CM9 11 5.3_5.

2 Final 12/8/04 11:53 AM Page 357

Syllabus outcomes
PAS5.1.2 Determines the midpoint, length and gradient of an interval joining two points
on the number plane and graphs linear and simple non-linear relationships from equations
PAS5.2.3 Uses formulas to find midpoint, distance and gradient and applies the
gradient–intercept form to interpret and graph straight lines
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.3 Uses and interprets formal definitions and generalisations when explaining
solutions and/or conjectures
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content

In this chapter you will learn to:

nconstruct tables of values for and, using coordinates, graph vertical and horizontal
lines such as x
3, x
1, y
2 and y
3
nidentify the x-intercepts and y-intercepts of graphs
nidentify the x-axis as the line y
0
nidentify the y-axis as the line x
0 x1
ngraph a variety of linear relationships (such as y
3  x, y
2, x  y
5,
2
x  y
2 and y
3x) on the number plane by constructing tables of values and
plotting coordinates using appropriate scales
ndetermine whether a point lies on a line by substituting into the equation
of the line
ngraph equations of the form y
mx  b using the y-intercept (b) and the
gradient (m)
nfind the gradient and the y-intercept of a straight line from its graph and use them
to determine the equation of the line
2 2 x
ngraph simple non-linear relationships such as y
x , y
x  2 and y = 2
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Graphing linear relationships

A linear relationship is a relationship between two variables of degree 1.
y
2x has degree 1.
In other words, it is an equation with two variables that do not have a 2
y
3x has degree 2.
power higher than 1. Equations like y
x  1, 2x  3y
6 and y
3x
are linear equations.
The graph of every linear equation is a straight line. To draw the graph
of any linear equation, follow these steps:
Step 1 Draw and complete a table of values. (To draw a straight line, you need
two points, but it is a good idea to have three or more for checks.)
Step 2 Plot the points on a number plane.
Step 3 Draw a line through these points and put an arrow on each end of the line.
Step 4 Label the x-axis, the y-axis and the origin. Write the equation of the line next to it.

Graphing equations in the form

y
mx  b
When the equation is in gradient–intercept form (y
mx  b), if m (the gradient) is positive,
the line leans to the right, but if it is negative, the line leans to the left. b is the y-intercept;
that is, it shows where the line cuts the y-axis.

Example
●
1 Draw the graph of the linear equation y
x  1.
y
x1

x 0 1 2
Remember: In the
y 1 0 1
equation y
mx  b,
m is the gradient and
y b is the y-intercept.
4
y
x1

Arrows on the ends of

–4 –2 0 2 4 x the line indicate that the
line extends infinitely in
–2 both directions.

–4

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●
2 Draw the graph of the linear equation y
3  2x.
y
3  2x
y
3  2x y is the same as
4 y
2x  3.
x 0 1 2 y
3  2x
2
y 3 1 1

–4 –2 0 2 4 x
Here the gradient is
–2
negative, so the line
leans to the left.
–4

E x e r c i s e 11A G R A P H I N G E Q U AT I O N S I N T H E F O R M y
m x  b

■
1 For each equation:
i Copy and complete the table of values.
ii Draw the graph of the equation on a number plane.
a y
x b y
x1

x x Only two points are

y y needed to draw a line. The
third point is a check point.
ch e ck
c y
2x  1 d y
x poin t

x x
y y

e y
3x  2 f y
2x  1

x x
y y

■
2 For each equation:
i Complete the table of values and draw its graph on a separate number plane.
ii State whether the line is leaning to the left or to the right.
a y
3x  4 b y
3  5x c y
2  3x

x x x
y y y

d y
21x e y
3x f y
31x  1

x x x
y y y

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■
3 For each equation:
i Draw the graph on a separate number plane.
To draw the graph of
ii Write the gradient and the y-intercept. an equation, complete
a y
2x  5 b y
2x  1 c y
5x  4 a table of values.
d y
x4 e y
3x  2 f y
5x
g y
2x  2 h y
3x  1 i y
x2

■
4 For each equation:
i Draw its graph on a separate number plane.
ii Write the gradient and the y-intercept.
a y
x2 b y
2x  7 c y
2x  3 Parallel lines
have the same
d y
3x  4 e y
x3 f y
2x  7 gradient.
g y
x3 h y
4x  1 i y
5x  2

■
5 a Draw the graphs of these equations on the same number plane:
i y
2x ii y
2x  3 iii y
2x  3
b What can you say about these lines?

■
6 a Draw the graphs of these equations on the same number plane:
1
y
x
i ii y
2x iii y
2x iv y
3x
b What can you say about these lines?
c What is the y-intercept in each case?

■
7 a Draw the graphs of each pair of equations on the same number plane:
i y
x and y
x
ii y
2x and y
2x
1 1
iii y
2x and y
2x
b What can you say about the slope for each pair of lines?

■
8 Choose the equation for each line from the list given on the right.

y 1
b y
2x
6 a
y
4x  4
4 y
2x
c y
x  3
2
y
x2
y
2x  2
–4 –2 0 2 4 x

–2
d

–4 f e

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Graphing equations in general form

If a linear equation is in general form (ax  by  c
0), the method of drawing its graph is
still the same. Form and complete the table of values, plot the points on the number plane
and draw a line through these points. Extend the line in both directions.

