SOURCES OF ENERGY : Part I

MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES -

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER -

● A mineral is a naturally occurring substance of organic or inorganic origin, with a

definite chemical composition, and physical properties. For example: Iron ore. Iron
ore, Silver, Gold, Cobalt, Bauxite, Manganese, Zinc etc.
● Mining is an important economic activity in India. India is one of the largest exporters
of iron ore, chromite, bauxite, mica and manganese, and it is ranked fifth among the
mineral-producing countries in terms of volume of production.

MULTIPLE - CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. This is a metallic mineral.

a. Limestone.
b. Coal.
c. Mica.
d. Nickel.
Correct option is - Option d. Nickel.
2. Bauxite is a -
a. Ferrous minerals.
b. Non - ferrous mineral.
c. Organic minerals.
d. Inorganic minerals.
Correct option is - Option b. Non - ferrous mineral.
3. Non - metallic minerals are mostly found in this type of rocks.
a. Igneous rocks.
b. Metamorphic rocks.
c. Sedimentary rocks.
d. others.
Correct option is - Option c. Sedimentary rocks.
4. This mineral belt is the richest mineral belt of India.
a. North - Eastern part of Peninsular Plateau.
b. North - Western part of Peninsular Plateau.
c. Southern -Western part of Peninsular Plateau.
d. Himalayan Region.
Correct option is - Option a. North - Eastern part of Peninsular Plateau.
5. Major coal fields are found in the _______ system of rock formations.
a. Tertiary.
 b. Gondwana.
c. Dharwar.
d. Aravalli.
Correct option is - Option b. Gondwana.
6. Major iron - ore fields are found in the _________ system of rock formations.
a. Aravalli.
b. Dharwar.
c. Gondwana.
d. Tertiary.
Correct option is - Option b. Dharwar.
7. This is the best quality of iron - ore found in India.
a. Magnetite.
b. Haematite.
c. Limonite.
d. Siderite.
Correct option is - Option a. Magnetite.
8. These are the two iron - ore producing districts of Jharkhand.
a. Hospet and Bellary.
b. Durg and Bastar.
c. Singhbhum and Palamau.
d. Balaghat and Jabalpur.
Correct option is - Option c. Singhbhum and Palamau.
9. These two countries are the main buyers of Indian iron - ore.
a. Japan and South Korea.
b. Pakistan and Nepal.
c. South Africa and Canada.
d. Australia and New zealand.
Correct option is - Option a. Japan and South korea.
10. Bhilwara is ______ producing mine in Rajasthan.
a. Coal.
b. Mica.
c. Bauxite
d. Manganese
Correct option is - Option b. Mica.
11. Gaya is the main mica Producing district of ________ state in India.
a. Jharkhand.
b. Chhattisgarh.
c. Bihar
d. Madhya Pradesh.
Correct option is - Option c. Bihar.
12. Name the variety of coal that is known as brown coal.
a. Anthracite.
b. Bituminous.
c. Lignite.
 d. Peat.
Correct option is - Option c. Lignite.
13. Gondwana coal is said to be about __________ million years old.
a. 150
b. 250
c. 60
d. 50
Correct option is - Option b. 250
14. This is the oldest coalfield of India.
a. Korba.
b. Talcher.
c. Wardha.
d. Raniganj.
Correct option is -Option d. Raniganj.
15. Kalol is a petroleum producing region in this state of India.
a. Maharashtra.
b. Gujarat.
c. Rajasthan.
d. Assam.
Correct option is - Option b. Gujarat.
16. Name the oldest hydroelectric power plant in India.
a. Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station - Darjeeling, West Bengal.
b. The Koyna Hydroelectric Project - Maharashtra.
c. Bhakra - Nangal Hydroelectric Power Plant - Himachal Pradesh.
d. Sardar - Sarovar Hydroelectric Power Plant - Gujarat.
Correct option is - Option a. Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station - Darjeeling, West
Bengal.
17. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in this state of India is the highest capacity nuclear
plant in India.
a. Rajasthan.
b. Maharashtra.
c. Tamil Nadu.
d. Karnataka.
Correct option is - Option c. Tamil Nadu.
18. Which state of India is entirely dependent on hydroelectricity?
a. Kerala.
b. West Bengal.
c. Punjab.
d. Arunachal Pradesh.
Correct option is - Option d. Arunachal Pradesh.
19. These are the major petroleum oil supplying countries to India.
a. France, U.K., Italy, Greece and Germany.
b. Mexico, Canada, Kuwait, Iraq and West Asian Countries.
c. Japan, China, South Korea, Philippines and East Asian Countries.
 d. Australia, New Zealand, Maldives and Indonesia.
Correct option is - Option b. Mexico, Canada, Kuwait, Iraq and West Asian Countries.
20. Rawatbhata has eight nuclear power stations, where is it located?
a. Rajasthan.
b. Gujarat.
c. Karnataka.
d. Tamil Nadu.
Correct option is - Option a. Rajasthan.

NAME THE FOLLOWING AND VERY SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. These minerals contain iron.

Answer - Metallic Minerals.
2. These minerals do not contain organic matter.
Answer - Inorganic minerals.
3. Minerals are _________ resources.
Answer - Exhaustible.
4. Manganese is found in this system of rock formation.
Answer - Dharwar.
5. Name two regions from the North - eastern part of Deccan Plateau that have coal
deposits.
Answer - Damodar valley and Chhattisgarh.
6. Name the oldest oil field in India.
Answer - Digboi in Assam.
7. This type of iron ore has the magnetic property and contains more than 70 % of pure
iron.
Answer - Magnetite.
8. Which state of India produces most of the magnetite iron ore?
Answer - Karnataka.
9. This State in India has the highest reserves of Haematite iron ore.
Answer - Jharkhand.
10. Name the largest petroleum oil mine in India.
Answer - Mumbai High in Maharashtra.
11. India produces mostly this type of iron ore.
Answer - Haematite and magnetite.
12. Name the largest mica producing state in India.
Answer - Andhra Pradesh.
13. Name the main mica belt in Andhra Pradesh.
Answer - Nellore district.
14. Which type of mica acts as an excellent thermal and electrical insulator?
Answer - Muscovite.
15. These organic minerals are known as the Black gold and Liquid gold.
Answer - Coal and Petroleum oil.
 16. In India this type of coal is mostly found in Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer - Anthracite.
17. This type of coal is mostly used as coking coal in India.
Answer - Bituminous.
18. Where is the Tehri Hydro Power plant located?
Answer - Uttarakhand.
19. Name two regions in South India which are potential for harnessing Hydroelectricity.
Answer - The Western Ghats and The Nilgiri - Anaimalai hills.
20. Name the nuclear power station in Uttar Pradesh.
Answer - Narora.

GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING:

1. Organic minerals are mostly found in sedimentary rocks - why?

Answer - Most of the organic minerals are derived from the buried animal and plant life
found in the layers of the sedimentary rocks. Example: Fossil Fuels.
2. Peninsular India is rich in minerals - why?
Answer - Most of the mineral - bearing rock formations are distributed in peninsular India.
Examples : Gondwana System bears coal, Dharwar system bears Iron ore and manganese etc.
3. The northern plains of India are poor in minerals - why?
Answer -
● The northern plains of India have thick layers of alluvium which concealed the
bedrocks.
● Geologically youngest.
4. Siderite is the poorest variety of iron ore - why?
Answer -
● Pure iron is low in content (only 40 - 50 %).
● Presence of impurities (inferior quality).
5. Manganese is mostly used as alloy in iron and steel industries - why?
Answer -
● Manganese removes oxygen and sulfur during the smelting of iron.
● As an alloy it decreases the brittleness of steel and imparts strength.
6. Mica is mostly used in electrical/ electronic industries - why?
Answer - Mica is a superior insulator. So in the electrical industry it is used as thermal
insulation, and in electronic equipment as electrical insulators.
7. Coal and petroleum are known as fossil fuels - why?
Answer - Coal and Petroleum are called fossil fuels, since they are formed from the remains
of dead animals and plants.
8. In India thermal power is a source of non - renewable energy - why?
Answer-
● In India thermal power is harnessed from fossil - fuels, which are non - renewable in
nature.
 9. Why is hydroelectricity better than thermal energy for ecology?
Answer - Hydropower is a climate-friendly energy source, generating power without
producing air pollution or toxic by-products.
10. Why do the hilly rivers have the potential to harness hydroelectricity?
Answer - Due to high velocity of the rivers in the hilly regions.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. Differentiate between renewable and non - renewable sources of Energy.

Renewable source of energy Non - renewable source of energy

Renewable Sources of Energy are those Non-Renewable Sources of Energy are

Sources of Energy which can be renewed those sources which are available in limited
naturally over time. They are inexhaustible. quantities.. They are exhaustible.

They are environment friendly They cause more pollution.

These resources are abundant These resources are scarce / limited.

Examples: Wind, water, soil, solar energy Examples: Minerals, fossil fuels etc.
etc.

2. Name two mineral rich regions of India and differentiate between them.

North - Eastern part of Deccan plateau North - western part of Deccan plateau

This is the richest belt of minerals and This belt contains most of Gujarat,
contains Chota nagpur plateau, Damodar Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
valley, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Aravalli range.
Jharkhand, Odisha etc.

Main minerals are : coal, iron ore, Main minerals are: Petroleum, natural gas,
manganese, copper, bauxite, thorium, copper, silver, lead, mica , zinc, lead etc.
uranium, phosphate etc.
3. Write about the production and distribution of Iron ore in India.

Iron ore producing Production and Main regions in the state

States reserve

Odisha Largest Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, Sundergarh,

Cuttack.

Chhattisgarh 2nd largest ( for Bailadila in Bastar, Dalli Rajhara in durg.

the FY 2020 -21
 It is the Largest)

Karnataka 3rd largest Hospet, Bellary, Chikmaflur, Baba Budan hills,

Kalahandi, Chitradurga, Shimoga, Tumkur.

Jharkhand Fourth largest Singhbhum, Palamau, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh,

Santhal Pargana, Ranchi.

Others Balaghat, Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh, Salem

and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, Kangra and Mandi
in Himachal Pradesh, Kozhikode in Kerala,
Junagad in Gujarat, Birbhum in West Bengal etc.

4. Write about the production and distribution of manganese in India.

Manganese Production rank Production centres
producing states in
India

Madhya Pradesh Largest Balaghat, Chhindwara.

Maharashtra Second Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri.

Odisha Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Koraput, Kalahandi,

Kendujhar.

Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, Guntur,

Vijayanagaram, Cuddapah.

Karnataka North Kanara, Shimoga, Bellary,

Chitradurga, Sharwar, Chikmagalur.

Others Singhbhum and Dhanbad of Jharkhand,

Banswara of Rajasthan, Panchmahal of
Gujarat.

6. Write about the production and distribution of Mica in India.

Mica producing India rank in Production centres

states production

Andhra Pradesh 1st Nellore

Rajasthan 2nd Bhilwara, Jaipur, Tonk, Sikar, Ajmer.

Jharkhand 3rd Hazaribagh, Koderma.

Bihar Gaya

others Karnataka, West Bengal, Karnataka.

7. Write about the distribution of coal in India.

Coal producing Producing areas

states

Chhattisgarh Korba, Tatapani, Jhilil, Chirmiri, Rampur.

Jharkhand Jharia, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Karanpura, Chanderpur, Giridih.

Odisha Talcher.

Madhya Pradesh Singrauli, Sohagpur.

Andhra Pradesh Godavari valley.

Maharashtra Chanda, Wardha.

West Bengal Raniganj.

Jammu & Kashmir Anthracite coal is found here.

8. Write about the distribution of oil fields in India.

Oil producing region Oil fields

North - East region Digboi, Moran, Rudrasagar in Assam, Tirap in Arunachal

Pradesh, Borholla in Nagaland.

Rajasthan region Sarswati, Rajeshwari, Mangla - Barmer, Jaiselmer.

Gujarat region Ankleshwar, Kalol, Kosamba, Mehsana, Lunej, Aliabet island.

Mumbai High Located in the Arabian sea 176 km. north west of Mumbai.

