EE201 Circuit Theory

Ch 11. Variable-Frequency
Network Performance (Part 5)

Seung-Tak Ryu

Electrical Engineering, KAIST

 Outline
 Variable Frequency-Response Analysis

 Sinusoidal Frequency Analysis

 Resonant Circuits

 Scaling

 Filter Networks

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 2

 Filter Networks
 A filter network is designed to pass signals with a specific frequency range and
reject or attenuate signal whose frequency spectrum is outside this pass-band.

Low-pass filter High-pass filter

Band-pass filter Band-rejection filter

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 3

 Simple Low-Pass Filter
1
V jωC 1 1
Gv = 0 = = = ; τ = RC
V1 R + 1 1 + jωRC 1 + jωτ
jωC

1
M (ω ) = Gv =
1 + (ωτ )2

φ (ω ) = ∠Gv = − tan−1 ωτ

 1 1
Mmax = 1, M  ω =  =
 τ 2
1
ω = = break frequency
τ
= half power frequency
1
BW =
τ
Variable-Frequency Network Performance 4
 Simple High-Pass Filter

V0 R jωCR jωτ
Gv = = = = ; τ = RC
V1 R + 1 1 + jωCR 1 + jωτ
jωC

ωτ
M (ω ) = Gv =
1 + (ωτ )2

π
φ (ω ) = ∠Gv = − tan−1 ωτ
2
 1 1
Mmax = 1, M  ω =  =
 τ 2
1
ω = = break frequency
τ
= half power frequency

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 5

 Simple Band-Pass Filter

V0 R
Gv =
V1
=
 1  − (R / L ) + (R / L )2 + 4ω 02
R + j  ωL − 
ωLO =
ω C 2
 

M (ω ) =
ωRC (R / L ) + (R / L )2 + 4ω 02
ωHI =
(ωRC ) 2
( 2
+ ω LC − 1 ) 2
2

 1  R
M ω =  =1 BW = ωHI − ωLO =
 LC  L

1
M (ωLO ) = M (ωHI ) =
2

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 6

 Simple Band-Rejection Filter
1  1 
At ω0 = , j  ω0L −  = 0  Vo = 0
LC  ω C
0 

 1 
At ω0 = 0, j  ω0L −  = ∞  Vo = V1
 ω0C 

 1 
At ω0 = ∞, j  ω0L −  = ∞  Vo = V1
 ω C
0 

ωLO and ωHI are determined as in the band-

pass filter.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 7

 Example
 Demonstrate that this one network can be used to produce a low-pass, high-pass, or
band-pass filter.
 The voltage gain VR/VS is found to be
VR R jω (R L )
= =
VS R + j (ωL − 1 ωC ) − ω 2 + jω (R L ) + (1 LC )
which is the transfer function for a band-pass filter.
 The voltage gain VL/VS is
VL jωL − ω2
= =
VS R + j (ωL − 1 ωC ) − ω 2 + jω (R L ) + (1 LC )
which is the transfer function for a second-order high-
pass filter.
• The voltage gain VC/VS is found to be
VC 1 jωC 1 LC
= =
VS R + j (ωL − 1 ωC ) − ω 2 + jω (R L ) + (1 LC )
which is the transfer function for a second-order low-pass filter.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 8

 Example
 Demonstrate that this one network can be used to produce a low-pass, high-pass, or
band-pass filter.
 The voltage gain (VL + VC)/VS is found to be
VL + VC j (ωL − 1 ωC ) − ω 2 + 1 LC
= =
VS R + j (ωL − 1 ωC ) − ω 2 + jω (R L ) + (1 LC )
which is the transfer function for a band-rejection filter.
 We can demonstrate KVL by adding VR, VL, and VC:

VL + VC + VR =
[R + j (ωL − 1 ωC )]× VS = VS .
R + j (ωL − 1 ωC )
 Even though VS is distributed between the resistor,
capacitor, and inductor based on frequency, the sum of
the three voltages completely reconstructs VS.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 9

 Example
 Demonstrate that this one network can be used to produce a low-pass, high-pass, or
band-pass filter.

