For practical convenience, the steel is usually plated first with nickel or copper and

then by chromium because it does not adhere well on the steel surface.
Moreover, it allows moisture to pass through it and metal is stripped off. The nickel or copper
provides adhesion and then chromium deposited over the adhesive layer of copper lasts
longer. This type of electroplating resists corrosion and gives as bright Silvery appearance to
the object.

Short Answer Questions

QI. What is meant by electrochemistry?
Ans. The branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between chemical
reactions is called electrochemistry.
Q2. Define oxidation.
Ans. Oxidation is defined as the addition of o gen i)rúé1ñ0Val electron or
increase in oxidation number durinr chemical Feaction.
02
Q3. Define reductio
Ans. Reduction is definectasj thç„removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen or gain of dation
number during a chemical reaction. Cuo + H2 Cu + 1--120 (24. What IS meant by Redox?
Ans. Chemical reactions in which the oxidation state of one or more substances changes are
called oxidation-reduction or Redox reactions.
H2S + C12 _+ 2HC1 + S Q5.
What is meant by oxidizing agent? Give examples.
Ans. An oxidizing agent is a species that oxidizes a substance by taking electrons from it. The
substance (atom or ion) which is reduced itself by gaining electrons is called oxidizing agent.
For example
i) Concentrated sulphuric acid. H2S04
Potassium permanganate. etc
Q6. What is meant by reducing agent? Give examples.
Ans. Reducing agent is the species that reduces a substance by donating electron to it. The
substance (atom or ion) which is oxidized by losing electrons is called reducing agent. For
example
i) Hydrogen (H) ii)
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) etc
Q7. What are spontaneous reactions?
Ans. Spontaneous reactions are those' which take place on their own without any external
agent.
Q8. What are non-Spontaneous reactions?
Ans. Non-spontaneous reactions are those which take place in the presence of external agent.
Q9. What is meant by Oxidation State?
Ans. Oxidation state or oxidation number is the apparent charge assigned to an atom of an
element in a molecule or in an ion. For example in HCI, the oxidation number of hydrogep is
+1 and chlorine is -I.
QIO. Define valency. Ans. The sign
followed by the number i.e., 2+

The combining power of an atom anoth

QII. What is meant by electrochemical cell? Ans. Electrochemical cell System in whicytwo
electrodes are dipped in the solution of an electrolyte which ig connected to thet)attery.
OR
Electrochemical cell is an energy storage device in which either a chemical reaction takes place
by using electric current or chemical reaction produces electric current.
(212. What are electrolytes?
Ans. The substances, which can conduct electricity in their solutions or molten states, are
called electrolytes. For example, solutions of salts, acids or bases are good electrolytes.
Q13. What are strong electrolytes?
Ans. The electrolytes which ionize completely in aqueous solution and produces more ions,
are called strong electrolytes. For example, NaCl, NaOH, H2S04 are strong electrolytes.
Q14. What are weak electrolytes?
Ans. The electrolytes which ionize to a small extent when dissolved in water and could not
produce more ions are called weak electrolytes. For example, CH3COOH, Ca(OH)2 etc Q15.
What are non-Electrolytes?
Ans. The substances, which do not ionize in solution and do not allow the current to pass
through their solutions, are called non-electrolytes. For example, sugar solution, benzene etc.
Q16. What is meant by electrolytic cell?

Ans. The type of electrochemical cell in which a non-spontaneous chemical reaction takes
place when electric current is passed through the Solution, is called an electrolytic cell e.g.,
Down's cell.
Q17. Definf cation.

Ans. Chemical specie which carries a positive charge. e.g., Na+, etc. Q18.
Define anion.
Ans. Chemical specie which carries a negative charge. e.g., 02", CI- etc.
Q19. Differentiate between Oxidation and reduction.

Q20. What
Ans. The
generates
Q21. What
Ans. A
Ans.

end and which are connected with a salt bridge: Each of these known as half
cell. Q22. Differentiate between Cathode and anode.

Cathode Anode
Reduction alwa s takes lace at cathode Oxidation alwa s takes lace at anode
Cathodecarries negative charge in Anode carries positive charge in
electrol •c cell electrol tic cell
 Cathode positive charge in alvanic Anode carries negative charge in
cell alvanic cell

Q23. What is meant by salt bridge?