Examples
●
1 Draw the graph of the equation x  y  2
0. A linear equation is
an equation of degree 1.
xy2
0 y
4
x 0 1 2
2
y 2 1 0

–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2
xy2
0 The graph of every linear
–4
equation is a straight line.

●
2 Draw the graph of the linear equation 2x  3y  6
0.
2x  3y  6
0 y Only two points are needed
4 to draw a line; the third
x 3 0 3 2x  3y – 6
0 point is a check point.
2
y 4 2 0

–4 –2 0 2 4 x To draw the
graph of an
–2 equation, first
complete a table
–4 of values.

E x e r c i s e 11B G R A P H I N G E Q U AT I O N S I N G E N E R A L F O R M

■
1 For each equation:
i Copy and complete the table of values.
ii Draw the graph of the equation on a separate number plane.

a xy3
0 b xy1
0 c xy5
0

x x x
y y y

d xy
0 e 2x  y  1
0 f 3x  2y
0

x x x
y y y

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■
2 For each equation, complete the table of values and draw its graph on a separate
number plane.
a 2x  y  5
0 b 3x  y  1
0 c 4x  y  3
0

x x x
y y y

d xy1
0 e 2x  5y
0 f xy3
0

x x x
y y y

■
3 Draw the graph of each equation on a separate number plane:
a x  2y  3
0 b xy4
0
c 2x  y  3
0 d 3x  y  1
0 To find the gradient and
e 3x  y  2
0 f 4x  3y  6
0 y-intercept of a line, change
it to gradient–intercept
g 2x  3y  2
0 h xy1
0 form ( y
mx  b).
i 2x  y  6
0

■
4 Draw the graph of each equation on a separate number plane:
a x  4y  6
0 b 3x  4y
0 c x  2y
0
d 2x  y  3
0 e 3x  2y  1
0 f 2x  3y  5
0
g x  4y  8
0 h xy6
0 i xy4
0

■
5 a Draw the graphs of these equations on the same number plane:
i 2x  3y
0
ii 2x  3y  6
0
Parallel lines have
iii 2x  3y  4
0 the same gradient.
b What can you say about these lines?

Determining whether or not a point

lies on a line
If a point lies on a line, its coordinates will satisfy the equation of that line.
To determine whether a point lies on a line or not, follow these steps:
Step 1 Write the equation of the given line.
LHS means RHS means
Step 2 Substitute the coordinates of the given point left-hand side. right-hand side.
into the equation.
Step 3 If the LHS is equal to the RHS, the point lies on
the line and we say that the line passes through
that point.

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Examples
●
1 Determine whether the point (2, 1) lies on the line x  3y
5.
If the point (2, 1) lies on the line, it must satisfy the equation x  3y
5.
x  3y
5
231
5
23
5
5
5
LHS
RHS

the point (2, 1) lies on the line x  3y
5.

●
2 Show that the line 2x  3y
6 passes through the point (3, 4).
If the line 2x  3y
6 passes through the point (3, 4), this point will satisfy
the linear equation.
2x  3y
6
2  3  3  4
6
6  12
6
6
6
LHS
RHS

the line 2x  3y
6 passes through the point (3, 4).

●
3 Does (3, 1) lie on the line 2x  5y
6?
Substitute (3, 1) into the equation:
2x  5y
6
2  3  5  1
6
65
6
1
6
LHS
RHS
∴ the point (3, 1) does not lie on the line 2x  5y
6.

E x e r c i s e 11C DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT A POINT LIES ON A LINE

■
1 Which of the following points lie on the line 2x  5y
15?
A (0, 0) B (0, 3) C (5, 1)
D (10, 1) E (5, 5) F (3, 4)

■
2 Which of the following lines pass through the origin, (0, 0)?
A xy3
0 B 3y
7x C 2x  8y
0
D 2x  3y
10 E y
5x F y
2x  9

■
3 Does the point (2, 1) lie on the line y
6x  13?

■
4 Show that the straight line 2x  5y  10
0 passes through the points (0, 2), (5, 0)
and (5, 4).

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■
5 Which of the following points are solutions of the equation y
7x  9?
A (0, 9) B (1, 2) C (3, 9)
D (2, 23) E (2, 5) F (4, 19)

■
6 Find the missing coordinates to make each of the following points satisfy the equation
y
2x  3:
a (0, ) b ( , 1) c (3, )
d ( , 5) e (2, ) f ( , 5)

■
7 Does the given point lie on the given line?
a 2x  y
3 (1, 5) b x  y
2 (2, 4) c x  2y
6 (0, 3)
d 3x  y
4 (3, 5) e y
5x  4 (1, 1) f y
3  7x (2, 11)

■8 A straight line y
mx  7 passes through the point (1, 9). Find the value of m.

■9 If the point (1, 6) is on the line ax  2y  15
0, what is the value of a?

■
10 a By substitution, show that the point P (2, 0) lies on the line 5x  4y
10 but the
point Q(3, 5) does not.
b Do the points (1, 7) and (4, 5) lie on the line 5x  4y
10?

■
11 a One of the points A(2, 1), B(2, 1), C(2, 1) or D(2, 1) lies on the line
2x  y
5. Which point is it?
b Draw the line and the points on a graph to check that you are correct.

