APLLIED ELECTRONICS

(EE3129)
Chapter 4-1: Voltage Regulators

HIEU NGUYEN
Department of Electronics
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 1 / 71

Table of Contents

1 Voltage Regulators

2 Regulators Specification

3 Discrete Voltage Regulators

Series Voltage Regulators
Shunt Voltage Regulators

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 2 / 71

Table of Contents

1 Voltage Regulators

2 Regulators Specification

3 Discrete Voltage Regulators

Series Voltage Regulators
Shunt Voltage Regulators

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 3 / 71

Introduction to Voltage Regulators
A voltage regulator is used to convert between DC
voltage levels

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 4 / 71

Introduction to Voltage Regulators
A regulator is also used to maintain a quiet supply
voltage for a critical analog circuit within a larger system
having a noisy supply voltage

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 5 / 71

Introduction to Voltage Regulators
A regulator circuit improves the quality of a DC
voltage or current, usually decreasing the noise
The general approach is to use a feedback
amplifier operating under the noisy supply to
generate a quiet DC voltage that supplies the
critical circuit
⇒ The regulated voltage is generally lower than the
regulator’s supply voltage
Important specifications are the immunity of the
regulator’s output to variations in supply voltage
and the load current
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 6 / 71
Regulators Classification

Depending upon the type of regulation

Line Regulator: The regulator which regulates the
output voltage to be constant, despite input line
variations
Output voltage vs. input voltage characteristics
Load Regulator: The regulator which regulates the
output voltage to be constant, despite the variations
in load at the output
Output voltage vs. load current characteristics

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 7 / 71

Line Regulator vs. Load Regulator
Example: LDO ADM7172

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 8 / 71

Regulators Classification
Depending upon the operation of the control element

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 9 / 71

Linear vs. Switching Regulators
Linear Regulator Switching Regulator
Output is clean Ripple present
∆V is less ∆V is generally high
Load current can be less Generally load current is
or high high
Efficiency is high when Efficiency is generally
∆V is less high > 90%
Lesser off-chip compo- More off-chip compo-
nents nents
No EMI EMI possible (Inductor)
∆V = Vin − Vout : Drop out voltage

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 10 / 71

Regulators Classification
Depending upon the type of connection

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 11 / 71

Shunt vs. Series Voltage Regulators
Example: Transistor Series Voltage Regulator

BJT is the control element

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 12 / 71
Shunt vs. Series Voltage Regulators
Example: Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator

BJT is the control element

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 13 / 71
Shunt vs. Series Voltage Regulators
Basis for
Compari- Shunt Series
son
The control ele- There exists a serial
Connection ment is parallelly connection between
orientation connection with the the control element
load and the load
Voltage
Poor Good
Regulation
Circuit de-
Simple Quite complex
sign

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 14 / 71

Shunt vs. Series Voltage Regulators
Current Only a small The complete load
through amount of current current passes
the control flows through the through the control
element control element element
Type of Low current, high High current, low
control voltage compo- voltage compo-
element nents nents
Method to
By varying the cur- By adjusting the
control the
rent through the voltage across the
output volt-
control element control element
age

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 15 / 71

Shunt vs. Series Voltage Regulators

Fixed voltage oper- Shows suitability

Preferred ations as it does not towards both fixed
for suit varying load and variable volt-
conditions age operations
Efficiency
On load current On output voltage
dependency

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 16 / 71

Table of Contents

1 Voltage Regulators

2 Regulators Specification

3 Discrete Voltage Regulators

Series Voltage Regulators
Shunt Voltage Regulators

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 17 / 71

Dropout Voltage

Dropout Voltage - ∆V : The minimum voltage drop

between the unregulated voltage (Vin ) and the regulated
voltage (Vout )