Ans. Salt-bridge is a U-shaped glass tube which consists of a saturated solution of strong
electrolyte supported in a jelly type material. The ends of the U-shaped glass tube are sealed
with a porous material like glass wool. The function of the salt bridge is to keep the solutions
of two half cells neutral by providing a pathway for migration of ions.
Q24. Define corrosion.
Ans. It is a Redox reaction that takes place by the action of air and moisture with the metals.
For example rusting of iron
Q25. Differentiate between cation and anion. Ans.
Cation Anion
A chemical specie which carries a A chemical specie which carries
positive charge a negative charge
 During electrolysis it always move During electrolysis it always move
towards cathode electrode towards anode electrode
Examples: Na+, Ca Examples: Cl-, O
Q26. What is meant by rust?
Ans. It is a Redox reaction that takes place when iron is exposed to air and moisture. The
chemical formula of rust is Fe203. nH20.
Q27. Define electroplating.
Ans. Electroplating is depositing of one metal over the other by means of electrolysis.

Q28. Define alloy.

Ans. Alloy is a homogenous mixture of one metal
metals. For example stainless steel is an alloy Q29.
Differentiate between Oxidizing Ans.

Oxidizing agent Reducing agent

A specie that oxidizes a substance b specie that reduces a substance by
taking electrons from it. donating electrons to it.
A substance which is reduced itself by A substance which is oxidized by losing
gaining electrons. electrons.
A substance that reduces itself and A substance that oxidizes itself and
oxidizes other. reduces Other.
Examples are non-metals. Examples are metals.

Q30. Justify the reaction between ZnO and C is Redox reaction.

Ans.
 (reduction)
ot oxygen

Q31.

Ans.
(232. Justify the reaction between H2S and C12 is Redox reaction.
Ans.
 i) Electrolytic cell.
ii) Galvanic or voltaic cell.
H2S S + 2HCl
(236. How the oxidation number and valency are assigned?
Oxidation Number Valency
While assigning oxidation number the While assigning valency the sign
sign precedes the number i.e. + 2. followed by the number i.e. 2+
For example, the oxidation number ot For example, the valency of sodium is
sodium is +1 1+
Q37. Write construction of an electrolytic cell?
Ans. An electrolytic cell consists of a solution of an electrolyte, two electrodes (cathode and
anode) that are dipped in the electrolytic solution and connected to the battery. The electrode
connected to positive terminal is called anode and electrode connected to the negative terminal is
called cathode.
Q38. Who was A. Volta?
Ans. Volta (1745-1827) was an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the first
electric cell in 1800.
Q39. Write construction of Down's cell?
Ans. This electrolytic cell is a circular furnace. In the center there is a large block of graphite,
which acts as an anode while cathode around it is made of iron. Q40. Differentiate between
Spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions
Ans.

Q41.
Ans.
Q42.
aluminum?
Ans.
very hard material aluminurry oxide Ootect the0åluminum from further corrosion. In
comparison to that when iron orrodes. ts color changes and produces large red flakes known
as rustNnIike pluminym oxide, the expanding and flaking of rust exposes new metal to
further rusting.

Q43, Differentiate between Strong and Weak electrolytes.

Ans.

Strong electrolytes Weak electrolytes

The electrolyte which ionizes The electrolyte which do not ionize
completely in solution is called strong completely in solution is called weak
electrolyte. electrol te.
It produces more ions in water It produces less ions in water
Examples: NaOH, HCI etc Examples: CH3COOH,
Q44. What is meant by stainless steel?
Ans. It is an alloy which is made up of iron, chromium and nickel.Which does not corrode.
Q45. What is meant by galvanizing?
Ans. The process of coating a thin layer of zinc on iron is called galvanizing.
(246. How galvanizing process takes place?
 Ans. This process is carried out by dipping a clean iron sheet in a zinc chloride bath and
then heating it. After this iron sheet is removed, rolled into molten zinc metal bath and finally
air cooled.
Q47. Write advantages of galvanizing.
Ans. A major advantage of galvanizing is that zinc protects the iron against corrosion even
after the coating surface is broken.
Q48. What is the principle of electroplating?
Ans. The principle of electroplating is to establish an electrolytic cell in which anode is made
of the metal to be deposited and cathode of the object on which metal is to deposit. The
electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a salt of the respective metal.

