Building a Medium-Sized Network

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 (ICND1) v2.0

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-1

Implementing VLANs and Trunks
Building a Medium-Sized Network

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-2

These issues are often
found in poorly designed
networks:
• Large broadcast domains
• Management and support
challenges
• Possible security
vulnerabilities

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-3

• A VLAN is a
virtual LAN.
• VLAN =
broadcast
domain
• VLAN = logical
network
(subnet)
• VLANs
address these
needs:
– Segmentation
– Security
– Network
flexibility

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-4

Running many VLANs between switches would require the
same number of interconnecting links.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-5

• Combining many VLANs on the same port is called trunking.
• A trunk allows the transportation of frames from different VLANs.
• Each frame has a tag that specifies the VLAN that it belongs to.
• Frames are forwarded to the corresponding VLAN based on the tag
information.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-6

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-7
© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-8
© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-9
 SwitchX#configure terminal
SwitchX(config)#vlan 2
SwitchX(config-vlan)#name Sales

• Adds VLAN 2 and names it "Sales"

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-10

 SwitchX# show vlan id 2

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------- ------- ---------------------
2 Sales active Fa0/2, Fa0/12

VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ---- ------- ----- ------ ------ -------- --- --------- ------ ------
2 enet 100002 1500 - - - - - 0 0

<output omitted>

• Verifies VLAN2

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-11

 SwitchX#configure terminal
SwitchX(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/3
SwitchX(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2

• Assigns port FastEthernet0/3 to VLAN 2

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-12

 SwitchX#show vlan brief
VLAN Name Status Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------
1 default active Fa0/1
2 Sales active Fa0/3
3 vlan3 active
4 vlan4 active

<output omitted>

• Verifies that port FastEthernet0/3 was assigned to VLAN 2

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-13

 SwitchX#show interface FastEthernet0/3 switchport
Name: Fa0/3
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: dynamic auto
Operational Mode: static access
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: native
Negotiation of Trunking: On
Access Mode VLAN: 2 (Sales)

<output omitted>

• Verifies VLAN membership on the Fa0/3 interface

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-14

• Enter the interface configuration mode.
• Configure the Fa0/11 interface as a VLAN trunk.
• Change the native VLAN from 1 to 99.

SwitchX#configure terminal
SwitchX(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/11
SwitchX(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SwitchX(config-if)#switchport trunk native vlan 99

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-15

 SwitchX#show interfaces FastEthernet0/11 switchport
Name: Fa0/11
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: trunk
Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: On
Access Mode VLAN: 99
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 99

<output omitted>

SwitchX#show interfaces FastEthernet0/11 trunk

Port Mode Encapsulation Status Native vlan
Fa0/11 on 802.1q trunking 99
Port Vlans allowed on trunk
Fa0/11 1-4094
Port Vlans allowed and active in management domain
Fa0/11 1-13

<output omitted>

• Verifies a trunk on the Fa0/11 interface

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-16
• The maximum number of VLANs is switch-dependent.
• VLAN 1 is the factory-default Ethernet VLAN.
• A use-dedicated VLAN is for the Cisco switch management IP address.
• Keep management traffic in a separate VLAN.
• Change the native VLAN to something other than VLAN 1.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-17

When configuring a trunk link, consider the following:
• Make sure that the native VLAN for an 802.1Q trunk is the same on both
ends of the trunk link.
• DTP manages trunk negotiations between Cisco switches.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-18

Loops may occur in the network as part of a design strategy
for redundancy.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-19

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-20
• VLANs are independent LAN networks and address segmentation,
security, and organizational flexibility.
• Ethernet trunks carry the traffic of multiple VLANs over a single link and
allow you to extend VLANs across many switches.
• To implement VLANs and trunking, you need to create VLANs, configure
trunk links, and assign switch ports to selected VLANs.
• Physical redundancy is required for network reliability.
• STP ensures a loop-free topology.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-21

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-22
Routing Between VLANs
Building a Medium-Sized Network

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-23

• A VLAN creates a separate switching segment.
• Traffic cannot be switched between VLANs.
• VLANs have different IP subnets.
• Routing is necessary to forward traffic between VLANs.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-24