■
12 a Show that (1, 3) satisfies the equations 3x  y
0, x  2y
7 and y
x  4.
b What word is used to describe lines with this property? Why?

■
1 1
13 a Show that the points P(0, 3), Q(4, 0), R(2, 12) and S(2, 42) all lie on the line
3x  4y
12.
b What word is used to describe points with this property?

Horizontal and vertical lines

Horizontal lines
The gradient–intercept form of the equation of a
straight line is y
mx  b. For horizontal lines,
the gradient is zero (m
0). So the equation of a
horizontal line is:
y
0xb
y
b (where b is the y-intercept)
By constructing a table of values, we can graph a
horizontal line on the number plane.

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Example
Graph the line y
3 on the number plane. y
4
y
3
y
3
2
x 0 1 2
y 3 3 3 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2

–4

From this example we can see that for any value of x in a horizontal line, the y-value will
always be the same as the y-intercept, in this case 3. Therefore, to graph any horizontal line,
all we need to know is the y-intercept.
The x-axis is a horizontal line. It passes through the origin, (0, 0), and so its y-intercept is zero.
Therefore the equation of the x-axis is y
0.

Vertical lines
For vertical lines, the gradient cannot be defined and therefore we cannot apply the equation
y
mx  b. However, by constructing a table of values, we can graph a vertical line on the
number plane. Its equation is x
a where a is the x-intercept.

Example
Graph the line x
1 on the number plane. y
4
x
1
x
1
2
x 1 1 1
y 0 1 2 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2

–4

From this example, we can see that for any value of y in a vertical line, the x-value will always
be the same as the x-intercept, in this case 1. Therefore, to graph any vertical line, all we need
to know is the x-intercept.
The y-axis is a vertical line. It passes through the origin, (0, 0), and so its x-intercept is zero.
Therefore the equation of the y-axis is x
0.

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E x e r c i s e 11D H O R I Z O N TA L A N D V E R T I C A L L I N E S

■
1 On separate number planes, draw the graphs of these lines:
a x
2 b x
1 c y
3 d y
2 e x
1
f y
5 g x
3 h y
2 i x
4

■
2 a On the same number plane, draw the graphs of these lines:
i x
2 ii x
3 iii x
4 iv x
5
b What do you notice about these lines?

■
3 For each table of values, plot the points and draw the graph of the straight line formed.
Label it with its equation.
a b
x 2 2 2 2 x 0 1 2 3
y 0 1 2 3 y 1 1 1 1

c d
x 6 6 6 6 x 1 0 1 2
y 1 0 1 2 y 2 2 2 2

■
4 a On the same number plane, draw the graphs of these lines:
i y
4 ii y
0 iii y
1 iv y
2
b What do you notice about these lines?
y
■
5 A line l passes through the point (3, 2) and is parallel to the 4
l
y-axis as shown in the diagram. Find its equation.
(3, 2)
2
■
6 Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of each
pair of lines:
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
a x
1 and y
4 b x
3 and y
2
c x
2 and y
5 d x
4 and y
1 –2
e x
3 and y
7 f x
1 and y
0
–4
g x
0 and y
2 h x
4 and y
3

■
7 Write down the equation of each line:
a b c d
y y y y

2 2 2
–2 0 2 x

–2
0 2 4 x –2 0 2 x –2 0 2 x

–2 –2 –2 –4

■
8 a What is the equation of the x-axis? b What is the equation of the y-axis?

■
9 Write the coordinates of the point of intersection of:
a the line x
2 and the x-axis b the line y
5 and the y-axis

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■
10 Using the values from 4 to 4 on each axis, draw the graphs of each group of straight
lines on the same number plane:
a x
3, y
2, x
0, y
2 b x
1, y
3, x
3, y
4
c x
2, y
0, x
4, y
4 d x
1, y
1, x
3, y
3
e y
2, x
1, y
3, x
3

■
11 a On the same number plane, draw the graphs of these lines:
x
2
i ii y
1 iii x
2 iv y
3
b Write the coordinates of the points of intersection of the lines.
c What kind of shape is formed?
d Find the perimeter and the area of this shape.

■
12 Find the equation of the line that is halfway between the two given lines:
a x
3 and x
7 b y
2 and y
4

■
13 a Find the equation of the line that passes through (1, 5) and is parallel to the x-axis.
b Find the equation of the line that passes through (3, 2) and is parallel to the y-axis.

■
14 a Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (2, 7) and is
perpendicular to the x-axis.
b Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (3, 2) and is
perpendicular to the y-axis.

Using the intercept method to graph lines

The graph of every linear relationship is a straight line, and in order to draw a line we need at
least two points. Using the intercept method, we find the points where the line cuts the x-axis
and the y-axis. This is the quickest and the easiest way of graphing a straight line.
The x-intercept is the value of x where the line cuts the x-axis. We can find the x-intercept by
substituting y
0 into the given equation, because the value of y is zero all along the x-axis.
The y-intercept is the value of y where the line cuts the y-axis. We can find the y-intercept by
substituting x
0 into the given equation, because the value of x is zero all along the y-axis.

Examples
●
1 For the equation 3x  2y
6:
a Find the x-intercept. b Find the y-intercept.
c Draw the graph of the line.

a To find the x-intercept, substitute y
0 into the equation:

3x  2y
6
3x  0
6
3x
6
x
2
the x-intercept is 2.