Q49. Differentiate between Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Ans.

Electrol tes Non-Electrol tes

The substances, which can conduct The substances, which cannot conduc
electricity in their solutions or molten electricity in their solutions or molten
states, are called electrol tes states, are called non-electrolytes
Examples: Glucose solution, Benze
Examples: NaOH, I-ICI etc
etc
Q50. Write a note on zinc electroplating.
Ans. A target metal is cleaned in alkaline dehergent typesoIut10ñS; and it is treated with acid,
in order to remove any rust or surface tales. NexÇghè Žinc is deposited on the metal by
immersing it in a chemical bath ontaining electrolyte zinc sulphate. A current is applied which
results in zinc being deposited on the target metal i.e., cathode.
Q51. Write a note on tin electroplating.
Ans. Tim usually electroplated on steel by placing the steel into a container containing a
Solutlon of tin salt. The steel is connected to an electrical circuit acting as cathode. While the
otherelectrode made of tin metal acts as anode. When an electrical current passes through the
circuit, tin metal ions present in the solution deposit on steer. Q52. Which material is used to
make cathode in electroplating?
Ans. The cathode is made up of the object that is to be electroplated like some sheet made up
Of iron.
Q53. Why is the anode made up of a metal to be deposited during electrolysis?
Ans. When current is passed, the metal from anode •dissolves in the solution and metallic ions
migrate to the cathode and discharge or deposit on the cathode.
Q54. What is the difference between corrosion and rusting?
Ans. Corrosion is slow and continuous eating away of a metal by the surrounding medium. It is
a Redox chemical reaction that takes place by the action of air and moisture with metals. While,
rusting is an example of corrosion. The condition for rusting is the moist air (air having water
vapours in it).
(255. Differentiate between Electrolytic and galvanic cell.

Electrolytic cell Galvanic cell

It consists of one complete cell, It consists of two half cells connected
connected to a battery through a salt bridge
Anode has positive charge Anode has negative charge while
while cathode has cathode has positive
negative charge charge
Electrical energy is Chemical energy is converted
converted into chemical into electrical energy
energy
Current is used for a Redox reaction takes place
non-spontaneous chemical spontaneously and produces
reactions to take place electric current
Examples: Nelson cell, Example: Daniel cell, fuel
Down cell cell
Q56. What happen to iron in the rusting process?
Ans. The rusting process continues until all the pieces of iron
is eaten up.
Q57. Rusting completes in how many Redox reactions?
Ans. Rusting completes in three Redox reactions
2Fe 2Fe
02 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H20
2Fe + 02+41-1+ v*2Fe+ + 2H20
2Fe+2 + 1/2 02 t(2+n) H20 e203. nH20 + 4H+
Q58. Explain the role of 02 in rusting?
Ans. The freyelectrons move through ironßheet; until they reach
to a region of relatively high oxygen çoncentration, near the
surface surrounded by water layer. This region acts as athode
and electrons reduce the oxygen molecule in the presence of
ions.
02 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H20
 Q59. State the best method for protection of metal from
corrosion.
Ans. The best method for protection against the corrosion of
metals exposed to acidic conditions is coating the metal.
Corrosion resistant metals like Zn, Sn and Cr are used for this
method.
Q60. Why tin plated iron is rusted rapidly when tin
layer is broken?
Ans. When tin layer is broken and iron is exposed to the air
and water, a galvanic cell is established and iron rusts
rapidly.
Q61. Name the metal which is used for galvanizing iron?
Ans. Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron.
Q62. Anode of Down's cell is made of a non-metal, what
is its name? What is the function of this anode?
Ans. In Down's cell anode is made up of carbon (graphite). The
CI- ions are oxidized to give C12 gas at the anode.
Q63. Where does the sodium metal is
collected in Down's cell?