These solutions can provide inter-VLAN routing:
• Router with a separate interface in each VLAN
• Router with a trunk link
• Layer 3 switch

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-25

Option: Router with a separate interface in each VLAN

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-26

Option: Router with a trunk link

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-27

Option: Layer 3 switch

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-28

Configures subinterfaces and trunking on the router

Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0.10

Router(config-if)#encapsulation dot1Q 10
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.1.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0.20
Router(config-if)#encapsulation dot1Q 20
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.1.20.1 255.255.255.0

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-29

Assigns ports to specific VLANs and configures the port toward the router as a trunk

Switch(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/13

Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#interface FastEthernet 0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if)#interface FastEthernet 0/3
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-30

Verifies the VLAN subinterfaces

Router#show vlans

<output omitted>

Virtual LAN ID: 10 (IEEE 802.1Q Encapsulation)

vLAN Trunk Interface: GigabitEthernet0/0.10

Protocols Configured: Address: Received: Transmitted:

IP 10.1.10.1 11 18

<output omitted>

Virtual LAN ID: 20 (IEEE 802.1Q Encapsulation)

vLAN Trunk Interface: GigabitEthernet0/0.20

Protocols Configured: Address: Received: Transmitted:

IP 10.1.20.1 11 8

<output omitted>

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-31

Verifies the IP routing table for VLAN subinterfaces

Router#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-
2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static
route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks

C 10.1.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.10
L 10.1.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.10
C 10.1.20.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.20
L 10.1.20.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.20

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-32

• Inter-VLAN communication cannot occur without a Layer 3 device (Layer
3 switch or router).
• Routing is necessary to forward traffic between VLANs.
• A router with a trunk link is configured with a subinterface for each
VLAN.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-33

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-34
Using a Cisco Network Device as a DHCP
Server
Building a Medium-Sized Network

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-35

A manual IP address assignment in a medium-sized LAN is as
follows:
• Time consuming
• Prone to errors
• Unfavorable to employee mobility
A DHCP IP address assignment in a segmented LAN is as
follows:
• An IP address that is automatically assigned in accordance with user
VLAN settings
• A centralized IP address allocation that enables consistency across the
whole organization

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-36

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-37
Configuration scenario:
• Configure a DHCP server on a
Cisco router
• Assign IP addresses from
address pool 10.1.50.0/24 with a
lease time of 12 hours
• Do not assign IP addresses from
10.1.50.1 to 10.1.50.50
• Additional parameters: default
gateway, domain name, and
DNS server

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-38

Cisco IOS DHCP server configuration:
• Enter the DHCP pool configuration mode
• Assign DHCP parameters to the DHCP pool
• Exclude IP addresses from the DHCP assignment

Branch(config)# ip dhcp pool Guests

Branch(dhcp-config) #network 10.1.50.0 /24
Branch(dhcp-config)# default-router 10.1.50.1
Branch(dhcp-config)# dns-server 10.1.50.1
Branch(dhcp-config)# domain-name example.com
Branch(dhcp-config)# lease 0 12
Branch(dhcp-config)# exit
Branch(config)# ip dhcp excluded-address 10.1.50.1 10.1.50.50

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-39

 Branch# show ip dhcp pool

Pool Guests :
Utilization mark (high/low) : 100 / 0
Subnet size (first/next) : 0 / 0
Total addresses : 254
Leased addresses : 2
Pending event : none
1 subnet is currently in the pool :
Current index IP address range Leased addresses
10.1.50.55 10.1.50.1 - 10.1.50.254 2

• Verifies information about configured DHCP address pools

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-40

 Branch# show ip dhcp binding
Bindings from all pools not associated with VRF:
IP address Client-ID/ Lease expiration Type
Hardware address/
User name
10.1.50.54 0100.0c29.8807.34 Oct 18 2012 06:56 PM Automatic
10.1.50.56 0100.0c29.4532.be Oct 18 2012 07:08 PM Automatic

• Displays address bindings information

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-41

 Branch# show ip dhcp conflict
IP address Detection method Detection time VRF
10.1.50.52 Gratuitous ARP Oct 18 2012 06:56 AM
10.1.50.53 Ping Oct 18 2012 07:08 AM

• Displays the address conflicts that are found by a DHCP server

• IP Address: The IP address of the host as recorded on the DHCP server
• Detection Method: The manner in which the IP address of the hosts were found on the
DHCP server; can be a ping or a gratuitous ARP
• Detection time: The time when the conflict was found

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-42

The need for a centralized DHCP solution:
• Managing individual DHCP servers across many locations is time-
consuming.
• Ensuring consistency in several different places can easily lead to
errors.