East coastal region Krishna - Godavari and Kaveri basins.Narimanam and Kovilappal.

9. Distinguish between Gondwana and Tertiary coal in India.

Gondwana Coal Tertiary Coal

Age - more than 250 million years. Age - less than 60 million years.

Less impurities like ash content, sulphur More ash and sulphur content.
content etc.

More carbon content. Less carbon content.

 More preferable in industries because it has Less preferable in industries because it has
more carbon content and high heat capacity. less carbon content and less heat capacity.

Examples: anthracite and bituminous. Examples : lignite and peat.

10. Write the importance of thermal power plants in the Indian economy and also mention
three advantages of it.

● Thermal power plants contribute the largest proportion of electricity into the national
power grid of India.
● Thermal power plants are one of the most important elements of the energy sector.
Advantages of Thermal Power:
● Making Energy from Thermal Power plants is easy.
● The fuel used (coal) is cheap.
● Thermal Power Plants can be set up anywhere near fuel and water supply as it
requires less space as compared to the hydroelectric power station.

11. DIFFERENTIATE AND WRITE ABOUT THE FOLLOWING :

Metallic Minerals Non - Metallic Minerals

● Metal elements are present in ● They do not contain any metal

their raw form. substances in them.

● Metallic minerals have high ● Non-metallic minerals lack

malleability and ductility. malleability and ductility and
these minerals break down
easily.

● Metallic minerals generally have ● Non-metallic minerals do not

lustre. have any shine or lustre.

● Metallic minerals are good ● Non-metallic minerals are

conductors of electricity as well basically good insulators of
as heat. electricity and heat.

● Metallic minerals are usually ● Non-metallic minerals are often

found in igneous and found embedded in young fold
metamorphic rock formations. mountains and sedimentary
rocks.

● Examples : Silver, Chromium, ● Example : limestone, diamond,

Tin, Nickel, Copper, Iron, Lead, mica, salt, potash.
Aluminum, Gold, and Zinc.
 ●
Ferrous Minerals Non - Ferrous Minerals

● These minerals contain iron. ● They do not contain iron.

● They weigh more. ● They weigh less.

● They are less resistant to ● They are more resistant to

corrosion. corrosion.

● They are good conductors of ● They are bad conductors of

electricity. electricity.

● Examples: iron ore, manganese ● Examples: gold, silver, copper,

and chromites. lead.

●
Organic Minerals Inorganic Minerals

They contain decomposed organic They do not contain organic matter.

matter or fossils.

These were once living and contain Inorganic mineral is a material that has
carbon. never been alive and it has not been
bonded with carbon.

Examples: Fossil fuels like Coal, Examples : Mica, Limestone, Gypsum,

Petroleum, Natural Gas. Graphite.

● There are four types of iron ore found in India (i) Magnetite (ii) Haematite (iii)
Limonite (iv) Siderite.

Type of iron Characteristics

ore

i. Magnetite Magnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster.

Magnetite is mostly found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Magnetite's greatest use is as an important iron ore for steel manufacture.

Opaque, with a metallic to submetallic luster.

Magnetic properties are common components of lodestone.

The best quality of iron ore contains 72 % pure iron.

Ii. Haematite Pure hematite has a composition of about 70% iron and 30% oxygen by
weight.

Soft, fine-grained, and earthy.

It is also used for ballasts for ships. It is used as gemstones or in making

jewellery as well.The most effective grounding stone, hematite, promotes
stability and protection.

60 - 70 % pure iron and mostly found in India.

Iii. Limonite It varies in color from a bright lemony yellow to a drab greyish brown.

The term limonite is sometimes generally applied to any hydrated iron

ore.

40 - 60 % pure iron.

Iv. Siderite Yellowish-brown to greyish-brown, pale yellow to tannish, grey, brown.

The mineral commonly occurs in thin beds with shales, clay, or coal seams
(as sedimentary deposits).

48% iron and contains no sulfur or phosphorus.

Inferior iron contains 40 - 50 % iron ore and more impurities.

● MINERALS AND LEADING STATES OF THEIR PRODUCTION -

NAME OF LEADING STATES IN THEIR PRODUCTION

THE
MINERAL

Iron ore ● Odisha: Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Keonjhar .

● Karnataka:Kemmangundi in Baba Budan hills of Chikmagalur
district, Sandur and Hospet in Bellary district, Chitradurga.
● Chhattisgarh:Durg, Bastar and Dantewada.

Mica ● Andhra Pradesh: Nellore, Visakhapatnam, West Godavari.

● Rajasthan: Bhilwara, Ajmer and Jaipur.
● Odisha: Kalahandi, Koraput and Sundergarh.

Coal ● Jharkhand: Singbhum, Hazaribagh and Giridih.

 ● Chhattisgarh: Surguja, Korba, Koriya.
● Odisha:Talcher, Angul and I.B. Valley.

Manganese ● Madhya Pradesh:Balaghat, Chhindwara and Jhabua.

● Maharashtra: Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri,
● Odisha: Keonjhar, Bonai and Uttar Koraput.

Petroleum ● Rajasthan:Bikaner, Nagaur, Kota.

● Gujarat:Kachchh, Vadodarah, Surat.
● Assam: Digboi, Guwahati, Bongaigaon.

Name of the mineral India’s global rank in production Largest producer

Iron ore 4th Australia

Mica 1st India

Coal 2nd China

Manganese 5th China

Petroleum 20th USA

● Three Major and Primary types of Mica:

Types of Mica Characteristics

Muscovite ● A hydrated silicate of aluminium and potassium.

● Muscovite is clear, silvery, or coppery silver in color.
● Excellent thermal and electrical insulator.

Phlogopite ● It is a magnesium bearing mica.

● Yellow - greenish and reddish brown in colour.
● Soft and poorer electrical and chemical resistance.

Biotite ● It is a ferro - magnesium variety.

● fresh biotite is black.

● MAJOR TYPES OF COAL IN INDIA:

TYPES OF COAL CHARACTERISTICS

Anthracite Anthracite is hard and black to steel grey in colour.

Best quality and high luster.
It has the highest carbon content (between 92.1% and 98%).
The fewest impurities, and the highest calorific content of all types of coal.