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b To find the y-intercept, substitute x
0

y
into the equation: 4
3x  2y
6
0  2y
6 2
2y
6
y
3 –4 –2 0 2 4 x

the y-intercept is 3. –2
3x  2y
6
c Plot the points (2, 0) and (0, 3) and
–4
draw the line through them.

●
2 Draw the graph of the equation y
2x  4 by using the intercept method.
To find the x-intercept, substitute y
0:
y
2x  4
0
2x  4
2x
4 y
4
x
2
the x-intercept is 2.
y
–2x  4
To find the y-intercept, substitute x
0: 2

y
2x  4
0 4 x
y
04 –4 –2 2
y
4
the y-intercept is 4. –2

Plot the points (2, 0) and (0, 4) and draw –4

the line through them.

E x e r c i s e 11E USING THE INTERCEPT METHOD TO GRAPH LINES

■
1 Find the x-intercept for:
a xy
5 b xy
6 c 2x  y
3 To find the
d x  2y
4 e 3x  2y
6 f 2x  3y
12 x-intercept,
put y
0.
■
2 Find the y-intercept for:
a x  3y
6 b xy
5 c 2x  y
3 To find the
d 3x  y
9 e x  2y
8 f 3x  4y
12 y-intercept,
put x
0.
■
3 For each equation, find:
i the x-intercept ii the y-intercept
a 2x  3y
12 b x  4y
4 c xy
5
d xy
3 e 3x  2y
18 f 3x  4y
12

■
4 Draw the graph of each equation, given the x-intercept and the y-intercept:
a x-intercept 2, y-intercept 2 b x-intercept 1, y-intercept 4
c x-intercept 2, y-intercept 1 d x-intercept 3, y-intercept 3
e x-intercept 1, y-intercept 3 f x-intercept 2, y-intercept 5

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■
5 Draw the graph of each equation by using the intercept method:
a 2x  5y
10 b x  3y
6 c 3x  4y
6
d 2x  3y
6 e 4x  3y
12 f x  4y
8

■
6 For each equation, find the x-intercept and the y-intercept and then draw its graph:
a 2x  y  3
0 b xy5
0 c x  3y  6
0
d 2x  5y  10
0 e 3x  4y  6
0 f 2x  5y  5
0

■
7 For each equation, find the x-intercept and the y-intercept and then draw its graph:
2
a y
x1 b y
2x  1 c y
3x  5
4 1
d y
3x  6 e y
3x  5 f y
3  2x
g y
8  4x h y
3x  9 i y
2x  3

Using the gradient and y-intercept to

graph lines If a line’s gradient is 2
and it cuts the y-axis
When a linear equation is written in gradient–intercept form (y
mx  b), at 5, its equation is
we can use m (the gradient) and b (the y-intercept) to graph the line. y
2x  5.

Examples
●
1 For each of the lines drawn below, find:
i the gradient ii the y-intercept
iii the equation of the line in the form y
mx  b
a y b y
6
2
B
4
A
–4 –2 O 2 4 x
2
–2
A
–4 –2 O 2 4 x B C
–4

rise rise
a i Gradient
 
run
b i Gradient
 
run
OB AC

OA
BC
4 3

2
3

2
1
ii y-intercept
4 ii y-intercept
3
iii The equation is y
mx  b: iii The equation is y
mx  b:
y
2x  4 y
1x  3
y
x3

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●
2
2 Graph the line y
3x  2 by using the y-intercept (b) and the gradient (m).
2 2 y
From the equation y
3x  2, the gradient is 3 6


rise y
23– x  2

 
run and the y-intercept is 2. 4
B
2
Plot the y-intercept A(0, 2). From the y-intercept
2
count 3 units to the right and 2 units up, and A 3
plot the point B(3, 4).
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
Draw the line that passes through points A and B;
2 –2
this is y
3x  2.

●
3 Write the equation in the form y
mx  b of the line that passes through the
point (2, 5) and has gradient 3.
y
mx  b
Since m
3, the equation of the line is:
y
3x  b
The line passes through (2, 5), so we can substitute x
2 and y
5:
5
32b
5
6b
b
1
The equation of the line is y
3x  1.

E x e r c i s e 11F USING THE GRADIENT AND y-INTERCEPT TO GRAPH LINES

■
1 Write the gradient (m) and y-intercept (b) of each line:
a y
5x  4 b 9  7x
y c 8  3x
y d y
11  8x
5x
e y
  1
5 1
f y
3x g y
6  2x h y
2x  3
3
x x
j y
4   k y
9  
3
i y
5  6x l y
27  7x
2 2
■
2 Write each equation in the form y
mx  b and then find its gradient (m) and
y-intercept (b):
a 3y
7x  5 b 2y
9  6x c 4y
5x  3 d 8y  3x
5
e 2x  5y
10 f 4x  7y
9 g 2x  3y
6 h 5x  2y  7
0
i 6x  7y
15 j 4y
12  3x k 2x  3y
12 l 4x  8y
3

■
3 Write the equation of each line, given its gradient (m) and y-intercept (b):
a m
3, b
4 b m
5, b
2 c m
7, b
5 d m
1, b
3
3 4 5
e m
4, b
3 f m
2, b
6 g m
7, b
3 h m
2, b
6
1 3 3
i m
4, b
2 j m
8, b
5 k m
1, b
7 l m
5, b
0

