Introduction to Data Base Management Systems

Unit-I (Introduction)

Data: Data is facts.

Facts can be generally classified into 4 types

a. Books, b. Multimedia(video, audio), c. GIS(maps), d. Real time ( social media)

Database: Combination of tables is known as database

Roll.no Student Name Gender

1 Ravi M
2 Rani F
3 Ransom F

Combination of Rows and columns is called Relation. Rows/Tupple/Record. Columns/Fields

Management System: A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain and control access to
database.

Difference between file system and DBMS:

File system : Storing files in pendrive, dvd etc., Operating System is windows, linux, etc.,

DBMS : Storage and recovery software system with security

DB manipulated through group of programs. Acknowledge user request and provide relevant data.
S.No Description Diagram Data Base system File system

Software network to A storage medium to

1 Storage access, build and maintain govern collection and
Data base. retrieval of data.

Abstract image of data

2 Representation Detailed representaiton.
representation.

Best in store and retrieve Data can not be stored

3 Maintain data
data. and recoverd easily.

With specified restrictions

4 Save data As Isolated data.
and interrelationships.

5 Security of data Crash mechanism. No crash mechanism.

6 concorrency Concurrency found. No concurrency.

Database Users: Individuals/applications that interact with DBMS to perform operations like

1. End users : Interact directly with DB through applications

2. Application programmers : They develop applications
3. Database administration : Maintain DB security , backup etc.,
4. System analysis : Based on organization need design the data
5. Data analysis : To solve the problem and analyze the data.
6. DB designers : Organization of data according to data base model.

Advantages of DBMS:

Data Independence : Data Representation and storage is independent. Gives abstract view of data.

Efficient data access : To share and retrieve data easily.

Data integrity and security: Can enforce integrity constraints on the data.

Data Administration : Centralizing the administration data.

Concurrent access and crash recovery : Effect of system failures

Reduce application development time : Access data shared in dbms ease to develop dbms.

Database applications:

These are software programs that interact with the data base to manage data.

S.no Applications Description Examples

Enterprise resource planning systems. To SAP,ERP,ORACLE

1 ERP
integrate function of organization. HR,FINANCE,etc.,

Customer relationship management systems. To

2 CRM CRM, SALESFORCE
manage customer interactions.

Content management systems. WORD PRESS ,

3 CMS
To manage digital content. DRUPAL.

Data warehouse systems.

4 DWS AMAZON.
To manage historical business data.

5 E-Commerce To manage online transactions. WOO COMMERCE

6 HIS Health infromation systems. To manage patient records. EPIC SYSTEMS.

Tele communication systems. To manage network

7 TCS ORACLE.
operations.

BLACK
8 ES Educational systems, To manage student data.
BOARD,CANVA.

Logistics and supply chain management, to manage

9 L&SCM SAP
logistics operations.
Data Models:

Abstract representation of data structures, relationships, how data is organized and accessed in data base is called data
model.

Types of data models are:- Hierarchical data models, network data model, relational data model, object oriented.

Type Hierarchical Data Model Network Data model Relational data model Object oriented model

Diagram

Use tables and

Point-1 Organizes data in a tree like structure. Extension of hierarchical data model. relationships to organise Treats data as object
data.
Data and their relationships are
Widely used in
suitable for representing Hierarchical Suitable for many to many contained in a single structre. Real
Point-2 SQL(Structured query
relationships. relationships. world problems represented as
language).
object.

3- Tier schema architecture for data independence:

. schema- logical representation of data.

. Used to design and development of applications that works with DB.

. The 3-Tier architecture divides an application into 3 tiers/layers.

1. Physical level 2. Conceptual level 3. External level

Physical level : Where the data stored in disks etc., secondary storage and where data is located
Conceptual level : Data is represented in the form of various tables.
Example- Student data base
External level : For Abstraction of the data, to view data in terms of conceptual level tables.
Example- Faculty searching for course details, student searching for course fee,etc.,

Advantages of 3-Tier schema architecture:

1. Scalability: Due to specification of layers easy scalability of requirements.
2. Flexibility: Replace (or) upgrade of layers without affecting other layers.
3. Security: As DB is isolated from other users so risk of unauthorized access.
Structure of DBMS:

Definition - A software allows to access data stored in database and provide easy method to

Define, store, manipulate, protect and differentiating the information to different users.

Steps-Internal level/physical storage- Query process

Conceptual level/ logical view- Storage manager

External level/ interface- Disk storage

1. QUERY PROCESSOR: It interprets the requests (queries) received from end user via an application program
into instructions. It also executes the user request which is received from the DML compiler.
2. STORAGE MANAGER: is a program that provides an interface between the data stored in the database and
the queries received. It is also known as Database Control System. It maintains the consistency and integrity
of the database by applying the constraints and executing the DCL statements. It is responsible for updating,
storing, deleting, and retrieving data in the database.
3. DISK STORAGE : It contains the following components –
Data Files: It stores the data.
 Data Dictionary: It contains the information about the structure of any database object. It is the
repository of information that governs the metadata.
 Indices: It provides faster retrieval of data item.