∆V = (Vin − Vout )
Min

In the datasheet, this parameter only displays: Vin − Vout

Example: LDO AMS1117

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 18 / 71

Nominal Voltage
Nominal Voltage - Vout(No) : the theory voltage of
voltage regulators
When the voltage regulator operates, the output voltage
can be less or greater than this value due to the
condition of the load and the input voltage
In the datasheet, this parameter only displays: Vout
Example: LDO AMS1117

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 19 / 71

Load Regulation
Load Regulation - SI : The ratio between the output
voltage change (Vout ) for a given load change (current
through the load Iout )
   
Vout@NL − Vout@SL V Vout@NL − Vout@SL %
SI = =
Iout@SL A Vout(No) .Iout@SL A

NL: no load, SL: specific load

Example: LDO of Renesas

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 20 / 71

Load Regulation
In the datasheet, this parameter is sometimes defined as
the output voltage change for a given load change:

∆Vout = Vout@NL − Vout@L

NL: no load, FL: full load

Example: LDO AMS1117

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 21 / 71

Line Regulation
Line Regulation - SV : The ratio between the output
voltage change (Vout ) for the input voltage change (Vin )
Vout@Vinmax − Vout@Vinmin V
 
SV =
Vinmax − Vinmin V
Vout@Vinmax − Vout@Vinmin %
 
SV =
Vout(No) .(Vinmax − Vinmin ) V
Example: LDO of Renesas

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 22 / 71

Line Regulation

In the datasheet, this parameter is sometimes defined as

the output voltage change for the input voltage change:

∆Vout = Vout@Vinmax − Vout@Vinmin

Example: LDO AMS1117

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Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)
PSRR: is an indication of the LDO’s ability to attenuate
fluctuations in the output voltage (vout_ripple ) caused by
the fluctuations in the input voltage (vin_ripple )
vin_ripple
PSRR(ω) = 20lg
vout_ripple

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 24 / 71

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 25 / 71

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)
This parameter describes the regulator’s ability to
maintain a quiet voltage at Vout in the presence of
noise on Vin
It is measured by superimposing a small signal onto
and measuring the resulting variations in Vout
The ratio of the two small signals vin_ripple and
vout_ripple is its power supply rejection ratio which is
usually expressed in decibels and is
frequency-dependent
Evaluated at DC, the inverse of supply rejection
may be referred to as the line regulation (in case the
magnitude of vin_ripple is small enough)
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 26 / 71
Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

Example: Voltage regulators L78L09C

This parameter means that if the DC input voltage is

from 12V to 23V and the noise has a frequency lower
than 120Hz, PSRR is 44 dB

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 27 / 71

PSRR graph
Example: The PSRR graph of L78L05/12/24

It’s always represented as a frequency response graph

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 28 / 71
Output Impedance
Variations in the current drawn by the regulator’s load,
iout , will generally cause variations in vout . If the changes
are small, they are related by the regulator’s small-signal
output impedance, Rout . At high frequencies, this
impedance will be included in the capacitors Zout

Using Thevenin’s theorem, we can withdraw the

equivalent circuit of the voltage regulator.
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 29 / 71
Output Impedance

Using this equivalent circuit, we have:

RSL
Vout@SL = Vout@NL .
RSL + Rout
RSL + Rout
⇒ Vout@NL = Vout@SL .
RSL
Vout@NL − Vout@SL
We can rewrite: SI =
 Iout@SL
  
Vout@SL Rout V Rout %
SI = = Rout =
Iout@SL RL A Vout(No) A
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 30 / 71
Note

In this chapter, we assume that the three conditions

below are satisfied:
Load Regulation: the change in the output voltage
Vout when the load change is small enough
Line Regulation: the change in the input voltage Vin
is small enough
PSRR: The magnitude of vin_ripple is small enough
→ We can easily use the small-signal equivalent to
calculate Sv , SI and PSRR

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 31 / 71

Note
vout_AC
Fomular SV : SV =
vin_AC
Fomular SI : SI = Rout
Fomular PSRR:
vin_AC
PSRR(ω) = 20lg
vout_AC

Then, the magnitude and the phase:

The magnitude: |PSRR(ω)|
The phase: PSRR(ω)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 32 / 71

Table of Contents

1 Voltage Regulators

2 Regulators Specification

3 Discrete Voltage Regulators

Series Voltage Regulators
Shunt Voltage Regulators

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 33 / 71

Table of Contents

3 Discrete Voltage Regulators

Series Voltage Regulators
Shunt Voltage Regulators

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 34 / 71

Block Diagram

The series element controls the magnitude of the input

voltage that gets to the output.
The output voltage is sampled by a circuit that provides
a feedback voltage to be error-amplified with a reference
voltage.
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 35 / 71
Block Diagram
If the input voltage increases, the output voltage
tends to increase. The sampling circuit provides a
feedback signal to the error amplifier circuit which
then provides a control signal to cause the control
element to reduce the magnitude of the output
voltage, and vice versa
If the output current increases, the output
voltage tends to decrease. The sampling circuit
provides a feedback signal to the error amplifier
circuit which then provides a control signal to cause
the control element to increase the magnitude of
the output voltage, and vice versa
⇒ keeps the output voltage constant
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 36 / 71
Basic Configuration
Transistor Series Voltage Regulator

Explain the working of the circuit

Calculate Vout(No) , SI , SV , PSRR and sketch the PSRR
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 37 / 71
Explain the working of the circuit
If the input voltage (Vin ) is increased, the output
voltage (Vout ) also increases
Since the Zener voltage VZ remains constant, VBE
decreases → IB decreases and IC = βIB decreases
→ Vout = IC RL = IL RL decreases
This will be similar when the input voltage decreases
If the output current (IL ) is decreased (caused by
increasing of RL )
→ VBE increases → IB increases and IC = βIB
increases → IL increases
This will be similar when the output current
increases
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 38 / 71
Nominal Voltage

Vout(No) = VZ + VBE (ON)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 39 / 71

Calculate SV and SI
vout
Using small-signal equivalent: Calculate SV =
vin

vout vbe
At node E: = + gm vbe
RL rπ
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 40 / 71
Calculate SV and SI
vout 1 hfe + 1
→ = RL ( + gm ) = RL
vbe rπ rπ
vbe vz vbe
At node B: iRs = irz + irπ → − = +
Rs rz rπ
vbe vin + vbe vbe 1 1 1 vin
→− = + → −vbe ( + + ) =
Rs rz rπ Rs rz rπ rz
vbe Rs ||rz ||rπ
→ =−
vin rz
Then:
vout vout vbe Rs ||rz ||rπ RL
SV = = = −(hfe + 1)
vin vbe vin rz rπ
RL
→ SV ≈ −gm (Rs ||rz ||rπ )
rz
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 41 / 71
Calculate SV and SI
Using small-signal equivalent:
vx
Calculate SI = Rout =
ix Vin =0

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 42 / 71

Calculate SV and SI

At node E:
vbe 1 hfe + 1
ix = − − gm vbe = −vbe ( + gm ) = −vbe
rπ rπ rπ
Due to vin = 0 → gm vbe = 0 (Open current source)
→ Rs ||rz series rπ
rπ
→ vbe = −vx
rπ + Rs ||rz
rπ hfe + 1 hfe + 1
⇒ ix = v x = vx
rπ + Rs ||rz rπ rπ + Rs ||rz
vx Rs ||rz
→ Rout = = + re = SI
ix hfe + 1

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 43 / 71

Calculate PSRR
Using high-frequency small-signal equivalent:
vin 1
Calculate PSRR(ω) = =
vout H(ω)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 44 / 71

Calculate PSRR
1 1
By replacing RS → RS || and rπ → rπ || :
sC µ sC π

vout RL 1 1
H(s) = = −gm Rs || ||rz ||rπ ||
vin rz sCµ sCπ
rπ Rs RL
→ H(s) = −gm
s (Cµ + Cπ ) rz rπ Rs + rπ Rs + rz Rs + rz rπ
Then, PSRR in s-domain:
s (Cµ + Cπ ) rz rπ Rs + rπ Rs + rz Rs + rz rπ
PSRR(s) = −
gm rπ Rs RL
Similar to High-Pass Filter