To support a centralized DHCP solution in branch offices, only

the DHCP relay agent needs to be configured.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-43

 Branch(config-if)# ip helper-address 172.16.1.100

• Enables DHCP relay agent on a local interface

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-44

• A DHCP server provides dynamic IP address assignment to end hosts,
reducing errors and the time that is needed to administer address
assignment.
• Before a client obtains an IP address from a DHCP server, it exchanges
DHCP discover, offer, request, and acknowledge messages with the
DHCP server.
• Both Cisco routers and Cisco Catalyst switches can be configured as
DHCP servers.
• Use the verification commands show ip dhcp pool, show ip dhcp
binding, and show ip dhcp conflict to monitor a DHCP server.
• When a centralized DHCP server is in use, configure DHCP relay agent
functionally using the ip helper-address interface configuration
command.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-45

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-46
Introducing WAN Technologies
Building a Medium-Sized Network

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-47

What is a WAN?

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-48

Why are WANs needed?

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-49

WAN = A collection of LANs

WANs LANs
Area Wide geographic area Single building or small
geographic area
Ownership Subscription to outside Owned by organization
service provider
Cost Recurring Fixed

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-50

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-51
WANs vs. LANs

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-52

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-53
Ethernet emulation:
• Simple
• Affordable
• Flexible

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-54

Configuring the Branch router with an IP address and interface description

Branch(config)#interface GigabitEthernet0/1
Branch(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.252
Branch(config-if)#description WAN Link to HQ
Branch(config-if)#no shutdown

• Use ping to verify end-to-end connectivity

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-55

• A WAN allows the transmission of data across broad geographic
distances.
• A WAN is a collection of LANs, and routers play a central role in
transmitting data through WANs.
• There are three WAN communication link options: dedicated
communication links, switched communication links, and public
connections.
• A common type of WAN connectivity is the point-to-point connection that
emulates Ethernet.
• Configuring an interface for emulated Ethernet WAN connectivity
consists of setting the IP address and enabling the interface.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-56

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-57
Introducing Dynamic Routing Protocols
Building a Medium-Sized Network

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-58

Dynamic routing protocol characteristics follow:
• Routing protocols are sets of processes, algorithms, and messages that
are used to exchange routing information.
• After directly connected routes have been installed, a router populates
its routing table with the best paths to remote destinations, as chosen by
the routing protocol.
• After the path is determined, a router can route to the learned networks.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-59

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-60
Dynamic routing protocols do as follows:
• Discover remote networks
• Maintain up-to-date routing information
• Choose the best path to destination networks
• Find a new best path if the current path is no longer available

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-61

Characteristics of autonomous systems:
• An AS is a collection of networks within a common administrative
domain.
• IGPs operate within an AS.
• EGPs connect different autonomous systems.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-62

The types of dynamic routing protocols follow:
• Distance vector: RIP
• Advanced distance vector: EIGRP
• Link-state: OSPF and IS-IS

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-63

Characteristics of link-state routing protocols follow:
• A complete view of the network topology is created.
• Updates are sent when there is a link change.
• They are associated with SPF calculations.
• They use the link-state information to do as follows:
– Create a topology map.
– Select the best path to all destination networks in the topology.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-64

Link-state protocol components:

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-65

Hierarchical routing:
• Consists of areas and autonomous systems

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-66

• Routing protocols are a set of processes, algorithms, and messages that
are used to exchange routing information.
• IGPs operate within an AS, while EGPs connect different autonomous
systems.
• The distance vector routing approach determines the direction (vector)
and distance to any link in the internetwork.
• Routers running link-state routing protocols maintain their own view of
the network, so the router is less likely to propagate incorrect information
that is provided by another router.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-67

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-68
Implementing OSPF
Building a Medium-Sized Network