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■
4 For each of the following lines, find:
i the gradient (m)
ii the y-intercept (b)
iii the equation of the line in the form y
mx  b

a y b y c y
4 4 4

2 2 2

x
–4 –2 0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2 –2 –2

–4 –4 –4

d y e y f y
4 4 8

2 2 4

–4 –2 0 2 4 x –2 0 2 4 6 x –8 –4 0 4 8 x
–2 –2 –4

–4 –4 –8

g y h y i y
2 4 4

2 2
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2
–4 –2 0 2 4 x –6 –4 –2 0 2 x
–4 –2 –2

–6 –4 –4

j y k y l y
4 4 4

2 2 2

x
–2 0 2 4 6 –6 –4 –2 0 2 x –2 0 2 4 6 x
–2 –2 –2

–4 –4 –4

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■
5 Graph each line by plotting the y-intercept (b) and using the gradient (m):
1
a y
2x  1 b y
2x  3 c y
2x  1 d y
3  2x
1 2
e y
2x  2 f y
3x  2 g y
3x  1 h y
2x  2
3 1 1 2
i y
x
2 3 j y
2x 1 k y
2 x
2 l y
3x  4

■
6 Write the equation in the form y
mx  b of the line that passes through the given
point and has the given gradient:
a (1, 2), m
3 b (1, 3), m
2 c (1, 4), m
1 d (1, 2), m
2
2
e (2, 3), m
2 f (4, 2), m
3 g (1, 3), m
3   h (2, 4), m
5
2
i (1, 2), m
3 j (3, 4), m
5 k (2, 1), m
1 l (2, 5), m
7

Non-linear relationships
When the highest powers of x and y in an equation
are 1, the equation is a linear relationship. The graph of
every linear equation is a straight line, and in order to
draw this graph we need only two points.
However, in other relationships, the powers of x and y
are sometimes higher than 1 (or even negative) and the
graphs of these are not straight lines.
To draw the graph of a non-linear relationship, we
need quite a few points so that we can draw a smooth
curve accurately.
Three simple non-linear relationships are the parabola,
the hyperbola and the exponential function.

The parabola
When an object is thrown in the air, it travels in a curve called a parabola. The highest power
in the equation of a parabola is 2, and the equation is called a quadratic equation. For
2 2 2 2
example, y
x , y
3x , y
x  2 and y
x  5x  6 are quadratic equations.
The main features of a parabola are:
axis of symmetry

P It is symmetrical about its axis. This axis is called its axis of symmetry.
P It has a turning point, which is called the vertex of the parabola.
P Its direction is called its concavity.

vertex

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A parabola that is concave upwards has a

minimum turning point.

minimum
turning point

maximum
A parabola that is concave downwards turning point
has a maximum turning point.

Examples
●
2
1 Draw the graph of the parabola y
x by completing this table of values:

x 3 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 3
y

2
y
x

x 3 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 3
y 9 4 1 0.25 0 0.25 1 4 9

y y
x
2
10
2
The vertex of y
x
8 is the origin. The
parabola is concave
6 upwards.

2 The axis of symmetry

2
of y
x is the y-axis.

–4 –2 0 2 4 x

●
2
2 Complete a table of values for and then draw the graph of the parabola y
2x .
2
y
2x

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 18 8 2 0 2 8 18

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y
–8 –4 0 4 8 x
The vertex of
–4 2
y
2x is the origin.
The parabola is
–8 concave downwards.

–12
y
–2x 2
–16

–20

●
2 2
2 On the same number plane, draw the graphs of y
x and y
x  2.
2
y
x y
x2  2
y
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 16
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
12
2
y
x 2
8
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 11 6 3 2 3 6 11 4
y
x2

–8 –4 0 4 8 x
2
The graph of y
x  2 is
2
the graph of y
x but raised
2 units along the y-axis.

E x e r c i s e 11G T H E PA R A B O L A

■
2
1 a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y
2x .
2
y
2x

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y

2
b Draw the graph of y
2x .
c What is the concavity of the parabola?
d What is the vertex of the parabola?
e Which axis is the axis of symmetry of the parabola?
f What is the equation of the axis of symmetry?
g Does y ever have a negative value?
h What is the minimum value of y?

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■
2
2 a Draw the graph of y
x for values of x from 3 to 3. On the same number plane,
1 2 2
draw the graphs of y
and y
3x .
x
2
b What is the vertex of each graph?
c What is the concavity of each graph?
d What is the axis of symmetry of each graph?
e What is the minimum value of y in each graph?
1 2
f What concavity do you think the graph of y
3x will have?
2
g What would the graph of y
5x look like?

■
2 1 2
3 a Draw the graphs of y
x and y
 2x on the same number plane.
b What is the vertex of each graph?
c What is the concavity of each graph?
d What is the maximum value of y in each graph?
2
e What would be the shape of the graph of y
4x ?