Bituminous Bituminous – contains between 69% & 86% carbon by weight.

 Bituminous coal is dark brown to black.
It is hard, but friable.
It is commonly composed of thin bands of alternating bright and dull material.

Lignite Lignite is brownish-black in color.

It has a carbon content of around 60%, a high inherent moisture content.

Peat Poorest quality coal.

Carbon content is very low , 50 -60 %percent and they can be cut with a knife.
High moisture content and high impurities. They are in the first stage of
transformation of wood into coal - known as Charcoal.

● MAIN POWER RESOURCES OF INDIA -

MAIN POWER RESOURCES LEADING STATES IN PRODUCTION

NUCLEAR POWER Tamil Nadu: Kalapakkam

Maharashtra:Tarapur
Gujarat: Kakrapara

THERMAL POWER Chhattisgarh: Korba, Hasdeo.

Madhya Pradesh: Satpura, Amarkantak.
Gujarat: Jamnagar, Khambhat.

HYDEL POWER Uttarakhand: Tehri.

Maharashtra: Bhatghar, Bhira.
Andhra Pradesh: Hampi, Chettipeta.

Map and Photo based Questions:

1. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

This is Sagar - Samrat : the oil drilling platform of which oil field of India?
a. Kalol.
b. Digboi.
c. Mumbai High.
 d. Ajmer.
Correct answer is - Option c. Mumbai High.
2. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

Identify the largest lignite coalfield of Tamil Nadu marked and labelled in the map with L.
a. Jharia
b. Raniganj
c. Singareni
d. Neyveli
Correct answer is - Option d. Neyveli.

3. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

The marked State in India is the largest producer of :

a. Mica.
b. Coal.
c. Oil.
 d. Manganese.
Correct answer is - Option a. Mica.

4. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

This is the image of a nuclear power plant - identify one nuclear power plant of Maharashtra.
a. Kalpakkam.
b. Rawatbhata.
c. Tarapur.
d. Kakrapar.
Correct answer is - Option c.Tarapur.

5. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

In general anthracite coal is used in the fireplace - why?

a. Anthracite is less available in India.
b. Anthracite emits almost no smoke.
c. Non - availability of Peat.
d. Anthracite is cheap.
Correct answer is - Option b. Anthracite emits almost no smoke.

CASESTUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

READ THE PASSAGE BELOW AND ANSWER THE NEXT QUESTIONS:
Renewable energy sources are clean to use as there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Due
to the use of a stable source of energy, the cost of renewable fuels does not change much.
Renewable sources generate energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions like fossil
fuels and reduces some types of air pollution. It
diversified energy supply and reduced dependence on imported fuels. It creates
economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more.

But on the other hand it is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as
those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators. This may mean that we need to reduce
the amount of energy we use or simply build more energy facilities.The Electricity
Generation Capacity is still not large enough and renewable energy can be unreliable. It also
has low-efficiency levels and requires a huge capital. It takes a lot of space to install.

1. Renewable sources of energy are clean. True / False?

Correct answer is - True.
2. Renewable sources of energy produce huge amounts of greenhouse gases. True /
False?
Correct answer is - False.
3. Renewable sources of energy can be unreliable.True / False?
Correct answer is - True.
4. Renewable sources of energy are cheap. True / False?
Correct answer is - False.
5. Select the correct Statement/s.
Statement 1 - Renewable sources of energy have low-efficiency levels.
Statement 2 - Renewable sources of energy require a huge capital.
a. Both the statements are correct.
b. Both the statements are wrong.
c. Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is wrong.
d. Statement 1 is incorrect and Statement 2 is correct.
Correct answer is - Option a. Both the statements are correct.

SOURCES OF ENERGY : Part I

MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES -

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER -

 ● A mineral is a naturally occurring substance of organic or inorganic origin, with a
definite chemical composition, and physical properties. For example: Iron ore. Iron
ore, Silver, Gold, Cobalt, Bauxite, Manganese, Zinc etc.
● Mining is an important economic activity in India. India is one of the largest exporters
of iron ore, chromite, bauxite, mica and manganese, and it is ranked fifth among the
mineral-producing countries in terms of volume of production.

MULTIPLE - CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. This is a metallic mineral.