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-69

• Developed by the IETF
• Creates a neighbor relationship by exchanging hello packets
• Propagates LSAs rather than routing table updates:
– Link: Router interface
– State: Description of an interface and its relationship to neighboring routers
• Floods LSAs to all OSPF routers in the area, not just directly connected
routers
• Pieces together all of the LSAs that are generated by the OSPF routers
to create the OSPF link-state database
• Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to each
destination and places it in the routing table

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-70

• OSPF routers first establish adjacencies.
• Hello packets are periodically sent to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
• Routers must agree on certain information inside the hello packet before
an adjacency can be established.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-71

• OSPF uses a path cost as a metric.
• By default, cost is calculated based on interface bandwidth.
• Cost = Reference bandwidth / interface bandwidth, where reference
bandwidth is 100 Mb/s.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-72

R1 SPF Tree
Destination Shortest Path Cost
R2 LAN R1 to R2 14
R3 LAN R1 to R3 22
R4 LAN R1 to R4 30

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-73

• The number by which the router is known to OSPF can be set manually
using the router-id command.
• If router-id is not configured, the highest IP address on the active
loopback interface at the moment of OSPF process startup is selected
as the router ID.
• If there is no active loopback interface, then the router selects the
highest IP address on the active interface at the moment of OSPF
process startup.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-74

 RouterX#show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is "ospf 100"

Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 10.2.2.2
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4

<output omitted>

• Verifies the device OSPF router ID

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-75

 Branch(config)#router ospf 1
Branch(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

Branch(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1

Branch(config-if)#ip ospf 1 area 0

• Configures OSPF on the Branch router

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-76

 Branch(config)#router ospf 1
Branch(config-router)#passive-interface GigabitEthernet 0/0.1

• Configures the passive interface on GigabitEthernet 0/0.1 on the Branch router.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-77

• The HQ router announces the default route through OSPF.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-78

 Branch#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 192.168.1.1
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Routing on Interfaces Configured Explicitly (Area 0):
GigabitEthernet0/1
Passive Interface(s):
GigabitEthernet0/0.1
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
1.1.1.1 110 00:50:43
Distance: (default is 110)

• Verifies that OSPF on the Branch router is routing for all networks that it needs to

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-79

 Branch#show ip ospf interface brief
Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C
Gi0/0.1 1 0 10.1.1.1/24 1 DR 0/0
Gi0/1 1 0 192.168.1.1/24 1 BDR 1/1
Gi0/0.20 1 0 10.1.20.1/24 1 DR 0/0
Gi0/0.10 1 0 10.1.10.1/24 1 DR 0/0

• Shows which interfaces are enabled for the OSPF routing process

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-80

 Branch#show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

1.1.1.1 1 FULL/DR 00:00:36 192.168.1.2 GigabitEthernet0/1

• Shows OSPF neighbors

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-81

 Branch# show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
<output omitted>
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.1.2 to network 0.0.0.0
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:02:45, GigabitEthernet0/1
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.1
L 10.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.1
C 10.1.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.10
L 10.1.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.10
C 10.1.20.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.20
L 10.1.20.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0.20
172.16.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.16.1.100 [110/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:56:58, GigabitEthernet0/1
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L 192.168.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1

• The routing table displays OSPF routes.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-82

• OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses an area hierarchy.
• OSPF exchanges hello packets to establish neighbor adjacencies
between routers.
• The SPF algorithm uses a cost metric to determine the best path. Lower
cost indicates a better path.
• Configuration of basic OSPF requires two steps:
– Enable the OSPF routing process.
– Identify the networks to advertise.
• The show ip ospf neighbor command displays OSPF neighbor
information on a per-interface basis.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-83

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-84
• VLANs are independent LAN networks that address segmentation,
security, and organizational flexibility.
• Inter-VLAN communication cannot occur without a Layer 3 device (a
Layer 3 switch or router).
• The DHCP server provides dynamic IP address assignments to end
hosts, reducing errors and the time that is needed to administer address
assignment.
• A WAN is a collection of LANs, and routers play a central role in
transmitting data through these networks.
• Routing protocols are a set of processes, algorithms, and messages that
are used to exchange routing information.
• Configuration of basic OSPF requires two steps:
– Enable the OSPF routing process.
– Identify the networks to advertise.

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-85

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 4-86