■
4 For each equation:
i Copy and complete the table of values. ii Draw its graph.
2 2
a y
3x b y
x 1

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y y

2 2
c y
x 1 d y
x 3

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y y

2 2
e y
(x  1) f y
(x  1)

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y y

■
5 Sketch the following parabolas on one number plane:
2 2 2
a y
x b y
x 1 c y
x 3
2 2 2
d y
x 1 e y
x 3 f y
x 2

■
6 Match each equation with the correct graph:
2 2 2 2
a y
x 2 b y
x 2 c y
2x d y
2  x
i y ii y iii y iv y

2 4 2
–2 0 2 x
–2 2
–2 0 2 x –2 0 2 x
–2 –4 –2
–2 0 2 x

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The hyperbola
1 3
The graphs of equations like y
x , xy
2 and y
x are curves called hyperbolas.
To draw the graph of a hyperbola, we need quite a few points so that a smooth curve can be
drawn accurately.
The main features of a hyperbola are:
P It is not a continuous curve but has two parts called branches.
P The branches are smooth curves of the same shape and size; they are symmetrical and are
in opposite quadrants.
P The x-axis and the y-axis are asymptotes of the curve. That is, the curve approaches the
x-axis and the y-axis but never touches them.
P The asymptotes are at right angles to each other, so the curve is also called a
rectangular hyperbola.

Example
1
Complete a table of values for and then draw the graph of the hyperbola y
x .
1
y
x

x 4 3 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 3 4
y 14 13 12 1 2 — 2 1 1

2
1

3
1

4

y
4
1
y
x–
2
1
y
x and xy
1 are
–4 –2 0 2 4 x two different ways of A hyperbola always
writing the same has two branches in
–2
equation. opposite quadrants.
–4

E x e r c i s e 11H THE HYPERBOLA

12
■
1 a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y
x .
12
y
x

x 12 6 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 6 12
y

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12
b Draw the graph of y
. c Does this graph cut the x-axis?
x
d Does this graph cut the y-axis? e What is the value of y when x
0?
f What is the value of x when y
0?
g In which quadrants do the branches of this hyperbola lie?
h What happens to the value of y when the value of x increases?
i What happens to the value of y when the value of x decreases?
12
■
2 a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y
x .
12
y
x

x 12 6 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 6 12
y

12
b Draw the graph of y
 x .
12
c Compare this graph with the graph of y
x .

■
3 For each equation:
i Copy and complete the table of values.
ii Draw its graph.
2
a y
x

x 6 4 2 1 0 1 2 4 6
y

3
b y
x

x 12 6 3 1 0 1 3 6 12
y

1
c y
x

x 4 3 2 1  12 0 1

2 1 2 3 4
y

2
d y
x

x 6 4 2 1 0 1 2 4 6
y

■
4 For each equation, complete a table of values and then draw the graph on a separate
number plane:
3 4
a y
x b y
x c xy
6
d xy
4 e xy
16 f xy
6

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The exponential relationship

The word exponent means ‘power’ or ‘index’. An equation in which the base is a constant and
the exponent is variable is called an exponential relationship. Some exponential
x 3x x x
relationships are y
2 , y
2 , y
a and y
3 .
The main features of an exponential graph are:
P The value of y is positive for all values of x and therefore the graph lies above the x-axis.
P The graph will always pass through the point (0, 1).
P As x increases, y increases at a faster rate and so the graph becomes steeper.
P As x decreases, the curve approaches the x-axis but will never touch it. The x-axis is an
asymptote to the curve.

Example
x
Complete a table of values from x
3 to x
3 for y
2 and then draw the
graph of this exponential relationship.
x
y
2

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1
y    1 2 4 8
8 4 2

y
8
The graph of
6 x an exponential
y
2
equation always
4 passes through
the point (0, 1).
2

–4 –2 0 2 4 x

E x e r c i s e 11I T H E E X P O N E N T I A L R E L AT I O N S H I P

■
x
1 a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y
2 .
x
y
2

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y

x
b Draw the graph of y
2 .
x
c What is the value of 2 when x
4 and when x
5?
x
d What is the value of 2 when x
4 and when x
5?
x
e What is the value of 2 when x
9?

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x
f What happens to the graph of y
2 as the value of x increases?
x
g Is there any value of x that would make 2 negative?
h Where does this graph cut the y-axis?

■
x
2 a Copy and complete the table of values below for the equation y
2 .
x
y
2

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y
x
b Draw the graph of y
2 .
x
c What is the value of 2 when x
4 and when x
5?
x
d What is the value of 2 when x
4 and when x
5?
x
e What is the value of 2 when x
9?
x
f What happens to the graph of y
2 as the value of x increases?
x
g Is there any value of x that would make 2 negative?
h Where does the graph cut the y-axis?

■
x
3 a Copy and complete the table of values for y
3 .
x
y
3

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y
x
b Draw the graph of y
3 .
x
c Is there any value of x that would make 3 negative?
d What is the y-intercept?

■
x
4 a Without drawing a table of values, sketch the graph of y
5 .
b Write the coordinates of one important point through which the graph passes.
1
 x
■
5 a Copy and complete the table of values for y
22 .
1
 x
y
22

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y
1
 x
b Draw the graph of y
22 . 1
 x
c On the same axes, draw the graph of y
2 2 .

■
6 Complete a table of values for and then draw the graph of each equation:
2x 2x 3x
a y
2 b y
2 c y
2
1
x 1 x  x
d y
3 e y
(2) f y
32

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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY

Further ideas on graphs

This section explores some properties of lines and curves. Work through the example before
you begin the exercises.