a. Limestone.
b. Coal.
c. Mica.
d. Nickel.
Correct option is - Option d. Nickel.
2. Bauxite is a -
a. Ferrous minerals.
b. Non - ferrous mineral.
c. Organic minerals.
d. Inorganic minerals.
Correct option is - Option b. Non - ferrous mineral.
3. Non - metallic minerals are mostly found in this type of rocks.
a. Igneous rocks.
b. Metamorphic rocks.
c. Sedimentary rocks.
d. others.
Correct option is - Option c. Sedimentary rocks.
4. This mineral belt is the richest mineral belt of India.
a. North - Eastern part of Peninsular Plateau.
b. North - Western part of Peninsular Plateau.
c. Southern -Western part of Peninsular Plateau.
d. Himalayan Region.
Correct option is - Option a. North - Eastern part of Peninsular Plateau.
5. Major coal fields are found in the _______ system of rock formations.
a. Tertiary.
b. Gondwana.
c. Dharwar.
d. Aravalli.
Correct option is - Option b. Gondwana.
6. Major iron - ore fields are found in the _________ system of rock formations.
a. Aravalli.
 b. Dharwar.
c. Gondwana.
d. Tertiary.
Correct option is - Option b. Dharwar.
7. This is the best quality of iron - ore found in India.
a. Magnetite.
b. Haematite.
c. Limonite.
d. Siderite.
Correct option is - Option a. Magnetite.
8. These are the two iron - ore producing districts of Jharkhand.
a. Hospet and Bellary.
b. Durg and Bastar.
c. Singhbhum and Palamau.
d. Balaghat and Jabalpur.
Correct option is - Option c. Singhbhum and Palamau.
9. These two countries are the main buyers of Indian iron - ore.
a. Japan and South Korea.
b. Pakistan and Nepal.
c. South Africa and Canada.
d. Australia and New zealand.
Correct option is - Option a. Japan and South korea.
10. Bhilwara is ______ producing mine in Rajasthan.
a. Coal.
b. Mica.
c. Bauxite
d. Manganese
Correct option is - Option b. Mica.
11. Gaya is the main mica Producing district of ________ state in India.
a. Jharkhand.
b. Chhattisgarh.
c. Bihar
d. Madhya Pradesh.
Correct option is - Option c. Bihar.
12. Name the variety of coal that is known as brown coal.
a. Anthracite.
b. Bituminous.
c. Lignite.
d. Peat.
Correct option is - Option c. Lignite.
13. Gondwana coal is said to be about __________ million years old.
a. 150
b. 250
c. 60
 d. 50
Correct option is - Option b. 250
14. This is the oldest coalfield of India.
a. Korba.
b. Talcher.
c. Wardha.
d. Raniganj.
Correct option is -Option d. Raniganj.
15. Kalol is a petroleum producing region in this state of India.
a. Maharashtra.
b. Gujarat.
c. Rajasthan.
d. Assam.
Correct option is - Option b. Gujarat.
16. Name the oldest hydroelectric power plant in India.
a. Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station - Darjeeling, West Bengal.
b. The Koyna Hydroelectric Project - Maharashtra.
c. Bhakra - Nangal Hydroelectric Power Plant - Himachal Pradesh.
d. Sardar - Sarovar Hydroelectric Power Plant - Gujarat.
Correct option is - Option a. Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station - Darjeeling, West
Bengal.
17. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in this state of India is the highest capacity nuclear
plant in India.
a. Rajasthan.
b. Maharashtra.
c. Tamil Nadu.
d. Karnataka.
Correct option is - Option c. Tamil Nadu.
18. Which state of India is entirely dependent on hydroelectricity?
a. Kerala.
b. West Bengal.
c. Punjab.
d. Arunachal Pradesh.
Correct option is - Option d. Arunachal Pradesh.
19. These are the major petroleum oil supplying countries to India.
a. France, U.K., Italy, Greece and Germany.
b. Mexico, Canada, Kuwait, Iraq and West Asian Countries.
c. Japan, China, South Korea, Philippines and East Asian Countries.
d. Australia, New Zealand, Maldives and Indonesia.
Correct option is - Option b. Mexico, Canada, Kuwait, Iraq and West Asian Countries.
20. Rawatbhata has eight nuclear power stations, where is it located?
a. Rajasthan.
b. Gujarat.
c. Karnataka.
 d. Tamil Nadu.
Correct option is - Option a. Rajasthan.

NAME THE FOLLOWING AND VERY SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. These minerals contain iron.

Answer - Metallic Minerals.
2. These minerals do not contain organic matter.
Answer - Inorganic minerals.
3. Minerals are _________ resources.
Answer - Exhaustible.
4. Manganese is found in this system of rock formation.
Answer - Dharwar.
5. Name two regions from the North - eastern part of Deccan Plateau that have coal
deposits.
Answer - Damodar valley and Chhattisgarh.
6. Name the oldest oil field in India.
Answer - Digboi in Assam.
7. This type of iron ore has the magnetic property and contains more than 70 % of pure
iron.
Answer - Magnetite.
8. Which state of India produces most of the magnetite iron ore?
Answer - Karnataka.
9. This State in India has the highest reserves of Haematite iron ore.
Answer - Jharkhand.
10. Name the largest petroleum oil mine in India.
Answer - Mumbai High in Maharashtra.
11. India produces mostly this type of iron ore.
Answer - Haematite and magnetite.
12. Name the largest mica producing state in India.
Answer - Andhra Pradesh.
13. Name the main mica belt in Andhra Pradesh.
Answer - Nellore district.
14. Which type of mica acts as an excellent thermal and electrical insulator?
Answer - Muscovite.
15. These organic minerals are known as the Black gold and Liquid gold.
Answer - Coal and Petroleum oil.
16. In India this type of coal is mostly found in Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer - Anthracite.
17. This type of coal is mostly used as coking coal in India.
Answer - Bituminous.
18. Where is the Tehri Hydro Power plant located?
Answer - Uttarakhand.
 19. Name two regions in South India which are potential for harnessing Hydroelectricity.
Answer - The Western Ghats and The Nilgiri - Anaimalai hills.
20. Name the nuclear power station in Uttar Pradesh.
Answer - Narora.

GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING:

1. Organic minerals are mostly found in sedimentary rocks - why?

Answer - Most of the organic minerals are derived from the buried animal and plant life
found in the layers of the sedimentary rocks. Example: Fossil Fuels.
2. Peninsular India is rich in minerals - why?
Answer - Most of the mineral - bearing rock formations are distributed in peninsular India.
Examples : Gondwana System bears coal, Dharwar system bears Iron ore and manganese etc.
3. The northern plains of India are poor in minerals - why?
Answer -
● The northern plains of India have thick layers of alluvium which concealed the
bedrocks.
● Geologically youngest.
4. Siderite is the poorest variety of iron ore - why?
Answer -
● Pure iron is low in content (only 40 - 50 %).
● Presence of impurities (inferior quality).
5. Manganese is mostly used as alloy in iron and steel industries - why?
Answer -
● Manganese removes oxygen and sulfur during the smelting of iron.
● As an alloy it decreases the brittleness of steel and imparts strength.
6. Mica is mostly used in electrical/ electronic industries - why?
Answer - Mica is a superior insulator. So in the electrical industry it is used as thermal
insulation, and in electronic equipment as electrical insulators.
7. Coal and petroleum are known as fossil fuels - why?
Answer - Coal and Petroleum are called fossil fuels, since they are formed from the remains
of dead animals and plants.
8. In India thermal power is a source of non - renewable energy - why?
Answer-
● In India thermal power is harnessed from fossil - fuels, which are non - renewable in
nature.
9. Why is hydroelectricity better than thermal energy for ecology?
Answer - Hydropower is a climate-friendly energy source, generating power without
producing air pollution or toxic by-products.
10. Why do the hilly rivers have the potential to harness hydroelectricity?
Answer - Due to high velocity of the rivers in the hilly regions.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. Differentiate between renewable and non - renewable sources of Energy.