Bode plot for L = 159 µH, C = 159 µF, and R = 10 Ω

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 10

 Example
 A telephone transmission system suffers from 60-Hz interference caused by nearby
power utility lines. Let us use the network shown below to design a simple notch
filter to eliminate the 60-Hz interference.
 Req represents the equivalent resistance of
the telephone system to the right of the LC
combination.
 The LC parallel combination has an
equivalent impedance of
jωL × 1 jωC LC
Z= = .
jωL + 1 jωC j (ωL − 1 ωC )
• The voltage transfer function is

Vo Req Req − ω 2 + 1 LC
= = = .
Vin Req + Z R + LC 2
− ω + jω ReqC + (1 LC )
j (ωL − 1 ωC )
eq

• At resonance, the numerator and thus Vo go to zero.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 11

 Example
 A telephone transmission system suffers from 60-Hz interference caused by nearby
power utility lines. Let us use the network shown below to design a simple notch
filter to eliminate the 60-Hz interference.
v in (t ) = sin(2π × 60t ) + 0.2 sin(2π × 1000t )

 We want resonance to occur at

60 Hz.
1
 Thus, ω0 = = 2π × 60 = 120π .
LC
 If we select C = 100 µF, then the
required value for L is 70.3 mH.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 12

 Example
 The ac-dc converter is designed for use with a hand-held calculator. Ideally, the
circuit should convert a 120-Vrms sinusoidal voltage to a 9-V dc output. In actuality,
the output is vo(t) = 9 + 0.5 sin 377t V. Use a low-pass filter to reduce the 60-Hz
component of vo(t). (a)

(b)

 The Thévenin equivalent circuit for the converter is shown in (a).

 By placing a capacitor across the output terminals, as shown in (b), we create a
low-pass filter at the output.
V 1
 The transfer function is OF = , having a pole at f = 1/(2πRThC).
VTh 1 + jωRThC
Variable-Frequency Network Performance 13
 Example
 The ac-dc converter is designed for use with a hand-held calculator. Ideally, the
circuit should convert a 120-Vrms sinusoidal voltage to a 9-V dc output. In actuality,
the output is vo(t) = 9 + 0.5 sin 377t V. Use a low-pass filter to reduce the 60-Hz
component of vo(t). (a)

(b)

 To obtain significant attenuation at 60 Hz, we choose to place the pole at 6 Hz:

1
= 6 or C = 53.05 μF.
2πRThC

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 14

 Example
 The ac-dc converter is designed for use with a hand-held calculator. Ideally, the
circuit should convert a 120-Vrms sinusoidal voltage to a 9-V dc output. In actuality,
the output is vo(t) = 9 + 0.5 sin 377t V. Use a low-pass filter to reduce the 60-Hz
component of vo(t).

 The filter has successfully reduced the unwanted 60-Hz component by a factor of
roughly six.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 15

 Example
 The antenna of FM radio picks up stations across the entire FM frequency range.
The radio’s circuitry must have the capability to first reject all of the stations except
the one that the listener wants to hear and then to boost the minute antenna signal.
A tuned amplifier incorporating parallel resonance can perform both tasks
simultaneously. The network shown below is a circuit model for a single-stage tuned
transistor amplifier where the resistor, capacitor, and inductor are discrete elements.
Find the transfer function Vo/VA and the value of C for maximum gain at 91.1 MHz.

 The transfer function is

Vo 4  1  4 jω C
=− ×  R || jωL || =− ×
VA 1000  jωC  1000 − ω 2 + jω RC + 1 LC
showing the band-pass characteristics with a maximum value at ω = 1 LC .

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 16

 Example
 The network shown below is a circuit model for a single-stage tuned transistor
amplifier where the resistor, capacitor, and inductor are discrete elements. Find the
transfer function Vo/VA and the value of C for maximum gain at 91.1 MHz.

 Thus, to have a center frequency of

91.1 MHz, the required capacitor
value is 3.05 pF.
 The Bode plot for the tuned amplifier
confirms the design.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 17

 Example
 By combining unity-gain low-pass filter, unity-gain high-pass filter, and an inverting
amplifier with gain A, we can make an active band-pass filter. The low-pass section
sets the upper corner frequency, and the high-pass section sets the lower corner
frequency. Pass-band gain can be found using the inverting amplifier gain:
R ω + ω2
K= f × 1 .
Ri ω2
Design the band-pass filter to pass frequencies between 250 Hz and 3000 Hz with
the gain of 10, when R = 20 kΩ.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 18

 Example

Vo  −1  − jωC2R  Rf 
 The transfer function can be written as =    − .
Vi  1 + jωC1R  1 + jωC2R  Ri 
 The lower corner frequency can be found from the high-pass filter stage:
1 1 1
ω1 = , C2 = = = 31.83 nF.
RC2 ω1R 2πf1R

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 19

 Example

 The lower corner frequency can be found from the high-pass filter stage:
1 1 1
ω2 = , C1 = = = 2.65 nF.
RC1 ω2R 2πf2R
Rf ω2
 From the pass-band gain of 10, we can determine =K× = 9.223.
Ri ω1 + ω2
 If we select Ri = 10 kΩ, then Rf ≈ 92 kΩ.

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 20

 Summary
 Filter Networks

• Simple low-pass filter

• Simple high-pass filter

• Simple band-pass filter

• Simple band-rejection filter

• Examples

Variable-Frequency Network Performance 21