Example
Draw the line y
2x  1 on a number plane. Reflect the line across the y-axis and draw
the new line. Write the equation of this line.
Complete a table of values: y
4
y
2x  1
2
y
2x  1
x 1 0 1 2
y 3 1 1 3 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2
Plot the points and draw the line.

{
{
1 1
One way to reflect the line across the y-axis
is to fold the number plane along the y-axis
and trace out the ‘new’ line. Another way is to slide each point horizontally until
it is the same distance from the y-axis as originally but on the opposite side.
Then draw the line by joining the points.
Determine the equation of the new line by finding the y-intercept and the gradient,
or by examining the pattern in a table of values for this line. The equation of the
new line is y
2x  1.

x 2 1 0 1
y 3 1 1 3

■
1 The number plane is divided into 4 quadrants. y

In which quadrant is there a point for which: 2nd 1st

quadrant quadrant
a both the x-value and the y-value are positive?
b both the x-value and the y-value are negative?
x
c the x-value is positive, but the y-value is negative? 3rd 4th
d the x-value is negative, but the y-value is positive? quadrant quadrant

■
2 Draw each line on a separate number plane, then reflect it
across the y-axis. What is the equation of the new line?
a y
2 b y
3 c x
1
d x
4 e x
0 f y
x
g y
x2 h y
2x  1 i y
3x  3

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■
3 Without drawing a graph, find the equation of the new line formed when each line is
reflected across the y-axis:
a y
x4 b y
3x  2 c y
2x  5
d y
3  2x e xy1
0

■
2
4 This graph shows the parabola y
x .

y
8
y
x2

–4 –2 0 2 4 x

a Copy this graph and draw the line y
x on the same number plane.
b At how many points does the line intersect the parabola?
c What are the coordinates of these points?
y
d Draw the line y
2x on the same number plane. 10
2
e At what points does y
2x intersect y
x ?
y
3x P
2 8
f Here the line y
3x and the parabola y
x are
drawn on the same number plane. What are the
6 2
coordinates of point P ? y
x
2
g At what points do the following lines intersect y
x ? 4
i y
4x
1
ii y
2x 2

–4 –2 0 2 4 x

■
2
5 a On a graph of y
x draw the line y
x.
b What are the points of intersection of the line and the parabola?
2
c At what points does y
x intersect:
1
i y
2x ? ii y
3x ? iii y
 2x?

■
6 a Copy this graph and draw the lines y
4x  3 and y
8
x  y
10 on the same number plane.
b Which line does not intersect the circle? 4

–8 –4 0 4 8 x
–4

–8

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■
7 A tangent is a line that just touches a curve at one point. y
The line x
5 is a tangent to the circle drawn. 8
x
5
a Write down the equations of three other simple lines
4
that are tangents to this circle.
b On a copy of this graph draw the line 3x  4y  25
0.
–8 –4 0 4 8 x
Show that this line is a tangent to the circle.
c At what point does 3x  4y  25
0 touch the circle? –4

–8

1
■
8 The graph of y
x is shown. Write down the equation of y
a line that: 4
a cuts this hyperbola at two places
2
b touches this hyperbola at one point only
c does not cut this hyperbola
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2

–4

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P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 11

■
1 The catenary is the shape of a perfectly flexible chain suspended by its
ends and acted on by gravity. It is also the shape formed by electrical
wires stretched between two power poles. Leibniz, Huygens and Johann
Bernoulli first obtained its equation in 1691. They were responding to a
challenge by Jakob Bernoulli to find the equation of the ‘chain-curve’.
Huygens was the first to use the term catenary (which means
‘chain’ in Latin) in a letter to Leibniz in 1690. Galileo thought
that the curve of a chain
hanging under gravity was a
parabola, but this claim was
disproved in 1669.
Catenary curves are seen
in some famous
architectural designs.
x x
3 3
An equation for a catenary is y
. You will use this equation to draw the
2
shape of a catenary.
a Copy and complete this table:
x x
3 3
y
 x 3 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 3
2 y 13.52

b Plot these points on graph paper, then draw a smooth curve to show the catenary.
c Is this curve symmetrical? If so, what is its axis of symmetry?
d What is the minimum value of this catenary?
e The shape of the catenary is similar to another curve you have drawn. Which curve
is that?

■
2 Some curves intersect at simple points, but other points of intersection are more
difficult to find.
2
a The curve y
x  4x is a parabola. How do you know?
x
b What type of curve is y = 2 ? Why?
c Copy and complete the table for each curve:
2 x
y
x  4x y
2

x 1 0 1 2 3 4 x 2 1 0 1 2 3
y y

d On a sheet of graph paper (at least half of an A4 size), graph both curves on the
same set of axes.
e At how many places do the two curves intersect?
f Show that one of these points is (2, 4).
g Estimate the coordinates of the other points of intersection.

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Literacy
L
Li racy skills
acy skillsills
c
kills Literac y S K I L L S 11

linear gradient–intercept equation horizontal line

vertical line intersection intercept non-linear
parabola hyperbola exponential function
concavity axis vertex quadrant asymptotes
exponential relationship axes curve number plane
literacy

■
1 Arrange the list above in reverse alphabetical order.

■
2 Write a sentence that contains 3 of the above words.

■
3 From the list above, choose words that have:
a 2 different vowels b 3 different vowels
c 4 different vowels d 2 vowels, both the same

■
4 Define in your own words:
a hyperbola b asymptotes
c gradient–intercept d vertex

■
5 Write an 8-word sentence containing all these words:
a axis b linear c curve

■
6 What is the plural of:
a axis? b vertex? c hyperbola?