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 45 / 71

Series regulator using op-amp

Explain the working of the circuit

Calculate Vout(No) , SI , SV , PSRR and sketch the PSRR
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 46 / 71
Explain the working of the circuit

If the input voltage (Vin ) is increased, the output

voltage (Vout ) also increases
Through the sampling circuit, V− increases. Since
the Zener voltage VZ remains constant, V+ is a
constant. OP AMP is biased in the amplifier region,
Vo = Avo (V+ − V− ) decreases.
This leads to VBE = Vo − Vout decreases
→ IC decreases → Vout = IC RL = IL RL decreases
This will be similar when the input voltage
decreases.

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 47 / 71

Explain the working of the circuit

If the output current (IL ) is increased, the output

voltage (Vout ) increases
Through the sampling circuit, V− increases. Since
the Zener voltage VZ remains constant, V+ is a
constant. OP AMP is biased in the amplifier region,
Vo = Avo (V+ − V− ) decreases.
This leads to VBE = Vo − Vout decreases
→ IC = IL decreases → Vout = IC RL = IL RL
decreases
This will be similar when the output current
increases.

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 48 / 71

Nominal Voltage

OP AMP is biased in the amplifier region: V+ = V−

VZ Vout(No)
→ VZ = VR2 → =
R2
 R1+ R2
R1
→ Vout(No) = VZ 1 +
R2
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 49 / 71
Calculate SV and SI
vout
By using small-signal equivalent: Calculate SV =
vin

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 50 / 71

Review feedback voltage amplifier
This topology is also known as series–shunt feedback.

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 51 / 71

Review feedback voltage amplifier
Represent the feedback network in terms of its h
parameters in the two-port network.

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 52 / 71

Review feedback voltage amplifier

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 53 / 71

Review feedback voltage amplifier
Closed-loop gain:
Vo A
Af = =
VS 1 + Aβ
Input resistance with feedback:
Rif = Ria (1 + Aβ)
Where Ria is the input resistance of A block
Output resistance with feedback:
Roa
Rof =
1 + Aβ
Where Roa is the output resistance of A block
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 54 / 71
Review feedback voltage amplifier
To calculate the parameters of A block, we need to find
h11 , h12 and h22

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 55 / 71

Calculate SV and SI
vf
h11 = = R1 ||R2
if vout =0
vout
h22 = = R1 + R2
iout vf =∞
vf R2
β = h12 = =
vout vout =0 R1 + R2

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 56 / 71

Calculate SV and SI

Voltage divider:
Rid rz ||(Rid + R1 ||R2 )
vid = vin′
Rid + R1 ||R2 R + rz ||(Rid + R1 ||R2 )
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 57 / 71
Calculate SV and SI
With condition Rid >> R1 ||R2 and Rid >> rz :
Rid rz ||Rid rz
vid ≈ vin′ ≈ vin′
Rid R + rz ||Rid R + rz
Avo vid − vout ′
Current ib : ib =
Ro + rπ
Output voltage: vout ′ = (R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1)ib
Avo vid − vout ′
→ vout ′ = (R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1)
Ro + rπ
(R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1)Avo
→ vout ′ = vid
Ro + rπ + (R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1)
(R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1)Avo rz
→ vout ′ = vin′
Ro + rπ + (R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1) R + rz
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 58 / 71
Calculate SV and SI

With condition (R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1) >> Ro + rπ :

rz vout ′ rz
vout ′ ≈ Avo vin′ → A = = Avo
R + rz vin′ R + rz
In practical, R >> rz : A ≈ Avo
R2
Feedback network: β =
R1 + R2
Then:
vout A 1 R2
Sv = = ≈ =1+
vin 1 + Aβ β R1