Ans. In Down's cell Na+ ions are reduced at cathode and molten
sodium metal floats on the denser medium salt mixture from where
it is collected in a side tube. Q64. What is the name of the by-
product produced in the Down's cell? Ans. Chlorine gas is
produced as a by-product in the Down's cell.
Q65. Are anodes of Down's cell and Nelson's cell made of same element? If yes, what
is its name?
Ans. Yes, anodes of both Down's cell and Nelson's cell are made up of same element known
as graphite.
Q66. What is the shape of cathode in Nelson's cell? Why is it perforated?
Ans. In Nelson's cell, cathode is internally lined with asbestos diaphragm. Cathode is a U-
shaped perforated iron from where sodium hydroxide solution slowly percolates in a catch
basin.
Q67. Which ions are discharged at cathode in Nelson's cell and what is produced *t cathode?
Ans. Cl- are discharged at cathode in Nelson's cell and chlorine gas is evolved from tha
electrode.
Q68. Why are the strong electrolytes termed as good conductors?
Ans. Strong electrolytes are termed as good conductors because they ionize completely in their
solutions.
Q69. Does non-electrolyte form ions in solution.
Ans. No, non-electrolytes do not ionize in solution and do not allow the current to pass through
their solutions
(270. Identify a strong or Weak electrolyte among the following compounds.

uS04 (Strong
electrolyte) ib H2C03 (Weak
electrolyte) iii) (Weak
electrolyte) iv) HCI (Strong
electrolyte)
v) AgN03 (Strong electrolyte)
Q71. Which force drives the non-spontaneous reaction to take place?
Ans. Non-spontaneous reactions are those which take place in the presence of external agent.
This external agent is known as electrical energy.
Q72. Which type of chemical reaction takes place in electrolytic cell?

Ans. Non-spontaneous chemical reaction takes place with the help of electricity in electrolytic
cell.
Q73. What type of reaction takes place at anode in electrolytic cell?
Ans. The process of oxidation takes place at anode in electrolytic cell.
Q74. Why the positively charged electrode is called anode in electrolytic cell?
Ans. The electrode connected to positive terminal of the battery is called anode.
Q75. In the electrolysis of water, towards which terminal H* ions move?
Ans. In the electrolyšis of water, H* ions move towards cathode and reduced to hydrogen gas
and liberates.
Q76. In the electrolysis of water, where is the oxygen produced?

Ans. In the electrolysis of water, oxygen is produced at anode electrode.

Q77. Towards which electrode of the electrolytic cell moves the cations and what do
they do there?
Ans. In electrolytic cell, cations move towards cathode electrode and they are reduced there.
Q78. How the half cells of a galvanic cell are connected? What is function of salt bridge?
Ans. The half cells of a galvanic cell are connected electrically by a salt bridge. It is used to
keep the solutions of two half cells neutral by providing a pathway for migration of ions. Q79.
In the following reaction, how can you justify that H2S is oxidized and S02 •s reduced
Ans. As hydrogen is removed from H2S, therefo e H2S is oxidized, while removal of oxygen
takes place in S02, therefore S02 is reduce
Q80. The reaction between Mn02 and HCl is Redox reaction written as balance
chemical equation.
MnC12 + 2H20 + C12
Find out'
a) The substance oxidized
) The substance reduced
c) The substance which acts as oxidizing agent
d) The substance which acts as reducing agent
Ans. (a) Cl is oxidized
(b) Mn is reduced
(c) Mn02 is oxidizing agent
(d) HCI is reducing agent
(281. The following reactions are Redox reaction
Find out the element which has been reduced and the element which has been
oxidized.
a) +
b) Cu + 2 + 2Ag
c) H2S + C12—¥ 2HC1 + S
Ans. (a) Zn is oxidized and Cu is reduced
(b) Cu is oxidized and Ag is reduced
(c) Sulphur (s) is oxidized and Cl is reduced
Q82. Why the following reaction is not a redox reaction. Explain with reasons?
NaOH + HCI NaC1 + H20
Ans. Because, acid- base reactions are considered to be neutralization reactions. Whenever,
acid reacts with bases, they form salt and water.
Q83. Find out the oxidation numbers of the following elements marked in bold in the
formulae. CaS04 , , , NaS04 , HN03 KC103 AgN03 KMn04 , K2Cr207 ,
HN02 , S02 , H2S04 Ans.

