving Nets, not much unlike those Lawes
Which catch Small-Thieves, and let the Great-ones goe.
For, as the Cob-web takes the lesser Flyes,
When those of larger size breake through their Snares;
So, Poore-men smart for little Injuries,
When Rich-men scape, whose Guilt is more then theirs.
The Spider, also representeth such
Who very curious are in Trifling-things,
And neither Cost, nor Time, nor Labour grutch,
In that which neither Gaine nor Pleasure brings.
But those whom here that Creature doth implye
Are chiefely such, who under cunning shewes
Of simple-Meanings (or of Curtesie)
Doe silly Men unwarily abuse.
Or else, it meanes those greedy-Cormorants
Who without touch, of Conscience or Compassion,
Seeke how to be enricht by others wants,
And bring the Poore to utter Desolation.
Avoyd them therefore, though compell'd by need;
Or if a Storme inforce, (yee lab'ring Bees)
That yee must fall among them; Flie with speed
From their Commerce, when Calmes your passage frees.
Much more, let wastfull Gallants haste from these;
Else, when those Idling-painted-Butterflies,
Have flutter'd-out their Summer-time, in ease,
(And spent their Wealth in foolish Vanities)
The Blasts of Want may force them to be brought
For shelter thither, where they shall be caught.
When thou a Dangerous-Way dost goe,
Walke surely, though thy pace be slowe.

Illvstr. XIX. Book. 1.

 Xperience proves, that Men who trust upon
Their Nat'rall parts, too much, oft lose the Day,
And, faile in that which els they might have
done,
By vainely trifling pretious Time away.
It also shewes, that many Men have sought
With so much Rashnesse, those things they desir'd,
That they have brought most likely Hopes to nought;
And, in the middle of their Courses, tir'd.
And, not a few, are found who so much wrong
Gods Gratiousnesse, as if their thinkings were,
That (seeing he deferres his Iudgements long)
His Vengeance, he, for ever, would forbeare:
But, such as these may see wherein they faile,
And, what would fitter be for them to doe,
If they would contemplate the slow-pac'd Snaile;
Or, this our Hieroglyphicke looke into:
For, thence we learne, that Perseverance brings
Large Workes to end, though slowly they creepe on;
And, that Continuance perfects many things,
Which seeme, at first, unlikely to be done.
It warnes, likewise, that some Affaires require
More Heed then Haste: And that the Course we take,
Should suite as well our Strength, as our Desire;
Else (as our Proverbe saith) Haste, Waste may make.
And, in a Mysticke-sense, it seemes to preach
Repentance and Amendment, unto those
Who live, as if they liv'd beyond Gods reach;
Because, he long deferres deserved Blowes:
For, though Iust-Vengeance moveth like a Snaile,
And slowly comes; her comming will not faile.
 A Sive, of shelter maketh show;
But ev'ry Storme will through it goe.

Illvstr. XX. Book. 1.

 Ome Men, when for their Actions they procure
A likely colour, (be it nere so vaine)
Proceede as if their Projects were as sure,
As when Sound Reason did their Course maintayne:
And these not much unlike those Children are,
Who through a Storme advent'ring desp'rately,
Had rather on their Heads, a Sive to beare,
Then Cov'rings, that may serve to keepe them drye.
For, at a distance that perchance is thought
A helpfull Shelter; and, yet, proves to those
Who neede the same, a Toy, which profits nought;
Because, each drop of Raine quite through it, goes.
So, they, whose foolish Projects, for a while,
Doe promise their Projectors hopefull ends,
Shall finde them, in the Tryall, to beguile;
And, that both Shame and Want, on them attends.
Such like is their estate, who, (to appeare
Rich-men to others) doe, with Inward-payne,
A gladsome out-ward Port desire to beare;
Though they at last nor Wealth nor Credit gaine.
And, such are all those Hypocrites, who strive
False Hearts beneath Faire-spoken Words to hyde:
For, they o'revaile themselves but with a Sive,
Through which, their purposes at length are spyde.
And, then, they either woefully-lament
Their Brutish-folly, or so hardned grow
In Sinning, that they never can repent,
Nay, jest and scoffe at their owne Overthrow.
But no false Vaile can serve (when God will smite)
To save a Scorner, or an Hypocrite.
Death no Losse, but rather, Gaine;
For wee by Dying, Life attaine.

Illvstr. XXI. Book. 1.

 Will not blame those grieved Hearts that shed
Becoming-teares, for their departed Friends;
Nor those who sigh out Passions for the Dead;
Since, on Good-natures, this Disease attends.
When Sorrow is conceiv'd, it must have Vent
(In Sighes or Moysture) or the Heart will breake;
And, much they aggravate our Discontent,
Who, out of Season, Reason seeme to speake.
Yet, since our Frailty may require we should
Remembrances admit to keepe us from
Excesse in Griefe: this Emblem here behold,
And take such Hope as may our Teares become.
The Wheat although a while it lyes in Earth,
(And seemeth lost) consumes not quite away;
But, from that Wombe receives another Birth,
And, with Additions, riseth from the Clay.
Much more shall Man revive, whose worth is more:
For, Death, who from our Drosse will us refine,
Vnto that other Life, becomes the Doore,
Where, we in Immortalitie shall shine.
When once our Glasse is runne, we presently
Give up our Soules to Death; So Death must give
Our Bodies backe againe, that we, thereby,
The Light of Life eternall, may receive.
The Venom'd Sting of Death is tooke away;
And, now, the Grave, that was a Place of Feare,
Is made a Bed of Rest, wherein we may
Lye downe in Hope, and bide in safety, there.
When we are Borne, to Death-ward straight we
runne;
And by our Death, our Life is new-begnnne.
When Vice and Vertue Youth shall wooe,
Tis hard to say, which way 'twill goe.

Illvstr. XXII. Book. 1.

 Y hopefull Friends at thrice five yeares and
three,
Without a Guide (into the World alone)
To seeke my Fortune, did adventure mee;
And, many hazards, I alighted on.
First, Englands greatest Rendevouz I sought,
Where Vice and Vertve at the highest sit;
And, thither, both a Minde and Bodie brought,
For neither of their Services unfit.
Both, woo'd my Youth: And, both perswaded so,
That (like the Young man in our Emblem here)
I stood, and cry'd, Ah! which way shall I goe?
To me so pleasing both their Offers were.
Vice, Pleasures best Contentments promist mee,
And what the wanton Flesh desires to have:
Quoth Vertve, I will Wisdome give to thee,
And those brave things, which noblest Mindes doe
crave.
Serve me said Vice, and thou shalt soone acquire
All those Atchievements which my Service brings:
Serve me said Vertve, and Ile raise thee higher,
Then Vices can, and teach thee better things.
Whil'st thus they strove to gaine me, I espyde
Grim Death attending Vice; and, that her Face
Was but a painted Vizard, which did hide
The foul'st Deformity that ever was.
Lord, grant me grace for evermore to view
Her Vglinesse: And, that I viewing it,
Her Falsehoods and allurements may eschew;
And on faire Vertve my Affection set;
Her Beauties contemplate, her Love embrace,
And by her safe Direction, runne my Race.
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