Renewable source of energy Non - renewable source of energy

Renewable Sources of Energy are those Non-Renewable Sources of Energy are

Sources of Energy which can be renewed those sources which are available in limited
naturally over time. They are inexhaustible. quantities.. They are exhaustible.

They are environment friendly They cause more pollution.

These resources are abundant These resources are scarce / limited.

Examples: Wind, water, soil, solar energy Examples: Minerals, fossil fuels etc.
etc.

2. Name two mineral rich regions of India and differentiate between them.

North - Eastern part of Deccan plateau North - western part of Deccan plateau

This is the richest belt of minerals and This belt contains most of Gujarat,
contains Chota nagpur plateau, Damodar Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
valley, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Aravalli range.
Jharkhand, Odisha etc.

Main minerals are : coal, iron ore, Main minerals are: Petroleum, natural gas,
manganese, copper, bauxite, thorium, copper, silver, lead, mica , zinc, lead etc.
uranium, phosphate etc.
3. Write about the production and distribution of Iron ore in India.

Iron ore producing Production and Main regions in the state

States reserve

Odisha Largest Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, Sundergarh,

Cuttack.

Chhattisgarh 2nd largest ( for Bailadila in Bastar, Dalli Rajhara in durg.

the FY 2020 -21
It is the Largest)

Karnataka 3rd largest Hospet, Bellary, Chikmaflur, Baba Budan hills,

Kalahandi, Chitradurga, Shimoga, Tumkur.

Jharkhand Fourth largest Singhbhum, Palamau, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh,

Santhal Pargana, Ranchi.
 Others Balaghat, Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh, Salem
and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, Kangra and Mandi
in Himachal Pradesh, Kozhikode in Kerala,
Junagad in Gujarat, Birbhum in West Bengal etc.

4. Write about the production and distribution of manganese in India.

Manganese Production rank Production centres
producing states in
India

Madhya Pradesh Largest Balaghat, Chhindwara.

Maharashtra Second Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri.

Odisha Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Koraput, Kalahandi,

Kendujhar.

Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, Guntur,

Vijayanagaram, Cuddapah.

Karnataka North Kanara, Shimoga, Bellary,

Chitradurga, Sharwar, Chikmagalur.

Others Singhbhum and Dhanbad of Jharkhand,

Banswara of Rajasthan, Panchmahal of
Gujarat.

6. Write about the production and distribution of Mica in India.

Mica producing India rank in Production centres

states production

Andhra Pradesh 1st Nellore

Rajasthan 2nd Bhilwara, Jaipur, Tonk, Sikar, Ajmer.

Jharkhand 3rd Hazaribagh, Koderma.

Bihar Gaya

others Karnataka, West Bengal, Karnataka.

7. Write about the distribution of coal in India.

Coal producing Producing areas

states

Chhattisgarh Korba, Tatapani, Jhilil, Chirmiri, Rampur.

 Jharkhand Jharia, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Karanpura, Chanderpur, Giridih.

Odisha Talcher.

Madhya Pradesh Singrauli, Sohagpur.

Andhra Pradesh Godavari valley.

Maharashtra Chanda, Wardha.

West Bengal Raniganj.

Jammu & Kashmir Anthracite coal is found here.

8. Write about the distribution of oil fields in India.

Oil producing region Oil fields

North - East region Digboi, Moran, Rudrasagar in Assam, Tirap in Arunachal

Pradesh, Borholla in Nagaland.

Rajasthan region Sarswati, Rajeshwari, Mangla - Barmer, Jaiselmer.

Gujarat region Ankleshwar, Kalol, Kosamba, Mehsana, Lunej, Aliabet island.

Mumbai High Located in the Arabian sea 176 km. north west of Mumbai.

East coastal region Krishna - Godavari and Kaveri basins.Narimanam and Kovilappal.

9. Distinguish between Gondwana and Tertiary coal in India.

Gondwana Coal Tertiary Coal

Age - more than 250 million years. Age - less than 60 million years.

Less impurities like ash content, sulphur More ash and sulphur content.
content etc.

More carbon content. Less carbon content.

More preferable in industries because it has Less preferable in industries because it has
more carbon content and high heat capacity. less carbon content and less heat capacity.

Examples: anthracite and bituminous. Examples : lignite and peat.

10. Write the importance of thermal power plants in the Indian economy and also mention
three advantages of it.
 ● Thermal power plants contribute the largest proportion of electricity into the national
power grid of India.
● Thermal power plants are one of the most important elements of the energy sector.
Advantages of Thermal Power:
● Making Energy from Thermal Power plants is easy.
● The fuel used (coal) is cheap.
● Thermal Power Plants can be set up anywhere near fuel and water supply as it
requires less space as compared to the hydroelectric power station.

11. DIFFERENTIATE AND WRITE ABOUT THE FOLLOWING :

Metallic Minerals Non - Metallic Minerals

● Metal elements are present in ● They do not contain any metal

their raw form. substances in them.

● Metallic minerals have high ● Non-metallic minerals lack

malleability and ductility. malleability and ductility and
these minerals break down
easily.

● Metallic minerals generally have ● Non-metallic minerals do not

lustre. have any shine or lustre.

● Metallic minerals are good ● Non-metallic minerals are

conductors of electricity as well basically good insulators of
as heat. electricity and heat.

● Metallic minerals are usually ● Non-metallic minerals are often

found in igneous and found embedded in young fold
metamorphic rock formations. mountains and sedimentary
rocks.

● Examples : Silver, Chromium, ● Example : limestone, diamond,

Tin, Nickel, Copper, Iron, Lead, mica, salt, potash.
Aluminum, Gold, and Zinc.

●
Ferrous Minerals Non - Ferrous Minerals

● These minerals contain iron. ● They do not contain iron.

● They weigh more. ● They weigh less.

● They are less resistant to ● They are more resistant to

corrosion. corrosion.
 ● They are good conductors of ● They are bad conductors of
electricity. electricity.

● Examples: iron ore, manganese ● Examples: gold, silver, copper,

and chromites. lead.

●
Organic Minerals Inorganic Minerals

They contain decomposed organic They do not contain organic matter.

matter or fossils.

These were once living and contain Inorganic mineral is a material that has
carbon. never been alive and it has not been
bonded with carbon.