i)
3[0.N of Bal + 2[0.N of P] + 8[0.N of 0]
+ + 81-2]
+6 + 2P -16

2P=+10
[O.N of cal + [O.N of d+410. so of Odd .00Of CaS04
of cu] + 2[0.N of N] + 6[0.N of 0]
+2 + 2N -12 -O
2N-10=0
2N=+lO

2[0.N of All + 310.N of Sl + 12[O.N of 01 -O

2[+3] + 3[S] + 121-2]

39= +18

v) Na2S04
2[0.N of Nal + [O.N of + 4[0.N of 01 -O
21+1 1 + [S] + 41-21

s-6-o

vi) HN03
 ION of HI + to.N ofNl + 310.N of Ol
1+11+ +
31-21 —0
N-5-O

ro.N of KI + 10.N of Mnl + 410.N of Ol -0

1+11 +
+ 41-21 —0
Mn-7-0
Mn-+7
x) K2Cr207
210.N ofKJ + 210.N of crl + 710.N of Ol -0
21+11 + 2łcrl + 71-21 -0

2CI%12-o
2Cr-+12
Cr-+6
xi) HN02
ION of HI + LO.N of NI 210.N of OJ -0
1+11 + INI + 21-21 —0

N-3=O
 xii) H2S

Q85. Why the oxidation number of oxygen in OF2 is +2?

Ans. The oxidation number of oxygen on OF2 is +2, because fluorine has a high
electronegative value as compared to oxygen. Therefore, fluorine will carry
negative (-1) charge while oxygen will carry (+2) charge on it.
Q86. An element X, has oxidation state O. What will be its oxidation state when it gains
three electrons?
Ans. When X will gain three electrons in its valence shell its oxidation state will become

(287. An element in oxidation state +7 gains electrons to be reduced to oxidation state

+2. How many electrons did it accept?
Ans. When an element in oxidation state +7 gains electrons and reduced to oxidation state +2, it
shows that it has accepted +5 electrons in its valence shell.
Q88. If the oxidation state of an element changes from +5 to -3. Has it been reduced or
oxidized? How many electrons are involved in this process?
Ans. When the oxidation state of an element changes from +5 to -3, it is considered to be
reduced. There are eight electrons involved in this process.
Q89. How can you justify that a reaction between magnesium and oxygen is a Redox
reaction, while the reaction shows only addition of oxygen (oxidation).
2Mg + 02 2MgO
Ans. The above reaction is a Redox one, because oxygen tends to gain electron which is known
as reduction, while magnesium tends to remove electron which is known as oxidation. The
process is known as Redox.

Q91,

v) (Oxidation)
simultaneous oxidation-reduction Q90. A reaction between carbon and oxygen (oxidation),
but it is called a Redox reaction. Comment Ans.
Q92. An element M reacts with another element X to form MX2. In terms of loss or gain
of electrons, identify the element which is oxidized and which is reduced.
Ans. When an element M loses its electron, oxidation process takes place. When this electron
is gained by element X, reduction process takes place. Therefore, element M is oxidized while
element X is reduced.
Q93. How can you justify that the following reaction is not
only an oxidation reaction but also a complete Redox.
reaction. Feo
+ C02
Ans. When Feo reacts with CO, oxygen is removed from Feo which shows reduction process.
On the other hand when oxygen is added to CO it shows oxidation process. Therefore, it is a
complete redox reaction.
Q94. Explain the term oxidation and reduction on the basis of electronic concept with an
example.
Ans. Oxidation: A process in which loss of electrons takes place is called oxidation.
Zn zn2+ + 2e
Fe+3 + le
Reduction: A process in which gain of electrons takes place is called reduction.

C12

Q95. Write applications of galvanic cell?

Ans. As a result of Redox reaction, electric current is produced. The batteries which are used
for starting automobiles, running calculators and toys and to lit the bulbs work on the same
principle.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The branch of chemistry which (c) Gain of electron
deals with the relationship between (d) Addition of hydrogen
electricity and chemical reactions. 3. In HCI, oxidation number of H is:
(a) Electrochemis
(b) Thermochemts
(c) Analytical chemistry 4. The oxidation number of all
(d) Industrial chemistry elements in free state is:
Oxidation involves (a) (a) One (b) Two
Removal of oxygen
(b) Addition of oxygen