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 59 / 71

Calculate SV and SI
Using small-signal equivalent:
vx
Calculate Rout =
ix Vin =0

vid = 0 → Shorten voltage source Avo vid = 0

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 60 / 71
Calculate SV and SI
−vx
Current through R1 + R2 : i12 =
R1 + R2
−vx
Current ib : ib =
rπ + Ro
KCL:
vx vx
ix = −i12 − (hfe + 1)ib = + (hfe + 1)
R1 + R2 rπ + Ro
(rπ + Ro )(R1 + R2 )
→ Rout ′ =
(hfe + 1)(R1 + R2 ) + rπ + Ro
With condition (R1 + R2 )(hfe + 1) >> Ro + rπ :
(rπ + Ro )(R1 + R2 ) rπ + Ro
Rout ′ ≈ =
(hfe + 1)(R1 + R2 ) hfe + 1

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 61 / 71

Calculate SV and SI

 
Rout ′ 1 R1 rπ + Ro
Then: SI = Rout = ≈ 1+
1 + Aβ Avo R2 hfe + 1
In practical, due to very high Avo , SI ≈ 0.
→ It means the output voltage does not change when
the load varies!!!!

Students calculate PSRR coefficient themselves !!!

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 62 / 71

Table of Contents

3 Discrete Voltage Regulators

Series Voltage Regulators
Shunt Voltage Regulators

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 63 / 71

Block Diagram

The parallel element controls the magnitude of the

input current to keep the output voltage constant.
The output voltage is sampled by a circuit that provides
a feedback voltage to be error-amplified with a reference
voltage.
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 64 / 71
Block Diagram
If the input voltage increases, the output voltage
tends to increase. The sampling circuit provides a
feedback signal to the error amplifier circuit, which
then provides a control signal to draw more shunt
current, providing less load current, and vice versa
If the output current increases, the output
voltage tends to decrease. The sampling circuit
provides a feedback signal to the error amplifier
circuit, which then provides a control signal to draw
more shunt current, providing less load current, and
vice versa
⇒ keeps the output voltage constant
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 65 / 71
Basic Configuration
Transistor Parallel Voltage Regulator

Explain the working of the circuit.

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 66 / 71
Explain the working of the circuit
If the input voltage (Vin ) is increased, the output
voltage (Vout ) also increases and IL increases
This leads to the current IS through RS increases
→ IB increases → IC = βIB increases → IL decreases
→ Vout = IL RL decreases
This will be similar when the input voltage decreases
If the output current (IL ) is increased (caused by
decreasing of RL )
This leads to the current IS through RS increases
→ IB increases → IC = βIB increases → IL decreases
This will be similar when the output current
decreases
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 67 / 71
Parallel regulator using op-amp

Explain the working of the circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 68 / 71
Explain the working of the circuit

If the input voltage (Vin ) is increased, the output

voltage (Vout ) also increases
Through the sampling circuit, V+ increases. Since
the Zener voltage VZ remains constant, V− is a
constant. OP AMP is biased in the amplifier region,
Vo = Avo (V+ − V− ) increases → VBE increases
This leads IC increases → IL decreases
→ Vout = IL RL decreases
This will be similar when the input voltage
decreases.

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 69 / 71

Explain the working of the circuit

If the output current (IL ) is increased, the output

voltage (Vout ) increases
Through the sampling circuit, V+ increases. Since
the Zener voltage VZ remains constant, V− is a
constant. OP AMP is biased in the amplifier region,
Vo = Avo (V+ − V− ) increases.
This leads IC increases → IL decreases
→ Vout = IL RL decreases
This will be similar when the output current
decreases.

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 70 / 71

Reference

1 David Johns, Kenneth William Martin, and Tony

Chan Carusone - Analog Integrated Circuit Design,
2nd Edition
2 Zhihong Yu (Renesas) - Understanding Linear
Regulators and Their Key Performance Parameters
3 Internet

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 4-1 71 / 71