Examples: Fossil fuels like Coal, Examples : Mica, Limestone, Gypsum,

Petroleum, Natural Gas. Graphite.

● There are four types of iron ore found in India (i) Magnetite (ii) Haematite (iii)
Limonite (iv) Siderite.

Type of iron Characteristics

ore

i. Magnetite Magnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster.

Magnetite is mostly found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Magnetite's greatest use is as an important iron ore for steel manufacture.

Opaque, with a metallic to submetallic luster.

Magnetic properties are common components of lodestone.

The best quality of iron ore contains 72 % pure iron.

Ii. Haematite Pure hematite has a composition of about 70% iron and 30% oxygen by
weight.

Soft, fine-grained, and earthy.

It is also used for ballasts for ships. It is used as gemstones or in making

jewellery as well.The most effective grounding stone, hematite, promotes
stability and protection.

60 - 70 % pure iron and mostly found in India.

Iii. Limonite It varies in color from a bright lemony yellow to a drab greyish brown.

The term limonite is sometimes generally applied to any hydrated iron

ore.

40 - 60 % pure iron.

Iv. Siderite Yellowish-brown to greyish-brown, pale yellow to tannish, grey, brown.

The mineral commonly occurs in thin beds with shales, clay, or coal seams
(as sedimentary deposits).

48% iron and contains no sulfur or phosphorus.

Inferior iron contains 40 - 50 % iron ore and more impurities.

● MINERALS AND LEADING STATES OF THEIR PRODUCTION -

NAME OF LEADING STATES IN THEIR PRODUCTION

THE
MINERAL

Iron ore ● Odisha: Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Keonjhar .

● Karnataka:Kemmangundi in Baba Budan hills of Chikmagalur
district, Sandur and Hospet in Bellary district, Chitradurga.
● Chhattisgarh:Durg, Bastar and Dantewada.

Mica ● Andhra Pradesh: Nellore, Visakhapatnam, West Godavari.

● Rajasthan: Bhilwara, Ajmer and Jaipur.
● Odisha: Kalahandi, Koraput and Sundergarh.

Coal ● Jharkhand: Singbhum, Hazaribagh and Giridih.

● Chhattisgarh: Surguja, Korba, Koriya.
● Odisha:Talcher, Angul and I.B. Valley.

Manganese ● Madhya Pradesh:Balaghat, Chhindwara and Jhabua.

● Maharashtra: Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri,
● Odisha: Keonjhar, Bonai and Uttar Koraput.

Petroleum ● Rajasthan:Bikaner, Nagaur, Kota.

● Gujarat:Kachchh, Vadodarah, Surat.
● Assam: Digboi, Guwahati, Bongaigaon.
Name of the mineral India’s global rank in production Largest producer

Iron ore 4th Australia

Mica 1st India

Coal 2nd China

Manganese 5th China

Petroleum 20th USA

● Three Major and Primary types of Mica:

Types of Mica Characteristics

Muscovite ● A hydrated silicate of aluminium and potassium.

● Muscovite is clear, silvery, or coppery silver in color.
● Excellent thermal and electrical insulator.

Phlogopite ● It is a magnesium bearing mica.

● Yellow - greenish and reddish brown in colour.
● Soft and poorer electrical and chemical resistance.

Biotite ● It is a ferro - magnesium variety.

● fresh biotite is black.

● MAJOR TYPES OF COAL IN INDIA:

TYPES OF COAL CHARACTERISTICS

Anthracite Anthracite is hard and black to steel grey in colour.

Best quality and high luster.
It has the highest carbon content (between 92.1% and 98%).
The fewest impurities, and the highest calorific content of all types of coal.

Bituminous Bituminous – contains between 69% & 86% carbon by weight.

Bituminous coal is dark brown to black.
It is hard, but friable.
It is commonly composed of thin bands of alternating bright and dull material.

Lignite Lignite is brownish-black in color.

It has a carbon content of around 60%, a high inherent moisture content.

Peat Poorest quality coal.

Carbon content is very low , 50 -60 %percent and they can be cut with a knife.
High moisture content and high impurities. They are in the first stage of
transformation of wood into coal - known as Charcoal.

● MAIN POWER RESOURCES OF INDIA -

 MAIN POWER RESOURCES LEADING STATES IN PRODUCTION

NUCLEAR POWER Tamil Nadu: Kalapakkam

Maharashtra:Tarapur
Gujarat: Kakrapara

THERMAL POWER Chhattisgarh: Korba, Hasdeo.

Madhya Pradesh: Satpura, Amarkantak.
Gujarat: Jamnagar, Khambhat.

HYDEL POWER Uttarakhand: Tehri.

Maharashtra: Bhatghar, Bhira.
Andhra Pradesh: Hampi, Chettipeta.

Map and Photo based Questions:

1. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

This is Sagar - Samrat : the oil drilling platform of which oil field of India?
a. Kalol.
b. Digboi.
c. Mumbai High.
d. Ajmer.
Correct answer is - Option c. Mumbai High.
2. Based on the image follows answer the next question:
Identify the largest lignite coalfield of Tamil Nadu marked and labelled in the map with L.
a. Jharia
b. Raniganj
c. Singareni
d. Neyveli
Correct answer is - Option d. Neyveli.

3. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

The marked State in India is the largest producer of :

a. Mica.
b. Coal.
c. Oil.
d. Manganese.
Correct answer is - Option a. Mica.
4. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

This is the image of a nuclear power plant - identify one nuclear power plant of Maharashtra.
a. Kalpakkam.
b. Rawatbhata.
c. Tarapur.
d. Kakrapar.
Correct answer is - Option c.Tarapur.

5. Based on the image follows answer the next question:

In general anthracite coal is used in the fireplace - why?

a. Anthracite is less available in India.
b. Anthracite emits almost no smoke.
c. Non - availability of Peat.
d. Anthracite is cheap.
Correct answer is - Option b. Anthracite emits almost no smoke.

CASESTUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

READ THE PASSAGE BELOW AND ANSWER THE NEXT QUESTIONS:

Renewable energy sources are clean to use as there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Due
to the use of a stable source of energy, the cost of renewable fuels does not change much.
Renewable sources generate energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions like fossil
fuels and reduces some types of air pollution. It
diversified energy supply and reduced dependence on imported fuels. It creates
economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more.