■
7 In 10 minutes or less, see how many words of 4 letters or more you can make from
the letters of the term EXPONENTIAL RELATIONSHIP. No plurals or slang terms are allowed.
A total greater than 60 is excellent.

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Chapter review 11

■
1 For each equation, complete the table of values and draw its graph on a separate
number plane:
a y
2x  3 b xy
5

x x
y y

■
2 For each equation:
i Draw its graph on a separate number plane.
ii Write its gradient (m) and y-intercept (b).
a y
2x  3 b y
3x  7
Use a graphics calculator to verify your answers.
■
3 a Draw the graphs of these equations on the same number plane:
i y
3x  1 ii y
3x iii y
3x  2
b What can you say about these lines?

■
4 For each equation, complete a table of values and draw the graph on a separate
number plane:
a x  3y
6 b 2x  5y
20

■
5 Draw the graph of each equation on a separate number plane:
a x  2y  3
0 b xy2
0

■
6 a Draw the graphs of these equations on the same number plane:
i xy3
0 ii 2x  2y  8
0 iii y
x6
b What can you say about these lines?

■
7 Which of the following points lie on the line y
2x  9?
(0, 9) (3, 3) (2, 5) (3, 15) (5, 1)
■
8 Does the point (3, 1) lie on the line 3x  5y
12?
■
9 Show that the straight line x  2y  8
0 passes through the points (0, 4), (2, 5)
and (6, 1).
■
10 A straight line y
px  5 passes through the point (1, 2). Find the value of p.
■
11 On the same number plane, draw these graphs:
a x
1 b x
3 c x
5
■
12 Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the lines x
2 and y
5.
■
13 A line passes through the point (2, 5) and is parallel to the x-axis. Find its equation.
■
14 For each equation, find:
i the x-intercept
ii the y-intercept
a 3x  4y
12 b 2x  5y
20

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■
15 Draw the graph of each equation, given its x-intercept and y-intercept:
a x-intercept 3, y-intercept 5 b x-intercept 2, y-intercept 1

■
16 Draw the graph of each equation by using the intercept method:
a 3x  7y
21 b x  2y
6

■
17 For each equation, complete a table of values and then draw the graph on a separate
number plane:
2 2 2
a y
2x b y
x 2 c y
(x  2)
6
d y
x
x x
e y
2 f y
3

■
18 By using a table of values from x
1 to x
1, draw each
x 1 0 1
graph on a separate number plane:
y

a y
x1 b y
x1 c y
4x d y
2x

x3 x
y
 g y
  2
1
e y
3x f h y
2  3x
2 3
x
i y
  1 j x  3y
4 k y
2 l 3x  4y
24
2
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19 Match each equation with a table of values:
a b
x 3 1 0 3 x 2 0 1 5
y 4 2 1 2 y 3 1 3 11

c d
x 3 2 0 4 x 2 0 3 4
y 9 8 6 2 y 4 2 11 14

e f
x 2 0 4 10 x 4 0 2 3
y 1 0 2 5 y 4 0 2 3
x
i y
x ii y
2 iii y
2x  1
iv y
x1 v y
6x vi y
3x  2

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20 a Copy and complete each table using the rule given:
i y
2x  5 ii y
2x  3 iii y
2x

x 1 2 3 x 0 1 2 x 2 0 1
y y y

b Draw the graphs of these equations on the same number plane.

c What can you say about these lines?

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21 Write the gradient (m) and y-intercept (b) of each line:
3
a y
6x  5 b y
8x c y
4  2x

386 C O N N E C T I O N S M A T H S 9 S T A G E 5 . 3 / 5. 2 / 5 . 1
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22 For each of the following graphs, find:
i the y-intercept ii the gradient iii the equation of the line
a y b y c y
4 4
2
2 2

–4 –2 0 2 x
–2 0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 x
–2
–2 –2
–4

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23 Write each equation in the form y
mx  b and then find its gradient (m) and
y-intercept (b):
a 2x  3y
12 b 5y
4x  7 c 3x  y
8

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24 Write the equation of each line, given its gradient (m) and y-intercept (b):
2 5
a m
4, b
–7 b m
–2, b
6 c m
7, b
–9

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25 Graph each line by plotting the y-intercept (b) and using the gradient (m):
1 1
a y
x3 b y
2x  1 c y
–3x  2

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26 Write the equation in the form y
mx  b of the line that passes through the given
point and has the given gradient:
a (2, 3), m
7 b (1, 5), m
2 c (–1, 2), m
–3

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27 Match the name of the curve with its sketch. Some names will be used twice.
a y b y c y
4 4 4

2 2 2

–4 –2 0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2 –2 –2

–4 –4 –4

d y e y f y
4 4 4

2 2 2

–4 –2 0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2 –2 –2

–4 –4 –4

i straight line ii parabola iii hyperbola iv exponential curve

C H A P T E R 1 1 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS 387

CM9 11 5.3_5.2 Final 12/8/04 11:53 AM Page 388

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28 a Determine the gradient of this line y
(14, 15)
and then determine its equation.
14
b At what point does this line cut:
i the y-axis? 12
ii the x-axis?
(8, 10)
10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

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