But on the other hand it is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as
those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators. This may mean that we need to reduce
the amount of energy we use or simply build more energy facilities.The Electricity
Generation Capacity is still not large enough and renewable energy can be unreliable. It also
has low-efficiency levels and requires a huge capital. It takes a lot of space to install.

1. Renewable sources of energy are clean. True / False?

Correct answer is - True.
2. Renewable sources of energy produce huge amounts of greenhouse gases. True /
False?
Correct answer is - False.
3. Renewable sources of energy can be unreliable.True / False?
Correct answer is - True.
4. Renewable sources of energy are cheap. True / False?
Correct answer is - False.
5. Select the correct Statement/s.
Statement 1 - Renewable sources of energy have low-efficiency levels.
Statement 2 - Renewable sources of energy require a huge capital.
a. Both the statements are correct.
b. Both the statements are wrong.
c. Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is wrong.
d. Statement 1 is incorrect and Statement 2 is correct.
Correct answer is - Option a. Both the statements are correct.

SOURCES OF ENERGY: CONVENTIONAL AND NON -

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:Part II
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER -

● METHOD OF HARNESSING: Conventional power plant is the general term applied

to the production of electrical energy from coal, oil, or natural gas using the
intermediary of steam. The generator is usually a synchronous machine having a
small number of poles (two or four) and running at high speeds (1500–3600 rpm).

Today, burning of wood is the largest use of biomass energy derived from solid fuel biomass.
Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines
and steam turbines that generate electricity. Wood easily catches fire. Wood consists of
organic compounds which are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen. They can combine
with oxygen and burn. Because of these properties, wood is classified as a combustible
material.

Limits of Fire - wood :

● Inconvenience. In comparison to other forms of heating, wood fuel is often less

convenient because most stoves and furnaces require refilling every few hours.
● Highly flammable and hence dangerous.
● Difficult and expensive to store.
● Non-renewable.
● Burning wood pellets for heat and electricity might actually be increasing carbon
emissions and may endanger forest biodiversity.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
● Combustion of dry wood results in a large amount of smoke which contains carbon
dioxide and thus leads to air pollution and global warming.
● Though burning wood for energy is thought to be carbon neutral: trees soak up carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, and burning wood puts the greenhouse gas back in the
air but at the same time it contributes to greenhouse effect and global warming
through carbon emission and air pollution.
● Burning wood contributes pollution to the environment in the form of the smoke
emitted as the wood is burned. The smoke that is released serves as a pollutant to the
outside, particular in winter months, and can also pollute the air inside the home if not
properly vented, causing INDOOR AIR POLLUTION.

LIMITS OF FOSSIL FUELS: COAL, PETROLEUM, DIESEL,LPG:

● Fossil fuels are not renewable energy sources. If we do not reduce consumption, we
will run out of them very quickly.
● Non-renewable. Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy - unlike solar
power, geothermal, and wind energy.
 ● Fossil fuels pollute the environment, in the case of irresponsible use, they can be
dangerous.
● When fossil fuels are burned, they release nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which
contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain - that in turn contribute to climate
change.
● Fossil fuels are the main driver of global warming.
● Fossil fuel use is also unsustainable for our health and the safety of the environment.
For example, emissions from coal-fired power (fly ash) plants include particulate
matter and mercury, and are responsible for respiratory illness and premature death
especially in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly people.
● Thermal Pollution: Water is used as a Cooling Agent in Power stations,
Manufacturing and Industrial Plants etc, which act as the biggest sources of thermal
pollution. Thermal pollution decreases water quality through any process which
causes changes in ambient water temperature. It can have large effects on the oxygen
levels in a body of water which impacts local ecosystems and the environment.

Limits of burning agricultural and animal waste as fuel:

● The main adverse effects of crop residue burning include the emission of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) that contributes to global warming.
● It also increases levels of particulate matter (PM) and smog that cause health hazards.
●
● Burning dung emits far greater quantities of dioxins and chlorophenols compared to
wood, which are damaging to human health. Burning of dry dung-cakes causes
pollution of the air. Dry dung-cakes after burning leaves a large quantity of ash.
● Burning of dung-cakes destroys useful plant nutrients.

ENERGY POTENTIAL : CONVENTIONAL AND NON CONVENTIONAL -

In India most of the power generation is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and
mineral oil-based power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Setting up of new power plants is inevitably dependent on import of highly volatile fossil
fuels. Conventional energy sources such as natural gas, oil, coal, or nuclear are finite but still
hold the majority of the energy market.
India has an estimated renewable energy potential of about 900 GW from sources like
Wind – 102 GW, Bio-energy – 25 GW, Small Hydro – 20 GW and Solar power – 750 GW.
Renewable energy enjoys 15.90% shares in total installed capacity in India. As of
March 2017, renewable energy installed capacity totalled to 57,260 MW. There is a capacity
of about 1, 95,000 MW non-conventional energy in India. 31 % of it is in the form of solar
energy, 30% in ocean and geo-thermal, 26 % in biomass and 10 % in wind energy. India is a
tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
NEED TO PROMOTE NON - CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:

India is blessed with an abundance of non-Conventional Sources of Energy like sunlight,

water, wind and biomass. Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources
like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material.
● There is a need to secure the energy supply for the future since the prices of gas and
oil keep rising by each passing day.
● Non-conventional energy has a sufficient and infinite source while other conventional
sources are finite and someday be empty.
● Development of renewable energy plants like solar, wind etc. create an employment
opportunity.
● Reduces the power crisis.
● All these sources are renewable processes of energy generation and do not cause
environmental pollution.
● Use of non conventional sources of energy is in tune with the objective of sustainable
development as it does not cause environmental hazards unlike conventional sources
of energy.
● Most of the non-conventional energy sources are cheaper.
● Power from non-conventional and renewable sources is must in order to reduce
carbon dioxide and fly ash emissions of the coal-based power plants.
● It is inexhaustible in nature and environment-friendly.
● Reduce dependency on imported fuels.